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@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:
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|||||||
- uses: actions/checkout@v3
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- uses: actions/checkout@v3
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||||||
- uses: actions/setup-node@v4
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- uses: actions/setup-node@v4
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||||||
with:
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with:
|
||||||
node-version: 22.x
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node-version: 20.x
|
||||||
- run: npm ci
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- run: npm ci
|
||||||
- uses: purcell/setup-emacs@master
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- uses: purcell/setup-emacs@master
|
||||||
with:
|
with:
|
||||||
@@ -19,13 +19,11 @@ jobs:
|
|||||||
- name: "Export org to md"
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- name: "Export org to md"
|
||||||
run: emacs -Q --script export.el
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run: emacs -Q --script export.el
|
||||||
- run: npm run build
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- run: npm run build
|
||||||
- name: "Deploy"
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- name: "Deploy to Cloudflare Pages"
|
||||||
uses: appleboy/scp-action@v0.1.7
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uses: cloudflare/pages-action@v1
|
||||||
with:
|
with:
|
||||||
host: ${{ secrets.HOST }}
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apiToken: ${{ secrets.CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN }}
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||||||
username: ${{ secrets.USERNAME }}
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accountId: ${{ secrets.ACCOUNT_ID }}
|
||||||
key: ${{ secrets.KEY }}
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projectName: conlang-phundrak-com
|
||||||
port: ${{ secrets.PORT }}
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directory: docs/.vuepress/dist/
|
||||||
source: docs/.vuepress/dist/*
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githubToken: ${{ secrets.TOKEN }}
|
||||||
target: ${{ secrets.DESTPATH }}
|
|
||||||
strip_components: 3
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
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|||||||
enableMessageNames: false
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
nodeLinker: node-modules
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
|
|||||||
import { defaultTheme } from '@vuepress/theme-default';
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import { defaultTheme } from '@vuepress/theme-default';
|
||||||
import { defineUserConfig } from 'vuepress';
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import { defineUserConfig } from 'vuepress';
|
||||||
import { viteBundler } from '@vuepress/bundler-vite';
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import { viteBundler } from '@vuepress/bundler-vite';
|
||||||
import { searchProPlugin } from 'vuepress-plugin-search-pro';
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import { umamiAnalyticsPlugin } from '@vuepress/plugin-umami-analytics';
|
||||||
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import { slimsearchPlugin } from '@vuepress/plugin-slimsearch';
|
||||||
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|
||||||
import head from './head';
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import head from './head';
|
||||||
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|
||||||
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const isProd = process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production';
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||||||
|
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||||||
export default defineUserConfig({
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export default defineUserConfig({
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lang: 'en-US',
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lang: 'en-GB',
|
||||||
title: "Phundrak's Conlangs",
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title: "Phundrak's Conlangs",
|
||||||
head: head,
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head: head,
|
||||||
description: 'Documentation of the constructed languages made by Phundrak',
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description: 'Documentation of the constructed languages made by Phundrak',
|
||||||
@@ -19,11 +22,19 @@ export default defineUserConfig({
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|||||||
},
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},
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||||||
},
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},
|
||||||
plugins: [
|
plugins: [
|
||||||
searchProPlugin({
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slimsearchPlugin({
|
||||||
indexContent: true,
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indexContent: true,
|
||||||
}),
|
}),
|
||||||
],
|
],
|
||||||
bundler: viteBundler({}),
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bundler: isProd
|
||||||
|
? viteBundler({})
|
||||||
|
: viteBundler({
|
||||||
|
viteOptions: {
|
||||||
|
server: {
|
||||||
|
allowedHosts: true,
|
||||||
|
},
|
||||||
|
},
|
||||||
|
}),
|
||||||
theme: defaultTheme({
|
theme: defaultTheme({
|
||||||
sidebarDepth: 5,
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sidebarDepth: 5,
|
||||||
repo: 'https://labs.phundrak.com/phundrak/conlang.phundrak.com',
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repo: 'https://labs.phundrak.com/phundrak/conlang.phundrak.com',
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -34,6 +34,10 @@ const simplifiedHead = [
|
|||||||
property: 'og:description',
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property: 'og:description',
|
||||||
content: 'Documentation of P’undrak’s constructed languages',
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content: 'Documentation of P’undrak’s constructed languages',
|
||||||
},
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},
|
||||||
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{
|
||||||
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name: 'fediverse:creator',
|
||||||
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content: '@phundrak@mastodon.phundrak.com',
|
||||||
|
},
|
||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
name: 'twitter:card',
|
name: 'twitter:card',
|
||||||
content: 'summary',
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content: 'summary',
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -4,191 +4,195 @@
|
|||||||
* - Copyright (c) 2016-present Sven Greb <development@svengreb.de>
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* - Copyright (c) 2016-present Sven Greb <development@svengreb.de>
|
||||||
*/
|
*/
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
:root {
|
/* :root { */
|
||||||
--nord0: #2e3440;
|
/* --nord0: #2e3440; */
|
||||||
--nord1: #3b4252;
|
/* --nord1: #3b4252; */
|
||||||
--nord2: #434c5e;
|
/* --nord2: #434c5e; */
|
||||||
--nord3: #4c566a;
|
/* --nord3: #4c566a; */
|
||||||
--nord4: #d8dee9;
|
/* --nord4: #d8dee9; */
|
||||||
--nord5: #e5e9f0;
|
/* --nord5: #e5e9f0; */
|
||||||
--nord6: #eceff4;
|
/* --nord6: #eceff4; */
|
||||||
--nord7: #8fbcbb;
|
/* --nord7: #8fbcbb; */
|
||||||
--nord8: #88c0d0;
|
/* --nord8: #88c0d0; */
|
||||||
--nord9: #81a1c1;
|
/* --nord9: #81a1c1; */
|
||||||
--nord10: #5e81ac;
|
/* --nord10: #5e81ac; */
|
||||||
--nord11: #bf616a;
|
/* --nord11: #bf616a; */
|
||||||
--nord12: #d08770;
|
/* --nord12: #d08770; */
|
||||||
--nord13: #ebcb8b;
|
/* --nord13: #ebcb8b; */
|
||||||
--nord14: #a3be8c;
|
/* --nord14: #a3be8c; */
|
||||||
--nord15: #b48ead;
|
/* --nord15: #b48ead; */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
scroll-behavior: smooth;
|
/* scroll-behavior: smooth; */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// brand colors
|
/* // brand colors */
|
||||||
--c-brand: var(--nord9);
|
/* --c-brand: var(--nord9); */
|
||||||
--c-brand-light: var(--nord14);
|
/* --c-brand-light: var(--nord14); */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// background colors
|
/* // background colors */
|
||||||
--c-bg: var(--nord6);
|
/* --c-bg: var(--nord6); */
|
||||||
--c-bg-light: var(--nord6);
|
/* --c-bg-light: var(--nord6); */
|
||||||
--c-bg-lighter: var(--nord5);
|
/* --c-bg-lighter: var(--nord5); */
|
||||||
--c-bg-dark: var(--nord5);
|
/* --c-bg-dark: var(--nord5); */
|
||||||
--c-bg-darker: var(--nord4);
|
/* --c-bg-darker: var(--nord4); */
|
||||||
--c-bg-navbar: var(--c-bg);
|
/* --c-bg-navbar: var(--c-bg); */
|
||||||
--c-bg-sidebar: var(--c-bg);
|
/* --c-bg-sidebar: var(--c-bg); */
|
||||||
--c-bg-arrow: var(--nord4);
|
/* --c-bg-arrow: var(--nord4); */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// text colors
|
/* // text colors */
|
||||||
--c-text: var(--nord1);
|
/* --c-text: var(--nord1); */
|
||||||
--c-text-accent: var(--c-brand);
|
/* --c-text-accent: var(--c-brand); */
|
||||||
--c-text-light: var(--nord2);
|
/* --c-text-light: var(--nord2); */
|
||||||
--c-text-lighter: var(--nord3);
|
/* --c-text-lighter: var(--nord3); */
|
||||||
--c-text-lightest: var(--nord4);
|
/* --c-text-lightest: var(--nord4); */
|
||||||
--c-text-quote: var(--nord2);
|
/* --c-text-quote: var(--nord2); */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// border colors
|
/* // border colors */
|
||||||
--c-border: var(--nord4);
|
/* --c-border: var(--nord4); */
|
||||||
--c-border-dark: var(--nord4);
|
/* --c-border-dark: var(--nord4); */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// custom container colors
|
/* // custom container colors */
|
||||||
--c-tip: var(--nord14);
|
/* --c-tip: var(--nord14); */
|
||||||
--c-tip-bg: rgba(163, 190, 140, 0.2);
|
/* --c-tip-bg: rgba(163, 190, 140, 0.2); */
|
||||||
--c-tip-title: var(--c-text);
|
/* --c-tip-title: var(--c-text); */
|
||||||
--c-tip-text: var(--c-text);
|
/* --c-tip-text: var(--c-text); */
|
||||||
--c-tip-text-accent: var(--c-text-accent);
|
/* --c-tip-text-accent: var(--c-text-accent); */
|
||||||
--c-warning: var(--nord13);
|
/* --c-warning: var(--nord13); */
|
||||||
--c-warning-bg: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.3);
|
/* --c-warning-bg: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.3); */
|
||||||
--c-warning-bg-light: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.2);
|
/* --c-warning-bg-light: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.2); */
|
||||||
--c-warning-bg-lighter: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.1);
|
/* --c-warning-bg-lighter: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.1); */
|
||||||
--c-warning-border-dark: var(--nord3);
|
/* --c-warning-border-dark: var(--nord3); */
|
||||||
--c-warning-details-bg: var(--c-bg);
|
/* --c-warning-details-bg: var(--c-bg); */
|
||||||
--c-warning-title: var(--nord12);
|
/* --c-warning-title: var(--nord12); */
|
||||||
--c-warning-text: var(--nord12);
|
/* --c-warning-text: var(--nord12); */
|
||||||
--c-warning-text-accent: var(--nord12);
|
/* --c-warning-text-accent: var(--nord12); */
|
||||||
--c-warning-text-light: var(--nord12);
|
/* --c-warning-text-light: var(--nord12); */
|
||||||
--c-warning-text-quote: var(--nord12);
|
/* --c-warning-text-quote: var(--nord12); */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
--c-danger: var(--nord11);
|
/* --c-danger: var(--nord11); */
|
||||||
--c-danger-bg: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.2);
|
/* --c-danger-bg: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.2); */
|
||||||
--c-danger-bg-light: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.2);
|
/* --c-danger-bg-light: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.2); */
|
||||||
--c-danger-bg-lighter: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.1);
|
/* --c-danger-bg-lighter: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.1); */
|
||||||
--c-danger-border-dark: var(--nord11);
|
/* --c-danger-border-dark: var(--nord11); */
|
||||||
--c-danger-details-bg: var(--nord2);
|
/* --c-danger-details-bg: var(--nord2); */
|
||||||
--c-danger-title: var(--nord11);
|
/* --c-danger-title: var(--nord11); */
|
||||||
--c-danger-text: var(--nord11);
|
/* --c-danger-text: var(--nord11); */
|
||||||
--c-danger-text-accent: var(--nord11);
|
/* --c-danger-text-accent: var(--nord11); */
|
||||||
--c-danger-text-light: var(--nord11);
|
/* --c-danger-text-light: var(--nord11); */
|
||||||
--c-danger-text-quote: var(--nord11);
|
/* --c-danger-text-quote: var(--nord11); */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
--c-details-bg: var(--c-bg-lighter);
|
/* --c-details-bg: var(--c-bg-lighter); */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// badge component colors
|
/* // badge component colors */
|
||||||
--c-badge-tip: var(--c-tip);
|
/* --c-badge-tip: var(--c-tip); */
|
||||||
--c-badge-warning: var(--c-warning);
|
/* --c-badge-warning: var(--c-warning); */
|
||||||
--c-badge-warning-text: var(--c-bg);
|
/* --c-badge-warning-text: var(--c-bg); */
|
||||||
--c-badge-danger: var(--c-danger);
|
/* --c-badge-danger: var(--c-danger); */
|
||||||
--c-badge-danger-text: var(--c-bg);
|
/* --c-badge-danger-text: var(--c-bg); */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// transition vars
|
/* // transition vars */
|
||||||
--t-color: 0.3s ease;
|
/* --t-color: 0.3s ease; */
|
||||||
--t-transform: 0.3s ease;
|
/* --t-transform: 0.3s ease; */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// code blocks vars
|
/* // code blocks vars */
|
||||||
--code-bg-color: var(--nord0);
|
/* --code-bg-color: var(--nord0); */
|
||||||
--code-hl-bg-color: var(--nord1);
|
/* --code-hl-bg-color: var(--nord1); */
|
||||||
--code-ln-color: #9e9e9e;
|
/* --code-ln-color: #9e9e9e; */
|
||||||
--code-ln-wrapper-width: 3.5rem;
|
/* --code-ln-wrapper-width: 3.5rem; */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// font vars
|
/* // font vars */
|
||||||
--font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen,
|
/* --font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, */
|
||||||
Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Fira Sans', 'Droid Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;
|
/* Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Fira Sans', 'Droid Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; */
|
||||||
--font-family-code: Consolas, Monaco, 'Andale Mono', 'Ubuntu Mono', monospace;
|
/* --font-family-code: Consolas, Monaco, 'Andale Mono', 'Ubuntu Mono', monospace; */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// layout vars
|
/* // layout vars */
|
||||||
--navbar-height: 3.6rem;
|
/* --navbar-height: 3.6rem; */
|
||||||
--navbar-padding-v: 0.7rem;
|
/* --navbar-padding-v: 0.7rem; */
|
||||||
--navbar-padding-h: 1.5rem;
|
/* --navbar-padding-h: 1.5rem; */
|
||||||
--sidebar-width: 20rem;
|
/* --sidebar-width: 20rem; */
|
||||||
--sidebar-width-mobile: calc(var(--sidebar-width) * 0.82);
|
/* --sidebar-width-mobile: calc(var(--sidebar-width) * 0.82); */
|
||||||
--content-width: 740px;
|
/* --content-width: 740px; */
|
||||||
--homepage-width: 960px;
|
/* --homepage-width: 960px; */
|
||||||
}
|
/* } */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
html.dark {
|
/* html.dark { */
|
||||||
// brand colors
|
/* // brand colors */
|
||||||
--c-brand: var(--nord14);
|
/* --c-brand: var(--nord14); */
|
||||||
--c-brand-light: var(--nord14);
|
/* --c-brand-light: var(--nord14); */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// background colors
|
/* // background colors */
|
||||||
--c-bg: var(--nord1);
|
/* --c-bg: var(--nord1); */
|
||||||
--c-bg-light: var(--nord2);
|
/* --c-bg-light: var(--nord2); */
|
||||||
--c-bg-lighter: var(--nord2);
|
/* --c-bg-lighter: var(--nord2); */
|
||||||
--c-bg-dark: var(--nord3);
|
/* --c-bg-dark: var(--nord3); */
|
||||||
--c-bg-darker: var(--nord3);
|
/* --c-bg-darker: var(--nord3); */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// text colors
|
/* // text colors */
|
||||||
--c-text: var(--nord4);
|
/* --c-text: var(--nord4); */
|
||||||
--c-text-light: var(--nord5);
|
/* --c-text-light: var(--nord5); */
|
||||||
--c-text-lighter: var(--nord5);
|
/* --c-text-lighter: var(--nord5); */
|
||||||
--c-text-lightest: var(--nord6);
|
/* --c-text-lightest: var(--nord6); */
|
||||||
--c-text-quote: var(--c-text);
|
/* --c-text-quote: var(--c-text); */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// border colors
|
/* // border colors */
|
||||||
--c-border: var(--nord3);
|
/* --c-border: var(--nord3); */
|
||||||
--c-border-dark: var(--nord3);
|
/* --c-border-dark: var(--nord3); */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// custom container colors
|
/* // custom container colors */
|
||||||
--c-tip: var(--nord14);
|
/* --c-tip: var(--nord14); */
|
||||||
--c-warning: var(--nord13);
|
/* --c-warning: var(--nord13); */
|
||||||
--c-warning-bg: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.2);
|
/* --c-warning-bg: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.2); */
|
||||||
--c-warning-bg-light: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.2);
|
/* --c-warning-bg-light: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.2); */
|
||||||
--c-warning-bg-lighter: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.1);
|
/* --c-warning-bg-lighter: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.1); */
|
||||||
--c-warning-border-dark: var(--nord3);
|
/* --c-warning-border-dark: var(--nord3); */
|
||||||
--c-warning-details-bg: var(--c-bg);
|
/* --c-warning-details-bg: var(--c-bg); */
|
||||||
--c-warning-title: var(--nord13);
|
/* --c-warning-title: var(--nord13); */
|
||||||
--c-warning-text: var(--nord13);
|
/* --c-warning-text: var(--nord13); */
|
||||||
--c-warning-text-accent: var(--nord13);
|
/* --c-warning-text-accent: var(--nord13); */
|
||||||
--c-warning-text-light: var(--nord13);
|
/* --c-warning-text-light: var(--nord13); */
|
||||||
--c-warning-text-quote: var(--nord13);
|
/* --c-warning-text-quote: var(--nord13); */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
--c-danger: var(--nord11);
|
/* --c-danger: var(--nord11); */
|
||||||
--c-danger-bg: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.2);
|
/* --c-danger-bg: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.2); */
|
||||||
--c-danger-bg-light: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.2);
|
/* --c-danger-bg-light: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.2); */
|
||||||
--c-danger-bg-lighter: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.1);
|
/* --c-danger-bg-lighter: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.1); */
|
||||||
--c-danger-border-dark: var(--nord11);
|
/* --c-danger-border-dark: var(--nord11); */
|
||||||
--c-danger-details-bg: var(--nord2);
|
/* --c-danger-details-bg: var(--nord2); */
|
||||||
--c-danger-title: hsl(354 43% 75.7%);
|
/* --c-danger-title: hsl(354 43% 75.7%); */
|
||||||
--c-danger-text: hsl(354 43% 80.7%);
|
/* --c-danger-text: hsl(354 43% 80.7%); */
|
||||||
--c-danger-text-accent: var(--nord11);
|
/* --c-danger-text-accent: var(--nord11); */
|
||||||
--c-danger-text-light: var(--nord11);
|
/* --c-danger-text-light: var(--nord11); */
|
||||||
--c-danger-text-quote: var(--nord11);
|
/* --c-danger-text-quote: var(--nord11); */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
--c-details-bg: var(--c-bg-light);
|
/* --c-details-bg: var(--c-bg-light); */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// badge component colors
|
/* // badge component colors */
|
||||||
--c-badge-warning-text: var(--nord0);
|
/* --c-badge-warning-text: var(--nord0); */
|
||||||
--c-badge-danger-text: var(--nord0);
|
/* --c-badge-danger-text: var(--nord0); */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// code blocks vars
|
/* // code blocks vars */
|
||||||
--code-hl-bg-color: var(--nord2);
|
/* --code-hl-bg-color: var(--nord2); */
|
||||||
}
|
/* } */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.page table {
|
/* .page table { */
|
||||||
border-color: var(--nord3);
|
/* border-color: var(--nord3); */
|
||||||
border-top: none;
|
/* border-top: none; */
|
||||||
display: inline-block;
|
/* display: inline-block; */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
tbody {
|
/* tbody { */
|
||||||
border-color: var(--c-bg-dark);
|
/* border-color: var(--c-bg-dark); */
|
||||||
border-width: 3px;
|
/* border-width: 3px; */
|
||||||
}
|
/* } */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
tr {
|
/* tr { */
|
||||||
background-color: var(--c-bg);
|
/* background-color: var(--c-bg); */
|
||||||
transition: background-color var(--t-color);
|
/* transition: background-color var(--t-color); */
|
||||||
|
/* } */
|
||||||
|
/* } */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
&:nth-child(2n) {
|
/* tr:nth-child(even) td.org-left { */
|
||||||
background-color: var(--c-bg-light) !important;
|
/* background-color: var(--nord5) !important; */
|
||||||
}
|
/* } */
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
/* .dark tr:nth-child(even) td.org-left { */
|
||||||
|
/* background-color: var(--nord1) !important; */
|
||||||
|
/* } */
|
||||||
|
|||||||
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
@@ -18,35 +18,33 @@
|
|||||||
# - Give a chart of the free pronouns and/or anaphoric clitics.
|
# - Give a chart of the free pronouns and/or anaphoric clitics.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**** Personal Pronouns
|
**** Personal Pronouns
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#+name: 1-2-personal-pronouns-table
|
#+name: 1-2-personal-pronouns-table
|
||||||
#+caption: First and second person pronouns in Eittlandic
|
#+caption: First and second person pronouns in Eittlandic
|
||||||
| | 1s | 2s | 1p | 2p |
|
| | 1s | 2s | 1p | 2p |
|
||||||
|-----+-----+-----+-----+-----|
|
|------+-----+-----+-----+-----|
|
||||||
| Nom | ek | þú | vér | ér |
|
| Nom. | ek | þú | vér | ér |
|
||||||
| Acc | mik | þik | oss | yðr |
|
| Acc. | mik | þik | oss | yðr |
|
||||||
| Dat | mér | þér | oss | yðr |
|
| Dat. | mér | þér | oss | yðr |
|
||||||
| Gen | mín | þín | vár | yðr |
|
| Gen. | mín | þín | vár | yðr |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The only notable change in written form from their Early Old Norse
|
The only notable change in written form from their Early Old Norse
|
||||||
version is the regularization of the genitive plural second person
|
version is the regularization of the genitive plural second person
|
||||||
/yðar/ into /yðr/. Otherwise, most changes only happened regarding their
|
/yðar/ into /yðr/. Otherwise, most changes only happened regarding their
|
||||||
phonology as explained in [[file:./phonology.md#evolution-from-early-old-norse-to-eittlandic][the evolution from Early Old Norse to
|
phonology as explained in [[file:./phonology.md#evolution-from-early-old-norse-to-eittlandic][the evolution from Early Old Norse to Eittlandic]].
|
||||||
Eittlandic]].
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#+name: 3-personal-pronouns-table
|
#+name: 3-personal-pronouns-table
|
||||||
#+caption: Third person pronouns in Eittlandic
|
#+caption: Third person pronouns in Eittlandic
|
||||||
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|
||||||
|--------+-----------+----------+--------|
|
|---------+-----------+----------+--------|
|
||||||
| Sg Nom | hann | han | þat |
|
| Sg.Nom. | hann | han | þat |
|
||||||
| Sg Acc | han | han | þat |
|
| Sg.Acc. | han | han | þat |
|
||||||
| Sg Dat | hanum | henn | því |
|
| Sg.Dat. | hanum | henn | því |
|
||||||
| Sg Gen | hans | hennar | þass |
|
| Sg.Gen. | hans | hennar | þass |
|
||||||
|--------+-----------+----------+--------|
|
|---------+-----------+----------+--------|
|
||||||
| Pl Nom | þeir | þér | þau |
|
| Pl.Nom. | þeir | þér | þau |
|
||||||
| Pl Acc | þá | þér | þau |
|
| Pl.Acc. | þá | þér | þau |
|
||||||
| Pl Dat | þeim | þeim | þeim |
|
| Pl.Dat. | þeim | þeim | þeim |
|
||||||
| Pl Gen | þeir | þeir | þeir |
|
| Pl.Gen. | þeir | þeir | þeir |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Here we also have few changes from the Early Old Norse pronouns for
|
Here we also have few changes from the Early Old Norse pronouns for
|
||||||
the third persons, singular and plural.
|
the third persons, singular and plural.
|
||||||
@@ -87,6 +85,21 @@ judged as distant by the speaker from themselves.
|
|||||||
On the other hand, the following pronouns containing /þess/ relate to
|
On the other hand, the following pronouns containing /þess/ relate to
|
||||||
the words “this” and “these” in English.
|
the words “this” and “these” in English.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|
||||||
|
|--------+-----------+----------+--------|
|
||||||
|
| Sg Nom | þess | þess | þett |
|
||||||
|
| Sg Acc | þess | þess | þett |
|
||||||
|
| Sg Dat | þessum | þess | þess |
|
||||||
|
| Sg Gen | þess | þear | þess |
|
||||||
|
|--------+-----------+----------+--------|
|
||||||
|
| Pl Nom | þessar | þessar | þess |
|
||||||
|
| Pl Acc | þess | þess | þess |
|
||||||
|
| Pl Dat | þessum | þessum | þessum |
|
||||||
|
| Pl Gen | þess | þessar | þess |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Again, it is interesting to see how these pronouns retained some
|
||||||
|
distinction between the masculine and the feminine form.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**** Possessive Pronouns
|
**** Possessive Pronouns
|
||||||
Possessive pronouns in Eittlandic simply are the genitive form of the
|
Possessive pronouns in Eittlandic simply are the genitive form of the
|
||||||
personal pronouns shown [[file:./grammar.md#personal-pronouns][above]]. The pronoun agrees with the owner in
|
personal pronouns shown [[file:./grammar.md#personal-pronouns][above]]. The pronoun agrees with the owner in
|
||||||
@@ -187,6 +200,28 @@ same form as their infinitive counterpart.
|
|||||||
| eat.IMP | food-DEF.ACC | 2p.GEN |
|
| eat.IMP | food-DEF.ACC | 2p.GEN |
|
||||||
#+html: :::
|
#+html: :::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
There is however a passive imperative voice in Eittlandic that does
|
||||||
|
not exist in English. It is used to give commands or instructions
|
||||||
|
where the subject is not specified or is implied to be a general "one"
|
||||||
|
or "you". It is generally formed by addink /-ask/ after its infinitive.
|
||||||
|
The imperative passive is particularly useful in instructions,
|
||||||
|
recipes, or general commands where the focus is on the action rather
|
||||||
|
than the agent.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||||
|
1. Active voice imperative
|
||||||
|
- Et þat!
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Eat it!
|
||||||
|
2. Passive voice imperative
|
||||||
|
- Etask þat!
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Let it be eaten!
|
||||||
|
- Hásk með krydd
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Add with spices
|
||||||
|
#+Html: :::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**** Participles
|
**** Participles
|
||||||
Formation of participles is relatively simple in Eittlandic is pretty
|
Formation of participles is relatively simple in Eittlandic is pretty
|
||||||
simple, as it simply adds /-and/ and /-it/ to the verbal root of the verb
|
simple, as it simply adds /-and/ and /-it/ to the verbal root of the verb
|
||||||
@@ -195,8 +230,8 @@ respectively.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
#+name: verb-participle-declension
|
#+name: verb-participle-declension
|
||||||
#+caption: Formation of Eittlandic Participles
|
#+caption: Formation of Eittlandic Participles
|
||||||
| Present Participle | -and |
|
| Present Participle | -and |
|
||||||
| Past Participle | -it |
|
| Past Participle | -it |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**** Indicative
|
**** Indicative
|
||||||
Indicative the only non-irrealis mood available in Eittlandic. It is
|
Indicative the only non-irrealis mood available in Eittlandic. It is
|
||||||
@@ -259,7 +294,29 @@ the inflexion, and the final /j/ also disappears when it is immediately
|
|||||||
followed by an /i/.
|
followed by an /i/.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**** Subjunctive
|
**** Subjunctive
|
||||||
The subjunctive is the default irrealis mood of Eittlandic. Like the indicative mood, it has two tenses, present and past, in which verbs get inflexions. Below is the table showing how verbs typically inflect in the subjunctive mood:
|
The subjunctive is the default irrealis mood of Eittlandic. It is
|
||||||
|
therefore used to indicate various states of unreality, such as doubt
|
||||||
|
(through other means than the [[file:./grammar.md#dubitative][dubitative]] mood), possibility,
|
||||||
|
necessity, or desire (again, through other means than the [[file:./grammar.md#optative][optative]]
|
||||||
|
mood).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||||
|
- Sólskinir í dag
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
May it be sunny today
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- Ef ek komuskat hér, vér talim til ná
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
If I came, we would still be talking
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- Hann sé kominn eigi enn
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
He may not have arrived yet
|
||||||
|
#+html: :::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Like the indicative mood, it has two tenses, present and past, in
|
||||||
|
which verbs get inflexions. Below is the table showing how verbs
|
||||||
|
typically inflect in the subjunctive mood:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#+name: verb-subjunctive-inflexion-table
|
#+name: verb-subjunctive-inflexion-table
|
||||||
#+caption: Typical Verb Inflexion in the Subjunctive Mood
|
#+caption: Typical Verb Inflexion in the Subjunctive Mood
|
||||||
@@ -309,11 +366,11 @@ will happen, or if it happened in the past.
|
|||||||
| han-n | haft | sov-in | þá | kunn | han-n | kom |
|
| han-n | haft | sov-in | þá | kunn | han-n | kom |
|
||||||
| 3sm.NOM | have.3s.PST.IND | sleep-PST.PART | thus | can.3s.PST.IND | 3sm.NOM | come |
|
| 3sm.NOM | have.3s.PST.IND | sleep-PST.PART | thus | can.3s.PST.IND | 3sm.NOM | come |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- Ér havum lesit bókan í dag
|
- Vér havum lesit bókan í dag
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
We have read the book today
|
We have read the book today
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
| ér | hav-um | les-and | bók-an | í dag |
|
| vér | hav-um | les-and | bók-an | í dag |
|
||||||
| 1p.NOM | have-1p.PRES.IND | read-PRES.PART | book-DEF.ART | today |
|
| 1p.NOM | have-1p.PRES.IND | read-PRES.PART | book-DEF.ART | today |
|
||||||
#+html: :::
|
#+html: :::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -383,11 +440,11 @@ To mark the progressive, the word /ná/ is placed just after the verb,
|
|||||||
without any other word between them.
|
without any other word between them.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||||
- Ér kannum hléð vit? Nei, ek etar.
|
- Vér kannum hléð vit? Nei, ek etar.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Can we talk? Nah, I’m eating
|
Can we talk? Nah, I’m eating
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
| ér | kann-um | hléð | vit |
|
| vér | kann-um | hléð | vit |
|
||||||
| 1P.NOM | can-1P.PRES.IND | talk | Q |
|
| 1P.NOM | can-1P.PRES.IND | talk | Q |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
| nei | ek | et-ar |
|
| nei | ek | et-ar |
|
||||||
@@ -413,16 +470,38 @@ The conditional mood allows speakers of Eittlandic to speak about
|
|||||||
conditional events while marking them as such. This translates into
|
conditional events while marking them as such. This translates into
|
||||||
several strategies.
|
several strategies.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The first strategy adds /-(u)sk(a)-/ between the verb root and its
|
The first strategy adds /-(u)þ(a)-/ between the verb root and its
|
||||||
indicative declension. It marks conditionals the speakers estimates to
|
indicative declension. It marks conditionals the speakers estimates to
|
||||||
be unlikely.
|
be unlikely.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||||
Ef þú gefuskar mér ein fisk, ér ét þat
|
Ef þú gefuþar mér ein fisk, vér etim þat
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you somehow give me a fish, we’ll eat it
|
If you somehow give me a fish, we’ll eat it
|
||||||
#+html: :::
|
#+html: :::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The second strategy, which is the default strategy and holds a neutral
|
||||||
|
stance towards how likely the hypothetical situation is, uses the verb
|
||||||
|
/skal(a)/ as an auxilliary in the conditional mood.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||||
|
Ef þú skaluþ gef mér ein fisk, vér etim þat
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
If you give me a fish, we’ll eat it
|
||||||
|
#+html: :::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The third stategy, which indicates some confidence by the speaker that
|
||||||
|
the situation is likely, is to use the verb /man(u)/ the same way as
|
||||||
|
/skal(a)/ is used in the second strategy. This strategy is also
|
||||||
|
sometimes used to express a softer future, though one that still might
|
||||||
|
not happen.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||||
|
Ef þú manuþ gef mér ein fisk, vér etim þat
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
If you give me a fish, we’ll eat it / When you’ll give me a fish, we’ll eat it
|
||||||
|
#+html: :::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**** Causative :noexport:
|
**** Causative :noexport:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**** Jussive
|
**** Jussive
|
||||||
@@ -440,12 +519,50 @@ Please eat your food.
|
|||||||
#+html: :::
|
#+html: :::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**** Optative :noexport:
|
**** Optative :noexport:
|
||||||
|
The optative mood serves to express wishes. There are two main
|
||||||
|
strategies to express the optative mood in Eittlandic.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The first one is a syntactic construction using the verb /vilja/ with a
|
||||||
|
nominal phrase or verbal phrase with a verb in the infinitive mood
|
||||||
|
being the wished element. It denotes a wish rather than a want.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||||
|
Ek vil far.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
I wish I could go.
|
||||||
|
#+html: :::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The second strategy is a morphological mood of the verb formed by
|
||||||
|
inserting -(i)nn(i)- between the verb root and its subjunctive
|
||||||
|
declension.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||||
|
Ek ferinnir.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
I want to go.
|
||||||
|
#+html: :::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**** Dubitative
|
**** Dubitative
|
||||||
The dubitative mood in Eittlandic is a mood used by the speaker to
|
The dubitative mood in Eittlandic is a mood used by the speaker to
|
||||||
express doubt or uncertainty. It is formed by inserting /-(a)kki/
|
express doubt or uncertainty. The doubtfulness of the speaker is
|
||||||
between the verbal root and the indicative declension. It translates
|
treated more seriously than when using a simple subjective sentence.
|
||||||
to this declension table:
|
|
||||||
|
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||||
|
- Hann sé kominn eigi enn
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
He may not have arrived yet
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
| han-n | sé | kom-inn | eigi | enn |
|
||||||
|
| 3sm-NOM | to.be.1sg.SUBJ | come-PST.PART. | NEG | yet |
|
||||||
|
- Hann esakki kominn eigi enn
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
He has probably not arrived yet
|
||||||
|
| han-n | es-akki | kom-inn | eigi | enn |
|
||||||
|
| 3sm-NOM | to.be-1sg.PRES.IND-DUB | come-PST.PART. | NEG | yet |
|
||||||
|
#+html: :::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
It is formed by inserting /-(a)kki/ between the verbal root and the
|
||||||
|
indicative declension. It translates to this declension table:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#+name: verb-dubitative-inflexion-table
|
#+name: verb-dubitative-inflexion-table
|
||||||
#+caption: Typical Verb Inflexion
|
#+caption: Typical Verb Inflexion
|
||||||
@@ -494,9 +611,9 @@ examples are given using the verbs /far(a)/ (/to go/, a strong verb), and
|
|||||||
| <c> | | | | |
|
| <c> | | | | |
|
||||||
| person | | Ind. Pres. | Subj. Pres. | Ind. and Subj. Past |
|
| person | | Ind. Pres. | Subj. Pres. | Ind. and Subj. Past |
|
||||||
|--------+---+------------+-------------+---------------------|
|
|--------+---+------------+-------------+---------------------|
|
||||||
| 1s | | -r | -ir | -t |
|
| 1s | | -(V)r | -ir | -t |
|
||||||
| 2s | | -r | -ir | -t |
|
| 2s | | -(V)r | -ir | -t |
|
||||||
| 3s | | -r | -ir | -t |
|
| 3s | | -(V)r | -ir | -t |
|
||||||
| 1p | | -um | -im | -um |
|
| 1p | | -um | -im | -um |
|
||||||
| 2p | | -ið | -ið | -uð |
|
| 2p | | -ið | -ið | -uð |
|
||||||
| 3p | | -ið | -ið | -uð |
|
| 3p | | -ið | -ið | -uð |
|
||||||
@@ -630,7 +747,7 @@ completely removing it from the sentence.
|
|||||||
The fish was fished from the water
|
The fish was fished from the water
|
||||||
#+html: :::
|
#+html: :::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
*** Modifiers :noexport:
|
*** Modifiers
|
||||||
# - If you posit a morphosyntactic category of adjectives, give
|
# - If you posit a morphosyntactic category of adjectives, give
|
||||||
# evidence for not grouping these forms with the verbs or nouns. What
|
# evidence for not grouping these forms with the verbs or nouns. What
|
||||||
# characterizes a form as being an adjective in this language?
|
# characterizes a form as being an adjective in this language?
|
||||||
@@ -644,10 +761,162 @@ completely removing it from the sentence.
|
|||||||
# /many/? Exemplify the system up to this point.
|
# /many/? Exemplify the system up to this point.
|
||||||
# - Do numerals agree with their head nouns (number, case, noun
|
# - Do numerals agree with their head nouns (number, case, noun
|
||||||
# class, ...)?
|
# class, ...)?
|
||||||
**** Descriptive Adjectives :noexport:
|
**** Descriptive Adjectives
|
||||||
Similarly to verbs, adjectives in Eittlandic underwent
|
Similarly to verbs, adjectives in Eittlandic underwent a
|
||||||
|
simplification since Early Old Norse. They now all inflect the same
|
||||||
|
way, as the difference between strong and weak adjectives disappeared
|
||||||
|
over the years. It is also worth noting distiction between masculine
|
||||||
|
and feminine disappeared, merging into a common gender, while neuter
|
||||||
|
remains distinct.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#+name: adjectives-declensions
|
||||||
|
#+caption: Declension of adjectives in Eittlandic
|
||||||
|
| / | <r> | | |
|
||||||
|
| | | Common | Neuter |
|
||||||
|
|---+---------+--------+--------|
|
||||||
|
| | Sg.Nom. | -r | -t |
|
||||||
|
| | Acc. | | -t |
|
||||||
|
| | Dat. | -um | -um |
|
||||||
|
| | Gen. | -s | -s |
|
||||||
|
| | Pl.Nom. | -ar | |
|
||||||
|
| | Acc. | | |
|
||||||
|
| | Dat. | -um | -um |
|
||||||
|
| | Gen. | -ar | -r |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
If an adjective root ends with a rounded vowel, all /-um/ and /-ar/
|
||||||
|
endings become /-vum/ or /-var/ instead respectively. Otherwise, the
|
||||||
|
consonant is doubled before the declension’s vowel if there is one.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||||
|
- Meðr er Hindirar, þrírr er Hindurar
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The men are Hindi, three are Hindu
|
||||||
|
#+html: :::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The adjectives agree in declension, number, and gender with the noun
|
||||||
|
or noun phrase they describe. In terms of word order, they always
|
||||||
|
precede the noun or noun phrase, regardles whether the noun is in its
|
||||||
|
indefinite or definite form.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||||
|
- Latr káttinn kúrar hjá opin dyrin
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The lazy cat naps by the open door
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
| lat-r | kátt-inn | kúr-ar | hjá | opin | dyr-in |
|
||||||
|
| lazy-SG.NOM | cat-DEF.SG.NOM | nap-3sg.IND.PRES | by | open.SG.ACC | door-DEF.SG.ACC |
|
||||||
|
- Rauðt dyrit ok smár vindaugat er opinn
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The red door and the small windows are open
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
| rauð-t | dyr-it | ok | smár | vindaug-at | er | opin-n |
|
||||||
|
| red-SG.N.NOM | door-DEF.SG.NOM | and | small.PL.N.NOM | window-DEF.PL.NOM | to.be.3pl.IND.PRES | open-PL.N.ACC |
|
||||||
|
#+html: :::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
What you will find most often in Eittlandic dictionaries is the
|
||||||
|
accusative singular common form of the adjectives, which is its
|
||||||
|
unmarked form, while some older or more traditional dictionaries will
|
||||||
|
instead use their nominative singular common form.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
*Standard Eittlandic* does not use declensions and will always use the
|
||||||
|
unmarked adjective root instead. A few dialects do not use adjective
|
||||||
|
declensions either, but they are relatively rare, such as the dialects
|
||||||
|
found in the Úlfsaug valley in Northeastern Fjallheim.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
**** Participal Adjectives
|
||||||
|
Taking the root of a verb and adding the declension of definite
|
||||||
|
articles creates participal adjectives. For instance, /sov(a)/ (to
|
||||||
|
sleep) becomes /sovin/ (sleepy) while /hleð(a)/ (to make noise) becomes
|
||||||
|
/hleðin/ (noisy).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#+name: participal-adj-example-sov-sovin
|
||||||
|
#+caption: Example of participal adjective using /sov(a)/
|
||||||
|
| / | <r> | | |
|
||||||
|
| | | Common | Neuter |
|
||||||
|
|---+---------+---------+---------|
|
||||||
|
| | Sg.Nom. | sovinn | sovit |
|
||||||
|
| | Acc. | sovin | sovit |
|
||||||
|
| | Dat. | sovin | sovit |
|
||||||
|
| | Gen. | sovins | sovits |
|
||||||
|
| | Pl.Nom. | sovinn | sovitr |
|
||||||
|
| | Acc. | sovin | sovit |
|
||||||
|
| | Dat. | sovinum | sovitum |
|
||||||
|
| | Gen. | sovin | sovit |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||||
|
- Þat er eit hleðit bil ná!
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This is one noisy car, isn’t it‽
|
||||||
|
#+html: :::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**** Possessive Adjectives
|
**** Possessive Adjectives
|
||||||
|
Similarly to [[file:./grammar.md#possessive-pronouns][possessive pronouns]], possessive adjectives mark ownership
|
||||||
|
or relationship from an element with another. However, possessive
|
||||||
|
adjectives modify a noun or noun phrase and are not free forms.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Possessive adjectives are very similar to possessive pronouns, their
|
||||||
|
base root is the same but possessive adjectives agree with the
|
||||||
|
possessed element in person, number, gender, and declension. Agreement
|
||||||
|
in number follows both the number of possessor and possessed. Hence,
|
||||||
|
/várt/ is a possessive adjectives marking one nominative element being
|
||||||
|
possessed by several people in the first person, while /mínar/ is a
|
||||||
|
possessive adjective marking several nominative elements being
|
||||||
|
possessed by one individual in the first person.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#+name: possessive-adjectives-1-and-2
|
||||||
|
#+caption: Possessive adjectives for the first and second person
|
||||||
|
| / | <r> | | | | | | | | |
|
||||||
|
| | | 1s C. | 1s N. | 2s C. | 2s N. | 1p C. | 1p N. | 2p C. | 2p N. |
|
||||||
|
|---+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------|
|
||||||
|
| | Sg.Nom. | mínn | mínt | þínn | þínt | várr | várt | yðr | yðt |
|
||||||
|
| | Acc. | mín | mínt | þín | þínt | vár | várt | yð | yðt |
|
||||||
|
| | Dat. | mínum | mínum | þínum | þínum | várum | várum | yðum | yðum |
|
||||||
|
| | Gen. | míns | míns | þíns | þíns | várs | várs | yðs | yðs |
|
||||||
|
| | Pl.Nom. | mínar | mín | þínar | þín | várar | vár | yðar | yð |
|
||||||
|
| | Acc. | mín | mín | þín | þín | vár | vár | yð | yð |
|
||||||
|
| | Dat. | mínum | mínum | þínum | þínum | várum | várum | yðum | yðum |
|
||||||
|
| | Gen. | mínar | mínn | þínar | þínn | várar | várr | yðar | yðr |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
In the third person, gender of the possessor is also followed by the
|
||||||
|
possessive adjective when there is a singular possessor. This means
|
||||||
|
the gender of the adjectives must also agree both with the gender of
|
||||||
|
the possessor and the possessed when the former is singular.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#+name: possessive-adjectives-3
|
||||||
|
#+caption: Possessive adjectives for the third person
|
||||||
|
| / | <r> | | | | | | |
|
||||||
|
| | | 3sc C. | 3sc N. | 3sn C. | 3sn N. | 3p C. | 3p N. |
|
||||||
|
|---+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------|
|
||||||
|
| | Sg.Nom. | hennar | hent | þass | þast | þeirr | þeirt |
|
||||||
|
| | Acc. | henn | hent | þass | þast | þeir | þeirt |
|
||||||
|
| | Dat. | hennum | henum | þasum | þasum | þeirum | þeirum |
|
||||||
|
| | Gen. | hens | hens | þass | þass | þeirs | þeirs |
|
||||||
|
| | Pl.Nom. | hennar | henn | þasar | þass | þeirar | þeir |
|
||||||
|
| | Acc. | henn | henn | þass | þass | þeir | þeir |
|
||||||
|
| | Dat. | hennum | hennum | þasum | þasum | þeirum | þeirum |
|
||||||
|
| | Gen. | hennar | henn | þasar | þass | þeirar | þeirr |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#+html: ::: tip Examples
|
||||||
|
- Hundinn þeirar hlaupið in í parkit
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Their dogs are running in the park (i.e. several people’s dogs)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
| hund-r | þeir-ar | hlaup-ið | in | í | park-it |
|
||||||
|
| dog-pl.NOM | 3sc.c.ADJ.POSS-pl.NOM | run-3p.PRES.IND | in | DAT | park-DET.sg.DAT |
|
||||||
|
- Ek kent sonin yðum historja
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
I taught your son history
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
| ek | ken-t | son-in | yð-um | historja |
|
||||||
|
| 1sg.NOM | teach-1s.PST.IND | son-DEF.DAT.sg | 2p.POSS-DAT.SG | history.ACC |
|
||||||
|
- Mínn káttr es svartr með ein hvít flekk á hennum bjálf, á hennum hóst.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
My cat is black with a white spot on her fur, on her chest.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
| mín-n | kátt-r | es | svart-r | með | ein | hvít | flekk | á | hen-num | bjálf | á | hen-num | hóst |
|
||||||
|
| 1sg.POSS-sg.NOM.C | cat-sg.NOM | 3sg.PRES.IND | black-sg.NOM | with | one.ACC | white.ACC | spot.ACC | DAT | 3sg.POSS-sg.DAT.C | fur.sg.ACC | DAT | 3sg.POSS.sg.DAT.C | chest.sg.ACC |
|
||||||
|
#+html: :::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**** Non-Numeral Quantifiers :noexport:
|
**** Non-Numeral Quantifiers :noexport:
|
||||||
**** Numerals :noexport:
|
**** Numerals :noexport:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -704,21 +973,21 @@ instead of the stem of the verb itself. It is somewhat similar to
|
|||||||
asking a question in English by simply raising the sentence’s tone.
|
asking a question in English by simply raising the sentence’s tone.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||||
- Hann komr í dag með faðin hans
|
- Hann komar í dag með faðin hans
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
| hann | kom-r | í dag | með | fað-in | hans |
|
| hann | kom-ar | í dag | með | fað-in | hans |
|
||||||
| 3s.m.NOM | come-s.PRES.IND | today | with | father.ACC-DEF | 3s.m.GEN |
|
| 3s.m.NOM | come-s.PRES.IND | today | with | father.ACC-DEF | 3s.m.GEN |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
He’s coming with his father today.
|
He’s coming with his father today.
|
||||||
- Komr han í dag með faðin hans?
|
- Komar han í dag með faðin hans?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
| kom-r | hann | í dag | með | fað-in | hans |
|
| kom-ar | hann | í dag | með | fað-in | hans |
|
||||||
| come-s.PRES.IND | 3s.m.NOM | today | with | father.ACC-DEF | 3s.m.GEN |
|
| come-s.PRES.IND | 3s.m.NOM | today | with | father.ACC-DEF | 3s.m.GEN |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Is he coming with his father today?
|
Is he coming with his father today?
|
||||||
- Han komvitr í dag með maðin hans?
|
- Han komavitr í dag með maðin hans?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
| hann | kom-vit-r | í dag | með | fað-in | hans |
|
| hann | koma-vit-r | í dag | með | fað-in | hans |
|
||||||
| 3s.m.NOM | come-Q-s.PRES.IND | today | with | father.ACC-DEF | 3s.m.GEN |
|
| 3s.m.NOM | come-Q-s.PRES.IND | today | with | father.ACC-DEF | 3s.m.GEN |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
He’s coming with his father today?
|
He’s coming with his father today?
|
||||||
@@ -729,9 +998,9 @@ Instead, Eittlandic speakers may instead simply add /vit/ as a
|
|||||||
standalone word at the end of the question.
|
standalone word at the end of the question.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||||
- Hann er konung.
|
- Hann es konung.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
| hann | er | konung |
|
| hann | es | konung |
|
||||||
| 3s.m.NOM | be.3s.PRES.IND | king.ACC |
|
| 3s.m.NOM | be.3s.PRES.IND | king.ACC |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
He is the king.
|
He is the king.
|
||||||
@@ -754,18 +1023,18 @@ question word takes the place of either the syntactic patient or
|
|||||||
syntactic dative of the verb.
|
syntactic dative of the verb.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||||
- Ná hvar ert þú?
|
- Hvar est þú?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
| ná | hvar | ert | þú |
|
| hvar | est | þú |
|
||||||
| now | where | be.2s.PRES.IND | 2s.NOM |
|
| where | be.2s.PRES.IND | 2s.NOM |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Where are you now?
|
Where are you?
|
||||||
- Ná þú ert hver vit?
|
- Þú est hver vit?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
| ná | þú | ert | hvar | vit |
|
| þú | est | hvar | vit |
|
||||||
| now | 2s.NOM | be.2s.PRES.IND | where | Q |
|
| 2s.NOM | be.2s.PRES.IND | where | Q |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
You are where now?
|
Where are you? / Where you at?
|
||||||
#+html: :::
|
#+html: :::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**** Yes/No questions
|
**** Yes/No questions
|
||||||
@@ -917,31 +1186,31 @@ simplified to the table following it.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
#+name: tbl:old-norse-noun-inflexions
|
#+name: tbl:old-norse-noun-inflexions
|
||||||
#+caption: 1st declension of strong nouns and declensions of masculine weak nouns in Old Norse
|
#+caption: 1st declension of strong nouns and declensions of masculine weak nouns in Old Norse
|
||||||
| / | <r> | | | | |
|
| / | <r> | | | | |
|
||||||
| | | Strong Masculine | Strong Feminine | Strong Neuter | Weak Masculine |
|
| | | Strong Masculine | Strong Feminine | Strong Neuter | Weak Masculine |
|
||||||
|---+------------+------------------+-----------------+---------------+----------------|
|
|---+---------+------------------+-----------------+---------------+----------------|
|
||||||
| | Sing. Nom. | heim-r | tíð | skip | tím-i |
|
| | Sg.Nom. | heim-r | tíð | skip | tím-i |
|
||||||
| | Acc. | heim | tíð | skip | tím-a |
|
| | Acc. | heim | tíð | skip | tím-a |
|
||||||
| | Dat. | heim-i | tíð | skip-i | tím-a |
|
| | Dat. | heim-i | tíð | skip-i | tím-a |
|
||||||
| | Gen. | heim-s | tíð-ar | skip-s | tím-a |
|
| | Gen. | heim-s | tíð-ar | skip-s | tím-a |
|
||||||
| | Plur. Nom. | heim-ar | tíð-ir | skip | tím-ar |
|
| | Pl.Nom. | heim-ar | tíð-ir | skip | tím-ar |
|
||||||
| | Acc. | heim-a | tíð-ir | skip | tím-a |
|
| | Acc. | heim-a | tíð-ir | skip | tím-a |
|
||||||
| | Dat. | heim-um | tíð-um | skip-um | tím-um |
|
| | Dat. | heim-um | tíð-um | skip-um | tím-um |
|
||||||
| | Gen. | heim-a | tíð-a | skip-a | tím-a |
|
| | Gen. | heim-a | tíð-a | skip-a | tím-a |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#+name: tbl:eittlandic-example-noun-inflexions
|
#+name: tbl:eittlandic-example-noun-inflexions
|
||||||
#+caption: Declensions for strong and weak nouns in Modern Eittlandic
|
#+caption: Declensions for strong and weak nouns in Modern Eittlandic
|
||||||
| / | <r> | | | |
|
| / | <r> | | | |
|
||||||
| | | Strong Common | Strong Neuter | Weak Nouns |
|
| | | Strong Common | Strong Neuter | Weak Nouns |
|
||||||
|---+------------+---------------+---------------+------------|
|
|---+---------+---------------+---------------+------------|
|
||||||
| | Sing. Nom. | heim-r | skip | tím |
|
| | Sg.Nom. | heim-r | skip | tím |
|
||||||
| | Acc. | heim | skip | tím |
|
| | Acc. | heim | skip | tím |
|
||||||
| | Dat. | heim | skip | tím |
|
| | Dat. | heim | skip | tím |
|
||||||
| | Gen. | heim-ar | skip-s | tím-s |
|
| | Gen. | heim-ar | skip-s | tím-s |
|
||||||
| | Plur. Nom. | heim-r | skip | tím-r |
|
| | Pl.Nom. | heim-r | skip | tím-r |
|
||||||
| | Acc. | heim | skip | tím |
|
| | Acc. | heim | skip | tím |
|
||||||
| | Dat. | heim-um | skip-um | tím-um |
|
| | Dat. | heim-um | skip-um | tím-um |
|
||||||
| | Gen. | heim-ar | skip-s | tím-s |
|
| | Gen. | heim-ar | skip-s | tím-s |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
As you can see, a good amount of declensions disappeared from nouns,
|
As you can see, a good amount of declensions disappeared from nouns,
|
||||||
with only four marked cases for strong common nouns and two for strong
|
with only four marked cases for strong common nouns and two for strong
|
||||||
@@ -953,17 +1222,17 @@ We end up with the following declension system in Eittlandic.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
#+name: tbl:eittlandic-noun-inflexion
|
#+name: tbl:eittlandic-noun-inflexion
|
||||||
#+caption: Eittlandic noun inflexion
|
#+caption: Eittlandic noun inflexion
|
||||||
| / | <r> | | | |
|
| / | <r> | | | |
|
||||||
| | | Strong Common | Strong Neuter | Weak Nouns |
|
| | | Strong Common | Strong Neuter | Weak Nouns |
|
||||||
|---+------------+---------------+---------------+------------|
|
|---+---------+---------------+---------------+------------|
|
||||||
| | Sing. Nom. | -r | | |
|
| | Sg.Nom. | -r | | |
|
||||||
| | Acc. | | | |
|
| | Acc. | | | |
|
||||||
| | Dat. | | | |
|
| | Dat. | | | |
|
||||||
| | Gen. | -(a)r | -s | -s |
|
| | Gen. | -(a)r | -s | -s |
|
||||||
| | Plur. Nom. | -r | | -r |
|
| | Pl.Nom. | -r | | -r |
|
||||||
| | Acc. | | | |
|
| | Acc. | | | |
|
||||||
| | Dat. | -um | -um | -um |
|
| | Dat. | -um | -um | -um |
|
||||||
| | Gen. | -(a)r | -s | -s |
|
| | Gen. | -(a)r | -s | -s |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The /-ar/ ending drops the /a/ when an underlying ending vowel is present
|
The /-ar/ ending drops the /a/ when an underlying ending vowel is present
|
||||||
in a word, as with /dótt/ (daughter) becoming /dóttir/ in its genitive
|
in a word, as with /dótt/ (daughter) becoming /dóttir/ in its genitive
|
||||||
@@ -1002,17 +1271,17 @@ a noun ends with an «n» or an «l» respectively, hence the table below
|
|||||||
showing the declensions of strong masculine /himn/ (/heaven/) and strong
|
showing the declensions of strong masculine /himn/ (/heaven/) and strong
|
||||||
feminine /hafn/ (/harbour/, /haven/).
|
feminine /hafn/ (/harbour/, /haven/).
|
||||||
#+name: tbl:irregular-noun-declensions
|
#+name: tbl:irregular-noun-declensions
|
||||||
| <r> | | |
|
| <r> | | |
|
||||||
| | himn | hafn |
|
| | himn | hafn |
|
||||||
|------------+--------+--------|
|
|---------+--------+--------|
|
||||||
| Sing. Nom. | himnn | hafnn |
|
| Sg.Nom. | himnn | hafnn |
|
||||||
| Acc. | himn | hafn |
|
| Acc. | himn | hafn |
|
||||||
| Dat. | himn | hafn |
|
| Dat. | himn | hafn |
|
||||||
| Gen. | himnar | hafnar |
|
| Gen. | himnar | hafnar |
|
||||||
| Plur. Nom. | himnn | hafnn |
|
| Pl.Nom. | himnn | hafnn |
|
||||||
| Acc. | himn | hafn |
|
| Acc. | himn | hafn |
|
||||||
| Dat. | himnum | hafnum |
|
| Dat. | himnum | hafnum |
|
||||||
| Gen. | himnar | hafnar |
|
| Gen. | himnar | hafnar |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
During the last five centuries, the root of the word got regularized
|
During the last five centuries, the root of the word got regularized
|
||||||
so that only one or two forms are allowed. Due to umlaut or ablaut, it
|
so that only one or two forms are allowed. Due to umlaut or ablaut, it
|
||||||
@@ -1023,17 +1292,17 @@ time of Old Norse. These changes mainly remains in a few common words.
|
|||||||
The table below gives some examples of such irregularities. These
|
The table below gives some examples of such irregularities. These
|
||||||
words are marked as irregular in the dictionary.
|
words are marked as irregular in the dictionary.
|
||||||
#+name: tbl:irregularities-root-nouns
|
#+name: tbl:irregularities-root-nouns
|
||||||
| <r> | | | | |
|
| <r> | | | | |
|
||||||
| | kettle (m.) | foot (m.) | book (f.) | water (n.) |
|
| | kettle (m.) | foot (m.) | book (f.) | water (n.) |
|
||||||
|------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+------------|
|
|---------+-------------+-----------+-----------+------------|
|
||||||
| Sing. Nom. | ketll | fótr | bók | vatn |
|
| Sg.Nom. | ketll | fótr | bók | vatn |
|
||||||
| Acc. | ketl | fót | bók | vatn |
|
| Acc. | ketl | fót | bók | vatn |
|
||||||
| Dat. | ketl | fót | bók | vatn |
|
| Dat. | ketl | fót | bók | vatn |
|
||||||
| Gen. | ketlar | fótar | bókar | vatn |
|
| Gen. | ketlar | fótar | bókar | vatn |
|
||||||
| Plur. Nom. | katll | fœtr | bœkr | vótnn |
|
| Pl.Nom. | katll | fœtr | bœkr | vótnn |
|
||||||
| Acc. | katl | fœt | bœkr | vótn |
|
| Acc. | katl | fœt | bœkr | vótn |
|
||||||
| Dat. | katlum | fótum | bókum | vótnum |
|
| Dat. | katlum | fótum | bókum | vótnum |
|
||||||
| Gen. | katl | fœt | bœk | vótn |
|
| Gen. | katl | fœt | bœk | vótn |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
*** Articles and Demonstratives
|
*** Articles and Demonstratives
|
||||||
# - Do noun phrases have articles?
|
# - Do noun phrases have articles?
|
||||||
@@ -1062,6 +1331,12 @@ numerals have declensions as discussed in [[file:grammar.md#numerals][Word Class
|
|||||||
| Dat. | einn | ein | eit |
|
| Dat. | einn | ein | eit |
|
||||||
| Gen. | ein | einn | eits |
|
| Gen. | ein | einn | eits |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Indefinite articles are not required in Eittlandic the way they are in
|
||||||
|
English. The sentence /hann át fisk/ (/he ate a fish/) is absolutely
|
||||||
|
correct and does not required. Instead, indefinite articles are used
|
||||||
|
as intensifiers, as in /hann át ein fisk, eng fiskin/ (/he ate *a* fish,
|
||||||
|
not *the* fish/).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**** Definite articles
|
**** Definite articles
|
||||||
As in other Scandinavian languages, definite articles in Eittlandic
|
As in other Scandinavian languages, definite articles in Eittlandic
|
||||||
act as suffixes to the noun and fully replace its declension as it has
|
act as suffixes to the noun and fully replace its declension as it has
|
||||||
@@ -1069,18 +1344,19 @@ case marking itself. The full declension table of definite articles
|
|||||||
can be found in the table below. As we can see, the definite articles
|
can be found in the table below. As we can see, the definite articles
|
||||||
underwent an important regularization as well as merging strong neuter
|
underwent an important regularization as well as merging strong neuter
|
||||||
and weak nouns together.
|
and weak nouns together.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#+name: tbl:definite-articles
|
#+name: tbl:definite-articles
|
||||||
| / | <r> | | |
|
| / | <r> | | |
|
||||||
| | | Strong Common | Strong Neuter and Weak Nouns |
|
| | | Strong Common | Strong Neuter and Weak Nouns |
|
||||||
|---+------------+---------------+------------------------------|
|
|---+---------+---------------+------------------------------|
|
||||||
| | Sing. Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)t |
|
| | Sg.Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)t |
|
||||||
| | Acc. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
|
| | Acc. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
|
||||||
| | Dat. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
|
| | Dat. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
|
||||||
| | Gen. | -(i)ns | -(i)ts |
|
| | Gen. | -(i)ns | -(i)ts |
|
||||||
| | Plur. Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)tr |
|
| | Pl.Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)tr |
|
||||||
| | Acc. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
|
| | Acc. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
|
||||||
| | Dat. | -(i)num | -(i)tum |
|
| | Dat. | -(i)num | -(i)tum |
|
||||||
| | Gen. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
|
| | Gen. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The initial /i/ is only used when using the definite articles as a
|
The initial /i/ is only used when using the definite articles as a
|
||||||
suffix would cause a consonant cluster forbidden by Eittlandic
|
suffix would cause a consonant cluster forbidden by Eittlandic
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ Titles:
|
|||||||
Titles:
|
Titles:
|
||||||
- First King of Eittland (915 - 935)
|
- First King of Eittland (915 - 935)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
*** B
|
*** B
|
||||||
**** Bárður Márusson
|
**** Bárður Márusson
|
||||||
First Icelandic citizen to be elected to the House of the People.
|
First Icelandic citizen to be elected to the House of the People.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -239,6 +239,8 @@ become shorter.
|
|||||||
{{{phon(upɸə)}}}
|
{{{phon(upɸə)}}}
|
||||||
#+html: :::
|
#+html: :::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The only exception is a double «g» {{{phon(ɡː)}}} which became {{{phon(ɡ)}}}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
*** r > ʁ (Eastern Eittlandic)
|
*** r > ʁ (Eastern Eittlandic)
|
||||||
From the beginning of the 16th century, the Eastern Eittlandic {{{phon(r)}}}
|
From the beginning of the 16th century, the Eastern Eittlandic {{{phon(r)}}}
|
||||||
began morphing into an {{{phon(ʁ)}}} in all contexts except in word-final
|
began morphing into an {{{phon(ʁ)}}} in all contexts except in word-final
|
||||||
@@ -339,6 +341,105 @@ When a {{{phon(t)}}} precedes another consonant, it becomes a glottal stop.
|
|||||||
Early Modern Eittlandic /Eittland/ {{{phon(ɑɪtlɑnd)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪʔlɑnd)}}}
|
Early Modern Eittlandic /Eittland/ {{{phon(ɑɪtlɑnd)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪʔlɑnd)}}}
|
||||||
#+html: :::
|
#+html: :::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
** Spelling and pronunciation
|
||||||
|
Eittlandic is written in two different alphabets: Modern Futhark, also
|
||||||
|
known as the Eittlandic runes, and the Latin alphabet. Eittland saw
|
||||||
|
some use of the Latin alphabet in the 13th and 14th century, but
|
||||||
|
documents ceased to be produced with it until the 17th century, when
|
||||||
|
immigrants from continental Europe brought this script with them and
|
||||||
|
as commerce opened up with European countries again. Until a few
|
||||||
|
decades ago, the Modern Futhark alphabet was the most popular alphabet
|
||||||
|
in use in Eittland. But since the democratisation of the computer and
|
||||||
|
smartphone, usage of the Latin alphabet saw a quick rise in
|
||||||
|
popularity. According to some estimates, only 2% of Eittlanders used
|
||||||
|
the Latin alphabet more often than the Modern Futhark alphabet in
|
||||||
|
1920, while in 2020, 23% of Eittlanders primarily use the Latin
|
||||||
|
alphabet.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Most letters are used the same way in Eittlandic as they are in most
|
||||||
|
standard European languages, with a few additions that lack in the
|
||||||
|
standard Latin alphabet, Just like Icelandic, Eittlandic still uses
|
||||||
|
the letters «þ» and «ð» when using the Latin alphabet. These letters
|
||||||
|
were already used in Old Norse but nether became deprecated, unlike in
|
||||||
|
other Nordic languages such as Swedish or Norwegian, or other Germanic
|
||||||
|
languages such as English. They represent the sounds {{{phon(θ)}}} and
|
||||||
|
{{{phon(ð)}}} respectively; unlike Old Norse, these two sounds became
|
||||||
|
distinct enough to constrast in some words, such as in /maðr/ (/man/) and
|
||||||
|
/maþr/ (maths). You will also find vowels with acute accents. They used
|
||||||
|
to represent long vowels, but due to sound changes, they are
|
||||||
|
associated with a lower tone and generaly more lax vowel, as described
|
||||||
|
below.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Aside from Standard Eittlandic, there is no standard spelling and the
|
||||||
|
language is written generally phonetically, although there is a
|
||||||
|
tendency to keep the spelling reflecting the historical pronunciation
|
||||||
|
of words; i.e. when representing the vowel {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}}, Eittlanders will
|
||||||
|
tend to write «á» when it comes from a historically long {{{phon(ɑ)}}} but
|
||||||
|
«é» if it comes from a historically long {{{phon(e)}}}. There is also a
|
||||||
|
tendency in dialects other than Standard Eittlandic to write
|
||||||
|
word-final vowels, even if they are no longer pronounced, as in «posi»
|
||||||
|
(Standard Eittlandic /pos/, meaning /seal/).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
These are the letters used natively in Eittlandic:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#+begin_quote
|
||||||
|
a b d ð e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t þ u v y z ø œ
|
||||||
|
#+end_quote
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
All vowels, with the exception of «ø» and «œ», can bear an acute
|
||||||
|
accent, extending the list with:
|
||||||
|
#+begin_quote
|
||||||
|
á é í ó ú ý
|
||||||
|
#+end_quote
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Most of these letters represent their standard phonological value, but
|
||||||
|
a few don't. Here are some rules that will help you read Eittlandic
|
||||||
|
phonetically:
|
||||||
|
- «a» :: this is an unrounded, open back vowel {{{phon(ɑ)}}} in some
|
||||||
|
dialects, or front {{{phon(a)}}} in some others
|
||||||
|
- «á» :: this is an unrounded, mid open front vowel {{{phon(ɛ)}}} with a low
|
||||||
|
or falling tone
|
||||||
|
- «ð» :: this is a voiced dentad fricative {{{phon(ð)}}}, as in English “this”
|
||||||
|
- «é» :: pronounced like «á»
|
||||||
|
- «g» :: the most unstable letter in Eittlandic. When in contact with
|
||||||
|
another consonant, it will be a standard voiced uvular stop {{{phon(ɡ)}}}.
|
||||||
|
However, if it is a word-initial consonent immediately followed by a
|
||||||
|
vowel or between vowels, it will be pronounced as a {{{phon(j)}}}. Lastly,
|
||||||
|
if it is word-final and preceeded by a vowel, it is pronounced as a
|
||||||
|
voiced velar fricative {{{phon(ɣ)}}}.
|
||||||
|
- «í» :: this is an unrounded mid closed front vowel {{{phon(e)}}} with a
|
||||||
|
low or falling tone. It contrasts with «e» wich is pronounced with a
|
||||||
|
neutral or high tone
|
||||||
|
- «j» :: this is the palatal semivowel {{{phon(j)}}}, as in German or other
|
||||||
|
North Germanic languages
|
||||||
|
- «ó» :: this is a rounded mid open back vowel {{{phon(ɔ)}}} with a low or falling
|
||||||
|
tone
|
||||||
|
- «p» :: in most places, pronounced as a voiceless bilabial plosive
|
||||||
|
{{{phon(p)}}} as expected, unless before a «t» where it becomes a
|
||||||
|
voiceless bilabial fricative {{{phon(ɸ)}}}
|
||||||
|
- «þ» :: this is the unvoiced counterpart to «ð», the {{{phon(θ)}}}, as in
|
||||||
|
English “think”
|
||||||
|
- «ú» :: this is a rounded mid closed back vowel {{{phon(o)}}} with a low or
|
||||||
|
falling tone. It constrasts with neutral or high tone «o»
|
||||||
|
- «v» :: this is the voiced bilabial fricative {{{phon(β)}}}, unless when
|
||||||
|
following an «h» in a word-initial position; in this case, «hv» is
|
||||||
|
pronounced as a voiceless labialised velar approximant {{{phon(ʍ)}}}.
|
||||||
|
- «y» :: this is the rounded front high vowel {{{phon(y)}}}, as in German /ü/ or French /u/
|
||||||
|
- «ý» :: this is the mid front rounded vowel {{{phon(ø)}}} with a low or
|
||||||
|
falling tone, contrasting with the neutral or high tone «ø»
|
||||||
|
described below
|
||||||
|
- «ø» :: is a mid front rounded vowel {{{phon(ø)}}}, like German «ö» or
|
||||||
|
French «eu» in /deux/
|
||||||
|
- «œ» :: this is a low, lax, frount rounded vowel {{{phon(œ)}}}, like French
|
||||||
|
«eu» in «neuf», but with an additional low or falling tone
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
There are another three additional digraphs when it comes to vowels:
|
||||||
|
- «au» :: this is a rounded mid open back vowel {{{phon(ɔ)}}} with a neutral
|
||||||
|
or high tone, which contrasts with «ó»
|
||||||
|
- «ei» :: this is one of the two diphthongs left in Eittlandic,
|
||||||
|
{{{phon(ɑɪ)}}}
|
||||||
|
- «ey» :: this is the other diphthong left in Eittlandic, {{{phon(œʏ)}}}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
** Vowel Inventory
|
** Vowel Inventory
|
||||||
Modern Eittlandic has a total of ten simple vowels and three
|
Modern Eittlandic has a total of ten simple vowels and three
|
||||||
diphthongs, regardless of the dialect. It does not directly inherit
|
diphthongs, regardless of the dialect. It does not directly inherit
|
||||||
@@ -383,32 +484,6 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0ju80zw
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/eittlandic/vowel-feature-tree.png" alt="Eittlandic Vowel Featural Tree">Featural tree of Eittlandic vowels</ImgFigure>
|
#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/eittlandic/vowel-feature-tree.png" alt="Eittlandic Vowel Featural Tree">Featural tree of Eittlandic vowels</ImgFigure>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Here is a quick guide regarding the pronunciation of these vowels:
|
|
||||||
- a {{{phon(ɑ)}}} :: as in General American English “hot” with a high tone
|
|
||||||
- á {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} :: as in General American English “bed” with a low tone
|
|
||||||
- æ {{{phon(ɛ)}}} :: as in General American English “bed” with a high tone
|
|
||||||
- e {{{phon(e)}}} :: as in French “été” or General American English “may”
|
|
||||||
with a high tone
|
|
||||||
- é {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} :: see {{{phon(æ)}}}
|
|
||||||
- i {{{phon(i)}}} :: as in English “free” with a high tone
|
|
||||||
- í {{{phon(è)}}} :: as in French “été” or General American English “may”
|
|
||||||
with a low tone
|
|
||||||
- o {{{phon(o)}}} :: as in French “beau” or Cockney English “yawn” with a
|
|
||||||
high tone
|
|
||||||
- ó {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}} :: as in General American English “thought” with a low
|
|
||||||
tone
|
|
||||||
- u {{{phon(u)}}} :: as in French “mou” or General American English “boot”
|
|
||||||
with a high tone
|
|
||||||
- ú {{{phon(ò)}}} :: as in French “beau” or Cockney English “yawn” with a
|
|
||||||
low tone
|
|
||||||
- y {{{phon(y)}}} :: as in French “lune” with a high tone
|
|
||||||
- ý {{{phon(ø̀)}}} :: as in French “deux” with a low tone
|
|
||||||
- œ/ǿ {{{phon(œ)}}} :: as in French “neuf” with a low tone
|
|
||||||
- ei {{{phon(ɑɪ)}}} :: as in English “I”
|
|
||||||
- au {{{phon(ɔʊ)}}} :: similar to Canadian “ow” or in General American
|
|
||||||
English “bow”, but more open
|
|
||||||
- ey {{{phon(œʏ)}}} :: as if it were “œy” but more open
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Eittlandic also has a second vowel inventory dedicated to unstressed
|
Eittlandic also has a second vowel inventory dedicated to unstressed
|
||||||
vowels. While the one described above describes all vowels found in
|
vowels. While the one described above describes all vowels found in
|
||||||
stressed positions, the unstressed inventory is much lighter.
|
stressed positions, the unstressed inventory is much lighter.
|
||||||
@@ -500,10 +575,36 @@ Note the features borne by the diphthongs:
|
|||||||
#+end_src
|
#+end_src
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
** Consonant Inventory
|
** Consonant Inventory
|
||||||
/Under construction/
|
Regarding Eittlandic's consonants, the two main changes from Old Norse
|
||||||
|
other than changes in their pronunciation is the now differenciation
|
||||||
|
between «þ» and «ð» where in Old Norse, the former was used
|
||||||
|
word-initially while the latter was used in all other positions.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Similarly, the «f» letter was used to represent both {{{phon(f)}}}
|
||||||
|
word-initially and {{{phon(v)}}} in all other positions. In Eittlandic,
|
||||||
|
voiced «f» {{{phon(v)}}} merged into «v» {{{phon(β)}}}. Therefore, the letter «f»
|
||||||
|
is no longer used to represent {{{phon(v)}}} anymore; the letter «v» is
|
||||||
|
instead used to represent both historical «v» and historically voiced
|
||||||
|
«f».
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Occasionally, the letter «h» may precede another consonant in a
|
||||||
|
word-initial position, mainly «l», «r», and «v». These consonants
|
||||||
|
become devoiced, with «hl», «hr», and «hv» becoming {{{phon(l̥)}}}, {{{phon(r̥)}}},
|
||||||
|
and {{{phon(ʍ)}}} respectively.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
*** Private Data :noexport:
|
*** Private Data :noexport:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
** Underlying vowels
|
||||||
|
While most word-final vowels were dropped a few centuries ago, they
|
||||||
|
still exist as underlying vowels that may affect the word's
|
||||||
|
morphology. By default, when there is no final vowel for a noun, a
|
||||||
|
dummy «i» is used to join the word with the definite morphene
|
||||||
|
together. For instance, /dag/ (/day/), a word with no underlying vowel,
|
||||||
|
which becomes /dagin/ in its singular accusative definite form. However,
|
||||||
|
even if it is no longer present in its non-definite form, /sag/ still
|
||||||
|
bears the word-final vowel «a» which appears in its definite form,
|
||||||
|
such as /sagat/ (singular accusative definite form).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
** Pitch and Stress
|
** Pitch and Stress
|
||||||
The original bitonal pitch accent of Eittlandic is thought to have
|
The original bitonal pitch accent of Eittlandic is thought to have
|
||||||
been lost around the 10th or 11th century, though it is no certain
|
been lost around the 10th or 11th century, though it is no certain
|
||||||
@@ -560,7 +661,28 @@ formal speech.
|
|||||||
Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪnləɡr)}}}
|
Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪnləɡr)}}}
|
||||||
#+html: :::
|
#+html: :::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
**** {{{phon(ɔ)}}} and {{{phon(ɑ)}}} merger
|
||||||
|
Western Eittlandic is currently going a phonological merge of the
|
||||||
|
vowels {{{phon(ɔ)}}} and {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into {{{phon(ɒ)}}}. The vowel {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}} also
|
||||||
|
follows this pattern, morphing into {{{phon(ɒ̀)}}}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
**** Great Vowel Shift variation
|
||||||
|
While the Great Vowel Shift is happened relatively uniformly in
|
||||||
|
Eittland, some regions did not follow the same pattern as what
|
||||||
|
happened everywhere else.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The main example is the area around Đeberget where the vowel {{{phon(ɑː)}}}
|
||||||
|
evolved not as {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} but as {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
*** Eastern Eittlandic
|
*** Eastern Eittlandic
|
||||||
|
**** {{{phon(y)}}} and {{{phon(u)}}} merger
|
||||||
|
In areas around Vestrheim especially, locals tend to merge {{{phon(y)}}}
|
||||||
|
into {{{phon(u)}}}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
**** Centralisation of {{{phon(i)}}}
|
||||||
|
In the northern rural parts of Eastern Eittland, populations tend to
|
||||||
|
centralise {{{phon(i)}}} into {{{phon(ɨ)}}}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**** Great Vowel Shift variation
|
**** Great Vowel Shift variation
|
||||||
When the [[file:./phonology.md#great-vowel-shift][Great Vowel Shift]] happened, not all regions were affected the
|
When the [[file:./phonology.md#great-vowel-shift][Great Vowel Shift]] happened, not all regions were affected the
|
||||||
same. As such, we can find in some rural parts of the Eastern
|
same. As such, we can find in some rural parts of the Eastern
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ in second position in their clause and may be in first position
|
|||||||
interrogative and dependent clauses, as shown below.
|
interrogative and dependent clauses, as shown below.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||||
Han talð mér þat kom han hér í gær
|
Han talð mér þat kom han hér í gár
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
han talð mér þat kom han hér í=gær
|
han talð mér þat kom han hér í=gár
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3sg.m.nom tell-3sg.pret 1sg.dat that come.3sg.pret 3sg.m.nom here yesterday
|
3sg.m.nom tell-3sg.pret 1sg.dat that come.3sg.pret 3sg.m.nom here yesterday
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|||||||
3277
package-lock.json
generated
3277
package-lock.json
generated
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
@@ -8,11 +8,12 @@
|
|||||||
"license": "AGPL-3.0",
|
"license": "AGPL-3.0",
|
||||||
"private": true,
|
"private": true,
|
||||||
"devDependencies": {
|
"devDependencies": {
|
||||||
"@vuepress/bundler-vite": "2.0.0-rc.13",
|
"@vuepress/bundler-vite": "2.0.0-rc.19",
|
||||||
"@vuepress/plugin-umami-analytics": "^2.0.0-rc.36",
|
"@vuepress/plugin-slimsearch": "^2.0.0-rc.74",
|
||||||
|
"@vuepress/plugin-umami-analytics": "^2.0.0-rc.74",
|
||||||
"@vuepress/theme-default": "^2.0.0-rc.36",
|
"@vuepress/theme-default": "^2.0.0-rc.36",
|
||||||
"vuepress": "2.0.0-rc.13",
|
"sass-embedded": "^1.83.4",
|
||||||
"vuepress-plugin-search-pro": "^2.0.0-rc.43"
|
"vuepress": "2.0.0-rc.19"
|
||||||
},
|
},
|
||||||
"dependencies": {
|
"dependencies": {
|
||||||
"less": "^4.2.0",
|
"less": "^4.2.0",
|
||||||
|
|||||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user