1
0

Compare commits

...

37 Commits

Author SHA1 Message Date
aab7665280 docs(eittlandic/dictionary): new words 2025-10-11 13:19:03 +02:00
0428248450 docs(eittlandic): big dictionary update 2025-07-26 21:36:49 +02:00
7aeea46beb chore: temporarily disable custom CSS 2025-02-11 09:12:25 +01:00
a43a20a3a7 chore: update vuepress 2025-02-09 12:33:41 +01:00
711bcac662 chore: deploy to Cloudflare Pages 2025-02-09 12:19:23 +01:00
65d5876c3f docs(eittlandic): some more vocabulary
Some checks failed
deploy / deploy (push) Failing after 1s
2025-01-19 17:40:25 +01:00
7d374bc074 docs(eittlandic/grammar): added passive imperative voice 2025-01-16 18:33:18 +01:00
41e3b1bd90 docs(eittlandic): plenty of new and updated words
All checks were successful
deploy / deploy (push) Successful in 3m32s
2025-01-09 04:39:39 +01:00
66f252533d docs(eittlandic): added some grammar 2025-01-09 03:38:18 +01:00
2fc32c38a4 docs(eittlandic): add new entry
All checks were successful
deploy / deploy (push) Successful in 4m14s
2024-11-20 22:43:28 +01:00
0b52af0202 feat: update HTML header for Fediverse
All checks were successful
deploy / deploy (push) Successful in 3m34s
2024-11-18 12:32:24 +01:00
aca6e21299 docs(eittlandic): new vocabulary
Some checks failed
deploy / deploy (push) Has been cancelled
2024-11-18 12:28:59 +01:00
18b022ec88 docs(eittlandic): dictionary fixes
All checks were successful
deploy / deploy (push) Successful in 4m24s
2024-11-16 23:54:29 +01:00
facfecd7c2 docs(eittlandic): plenty of new vocabulary
All checks were successful
deploy / deploy (push) Successful in 5m33s
2024-11-16 22:03:45 +01:00
3c553591a7 docs(eittlandic): extending the phonology
All checks were successful
deploy / deploy (push) Successful in 5m27s
2024-11-08 21:32:47 +01:00
0067a4db31 docs(eittlandic): some more vocabulary, some fixes 2024-11-08 21:32:47 +01:00
68eed4a05c docs(eittlandic): additional vocabulary
All checks were successful
deploy / deploy (push) Successful in 4m31s
2024-11-02 21:45:48 +01:00
e3c39cbf10 feat: add HTML header for Fediverse
All checks were successful
deploy / deploy (push) Successful in 5m29s
2024-10-01 21:43:12 +02:00
9ae33d5908 docs(eittlandic): more vocabulary
All checks were successful
deploy / deploy (push) Successful in 5m40s
2024-09-25 20:40:26 +02:00
7b7e546895 chore: update packages
All checks were successful
deploy / deploy (push) Successful in 5m34s
2024-09-21 15:07:50 +02:00
add06ef4b6 docs(eittlandic): more vocabulary and declensions
All checks were successful
deploy / deploy (push) Successful in 1m55s
2024-09-14 15:06:15 +02:00
169d21f589 docs(eittlandic): better handling of adjective suffixes 2024-09-14 15:05:46 +02:00
1cd503f1c9 docs(eittlandic/grammar): add adjectives 2024-09-12 21:05:21 +02:00
6dd2d47083 docs(eittlandic): fix some verbs in grammar 2024-09-12 21:05:07 +02:00
136b59240e docs(eittlandic): better tables 2024-09-12 21:04:44 +02:00
775b597c9e docs(eittlandic): add some regional phonetic variations 2024-09-12 21:03:56 +02:00
94fb6e7272 docs(eittlandic): lots of new vocabulary
All checks were successful
deploy / deploy (push) Successful in 1m53s
Needs declensions
2024-07-01 23:32:13 +02:00
96409f3ef7 docs(eittlandic): some more vocabulary
All checks were successful
deploy / deploy (push) Successful in 2m0s
2024-06-30 18:39:58 +02:00
8057b1da5d docs(eittlandic): more Eittlandic moods
All checks were successful
deploy / deploy (push) Successful in 2m6s
2024-06-30 17:26:28 +02:00
eeae2ad0d9 docs(eittlandic): more vocabulary 2024-06-30 17:26:16 +02:00
4723fc4b57 docs(eittlandic): fix mistake between ér and vér 2024-06-30 17:25:55 +02:00
6f91ffa518 docs(eittlandic): better verbs
All checks were successful
deploy / deploy (push) Successful in 1m31s
2024-06-23 15:58:11 +02:00
2b3afe6301 docs(eittlandic): more words still 2024-06-23 15:57:52 +02:00
c05025fba7 style(eittlandic): correctly set width of some tables
All checks were successful
deploy / deploy (push) Successful in 1m42s
2024-06-23 13:16:06 +02:00
6347bd145e docs(eittlandic): some new words 2024-06-23 13:15:56 +02:00
941dcea281 style: fix tables 2024-06-23 13:14:57 +02:00
fd980f9ecb chore: switch to node 20 2024-06-23 13:14:42 +02:00
13 changed files with 8990 additions and 1443 deletions

View File

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:
- uses: actions/checkout@v3
- uses: actions/setup-node@v4
with:
node-version: 22.x
node-version: 20.x
- run: npm ci
- uses: purcell/setup-emacs@master
with:
@@ -19,13 +19,11 @@ jobs:
- name: "Export org to md"
run: emacs -Q --script export.el
- run: npm run build
- name: "Deploy"
uses: appleboy/scp-action@v0.1.7
- name: "Deploy to Cloudflare Pages"
uses: cloudflare/pages-action@v1
with:
host: ${{ secrets.HOST }}
username: ${{ secrets.USERNAME }}
key: ${{ secrets.KEY }}
port: ${{ secrets.PORT }}
source: docs/.vuepress/dist/*
target: ${{ secrets.DESTPATH }}
strip_components: 3
apiToken: ${{ secrets.CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN }}
accountId: ${{ secrets.ACCOUNT_ID }}
projectName: conlang-phundrak-com
directory: docs/.vuepress/dist/
githubToken: ${{ secrets.TOKEN }}

View File

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
enableMessageNames: false
nodeLinker: node-modules

View File

@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
import { defaultTheme } from '@vuepress/theme-default';
import { defineUserConfig } from 'vuepress';
import { viteBundler } from '@vuepress/bundler-vite';
import { searchProPlugin } from 'vuepress-plugin-search-pro';
import { umamiAnalyticsPlugin } from '@vuepress/plugin-umami-analytics';
import { slimsearchPlugin } from '@vuepress/plugin-slimsearch';
import head from './head';
const isProd = process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production';
export default defineUserConfig({
lang: 'en-US',
lang: 'en-GB',
title: "Phundrak's Conlangs",
head: head,
description: 'Documentation of the constructed languages made by Phundrak',
@@ -19,11 +22,19 @@ export default defineUserConfig({
},
},
plugins: [
searchProPlugin({
slimsearchPlugin({
indexContent: true,
}),
],
bundler: viteBundler({}),
bundler: isProd
? viteBundler({})
: viteBundler({
viteOptions: {
server: {
allowedHosts: true,
},
},
}),
theme: defaultTheme({
sidebarDepth: 5,
repo: 'https://labs.phundrak.com/phundrak/conlang.phundrak.com',

View File

@@ -34,6 +34,10 @@ const simplifiedHead = [
property: 'og:description',
content: 'Documentation of Pundraks constructed languages',
},
{
name: 'fediverse:creator',
content: '@phundrak@mastodon.phundrak.com',
},
{
name: 'twitter:card',
content: 'summary',

View File

@@ -4,191 +4,195 @@
* - Copyright (c) 2016-present Sven Greb <development@svengreb.de>
*/
:root {
--nord0: #2e3440;
--nord1: #3b4252;
--nord2: #434c5e;
--nord3: #4c566a;
--nord4: #d8dee9;
--nord5: #e5e9f0;
--nord6: #eceff4;
--nord7: #8fbcbb;
--nord8: #88c0d0;
--nord9: #81a1c1;
--nord10: #5e81ac;
--nord11: #bf616a;
--nord12: #d08770;
--nord13: #ebcb8b;
--nord14: #a3be8c;
--nord15: #b48ead;
/* :root { */
/* --nord0: #2e3440; */
/* --nord1: #3b4252; */
/* --nord2: #434c5e; */
/* --nord3: #4c566a; */
/* --nord4: #d8dee9; */
/* --nord5: #e5e9f0; */
/* --nord6: #eceff4; */
/* --nord7: #8fbcbb; */
/* --nord8: #88c0d0; */
/* --nord9: #81a1c1; */
/* --nord10: #5e81ac; */
/* --nord11: #bf616a; */
/* --nord12: #d08770; */
/* --nord13: #ebcb8b; */
/* --nord14: #a3be8c; */
/* --nord15: #b48ead; */
scroll-behavior: smooth;
/* scroll-behavior: smooth; */
// brand colors
--c-brand: var(--nord9);
--c-brand-light: var(--nord14);
/* // brand colors */
/* --c-brand: var(--nord9); */
/* --c-brand-light: var(--nord14); */
// background colors
--c-bg: var(--nord6);
--c-bg-light: var(--nord6);
--c-bg-lighter: var(--nord5);
--c-bg-dark: var(--nord5);
--c-bg-darker: var(--nord4);
--c-bg-navbar: var(--c-bg);
--c-bg-sidebar: var(--c-bg);
--c-bg-arrow: var(--nord4);
/* // background colors */
/* --c-bg: var(--nord6); */
/* --c-bg-light: var(--nord6); */
/* --c-bg-lighter: var(--nord5); */
/* --c-bg-dark: var(--nord5); */
/* --c-bg-darker: var(--nord4); */
/* --c-bg-navbar: var(--c-bg); */
/* --c-bg-sidebar: var(--c-bg); */
/* --c-bg-arrow: var(--nord4); */
// text colors
--c-text: var(--nord1);
--c-text-accent: var(--c-brand);
--c-text-light: var(--nord2);
--c-text-lighter: var(--nord3);
--c-text-lightest: var(--nord4);
--c-text-quote: var(--nord2);
/* // text colors */
/* --c-text: var(--nord1); */
/* --c-text-accent: var(--c-brand); */
/* --c-text-light: var(--nord2); */
/* --c-text-lighter: var(--nord3); */
/* --c-text-lightest: var(--nord4); */
/* --c-text-quote: var(--nord2); */
// border colors
--c-border: var(--nord4);
--c-border-dark: var(--nord4);
/* // border colors */
/* --c-border: var(--nord4); */
/* --c-border-dark: var(--nord4); */
// custom container colors
--c-tip: var(--nord14);
--c-tip-bg: rgba(163, 190, 140, 0.2);
--c-tip-title: var(--c-text);
--c-tip-text: var(--c-text);
--c-tip-text-accent: var(--c-text-accent);
--c-warning: var(--nord13);
--c-warning-bg: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.3);
--c-warning-bg-light: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.2);
--c-warning-bg-lighter: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.1);
--c-warning-border-dark: var(--nord3);
--c-warning-details-bg: var(--c-bg);
--c-warning-title: var(--nord12);
--c-warning-text: var(--nord12);
--c-warning-text-accent: var(--nord12);
--c-warning-text-light: var(--nord12);
--c-warning-text-quote: var(--nord12);
/* // custom container colors */
/* --c-tip: var(--nord14); */
/* --c-tip-bg: rgba(163, 190, 140, 0.2); */
/* --c-tip-title: var(--c-text); */
/* --c-tip-text: var(--c-text); */
/* --c-tip-text-accent: var(--c-text-accent); */
/* --c-warning: var(--nord13); */
/* --c-warning-bg: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.3); */
/* --c-warning-bg-light: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.2); */
/* --c-warning-bg-lighter: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.1); */
/* --c-warning-border-dark: var(--nord3); */
/* --c-warning-details-bg: var(--c-bg); */
/* --c-warning-title: var(--nord12); */
/* --c-warning-text: var(--nord12); */
/* --c-warning-text-accent: var(--nord12); */
/* --c-warning-text-light: var(--nord12); */
/* --c-warning-text-quote: var(--nord12); */
--c-danger: var(--nord11);
--c-danger-bg: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.2);
--c-danger-bg-light: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.2);
--c-danger-bg-lighter: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.1);
--c-danger-border-dark: var(--nord11);
--c-danger-details-bg: var(--nord2);
--c-danger-title: var(--nord11);
--c-danger-text: var(--nord11);
--c-danger-text-accent: var(--nord11);
--c-danger-text-light: var(--nord11);
--c-danger-text-quote: var(--nord11);
/* --c-danger: var(--nord11); */
/* --c-danger-bg: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.2); */
/* --c-danger-bg-light: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.2); */
/* --c-danger-bg-lighter: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.1); */
/* --c-danger-border-dark: var(--nord11); */
/* --c-danger-details-bg: var(--nord2); */
/* --c-danger-title: var(--nord11); */
/* --c-danger-text: var(--nord11); */
/* --c-danger-text-accent: var(--nord11); */
/* --c-danger-text-light: var(--nord11); */
/* --c-danger-text-quote: var(--nord11); */
--c-details-bg: var(--c-bg-lighter);
/* --c-details-bg: var(--c-bg-lighter); */
// badge component colors
--c-badge-tip: var(--c-tip);
--c-badge-warning: var(--c-warning);
--c-badge-warning-text: var(--c-bg);
--c-badge-danger: var(--c-danger);
--c-badge-danger-text: var(--c-bg);
/* // badge component colors */
/* --c-badge-tip: var(--c-tip); */
/* --c-badge-warning: var(--c-warning); */
/* --c-badge-warning-text: var(--c-bg); */
/* --c-badge-danger: var(--c-danger); */
/* --c-badge-danger-text: var(--c-bg); */
// transition vars
--t-color: 0.3s ease;
--t-transform: 0.3s ease;
/* // transition vars */
/* --t-color: 0.3s ease; */
/* --t-transform: 0.3s ease; */
// code blocks vars
--code-bg-color: var(--nord0);
--code-hl-bg-color: var(--nord1);
--code-ln-color: #9e9e9e;
--code-ln-wrapper-width: 3.5rem;
/* // code blocks vars */
/* --code-bg-color: var(--nord0); */
/* --code-hl-bg-color: var(--nord1); */
/* --code-ln-color: #9e9e9e; */
/* --code-ln-wrapper-width: 3.5rem; */
// font vars
--font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen,
Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Fira Sans', 'Droid Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;
--font-family-code: Consolas, Monaco, 'Andale Mono', 'Ubuntu Mono', monospace;
/* // font vars */
/* --font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, */
/* Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Fira Sans', 'Droid Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; */
/* --font-family-code: Consolas, Monaco, 'Andale Mono', 'Ubuntu Mono', monospace; */
// layout vars
--navbar-height: 3.6rem;
--navbar-padding-v: 0.7rem;
--navbar-padding-h: 1.5rem;
--sidebar-width: 20rem;
--sidebar-width-mobile: calc(var(--sidebar-width) * 0.82);
--content-width: 740px;
--homepage-width: 960px;
}
/* // layout vars */
/* --navbar-height: 3.6rem; */
/* --navbar-padding-v: 0.7rem; */
/* --navbar-padding-h: 1.5rem; */
/* --sidebar-width: 20rem; */
/* --sidebar-width-mobile: calc(var(--sidebar-width) * 0.82); */
/* --content-width: 740px; */
/* --homepage-width: 960px; */
/* } */
html.dark {
// brand colors
--c-brand: var(--nord14);
--c-brand-light: var(--nord14);
/* html.dark { */
/* // brand colors */
/* --c-brand: var(--nord14); */
/* --c-brand-light: var(--nord14); */
// background colors
--c-bg: var(--nord1);
--c-bg-light: var(--nord2);
--c-bg-lighter: var(--nord2);
--c-bg-dark: var(--nord3);
--c-bg-darker: var(--nord3);
/* // background colors */
/* --c-bg: var(--nord1); */
/* --c-bg-light: var(--nord2); */
/* --c-bg-lighter: var(--nord2); */
/* --c-bg-dark: var(--nord3); */
/* --c-bg-darker: var(--nord3); */
// text colors
--c-text: var(--nord4);
--c-text-light: var(--nord5);
--c-text-lighter: var(--nord5);
--c-text-lightest: var(--nord6);
--c-text-quote: var(--c-text);
/* // text colors */
/* --c-text: var(--nord4); */
/* --c-text-light: var(--nord5); */
/* --c-text-lighter: var(--nord5); */
/* --c-text-lightest: var(--nord6); */
/* --c-text-quote: var(--c-text); */
// border colors
--c-border: var(--nord3);
--c-border-dark: var(--nord3);
/* // border colors */
/* --c-border: var(--nord3); */
/* --c-border-dark: var(--nord3); */
// custom container colors
--c-tip: var(--nord14);
--c-warning: var(--nord13);
--c-warning-bg: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.2);
--c-warning-bg-light: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.2);
--c-warning-bg-lighter: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.1);
--c-warning-border-dark: var(--nord3);
--c-warning-details-bg: var(--c-bg);
--c-warning-title: var(--nord13);
--c-warning-text: var(--nord13);
--c-warning-text-accent: var(--nord13);
--c-warning-text-light: var(--nord13);
--c-warning-text-quote: var(--nord13);
/* // custom container colors */
/* --c-tip: var(--nord14); */
/* --c-warning: var(--nord13); */
/* --c-warning-bg: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.2); */
/* --c-warning-bg-light: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.2); */
/* --c-warning-bg-lighter: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.1); */
/* --c-warning-border-dark: var(--nord3); */
/* --c-warning-details-bg: var(--c-bg); */
/* --c-warning-title: var(--nord13); */
/* --c-warning-text: var(--nord13); */
/* --c-warning-text-accent: var(--nord13); */
/* --c-warning-text-light: var(--nord13); */
/* --c-warning-text-quote: var(--nord13); */
--c-danger: var(--nord11);
--c-danger-bg: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.2);
--c-danger-bg-light: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.2);
--c-danger-bg-lighter: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.1);
--c-danger-border-dark: var(--nord11);
--c-danger-details-bg: var(--nord2);
--c-danger-title: hsl(354 43% 75.7%);
--c-danger-text: hsl(354 43% 80.7%);
--c-danger-text-accent: var(--nord11);
--c-danger-text-light: var(--nord11);
--c-danger-text-quote: var(--nord11);
/* --c-danger: var(--nord11); */
/* --c-danger-bg: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.2); */
/* --c-danger-bg-light: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.2); */
/* --c-danger-bg-lighter: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.1); */
/* --c-danger-border-dark: var(--nord11); */
/* --c-danger-details-bg: var(--nord2); */
/* --c-danger-title: hsl(354 43% 75.7%); */
/* --c-danger-text: hsl(354 43% 80.7%); */
/* --c-danger-text-accent: var(--nord11); */
/* --c-danger-text-light: var(--nord11); */
/* --c-danger-text-quote: var(--nord11); */
--c-details-bg: var(--c-bg-light);
/* --c-details-bg: var(--c-bg-light); */
// badge component colors
--c-badge-warning-text: var(--nord0);
--c-badge-danger-text: var(--nord0);
/* // badge component colors */
/* --c-badge-warning-text: var(--nord0); */
/* --c-badge-danger-text: var(--nord0); */
// code blocks vars
--code-hl-bg-color: var(--nord2);
}
/* // code blocks vars */
/* --code-hl-bg-color: var(--nord2); */
/* } */
.page table {
border-color: var(--nord3);
border-top: none;
display: inline-block;
/* .page table { */
/* border-color: var(--nord3); */
/* border-top: none; */
/* display: inline-block; */
tbody {
border-color: var(--c-bg-dark);
border-width: 3px;
}
/* tbody { */
/* border-color: var(--c-bg-dark); */
/* border-width: 3px; */
/* } */
tr {
background-color: var(--c-bg);
transition: background-color var(--t-color);
/* tr { */
/* background-color: var(--c-bg); */
/* transition: background-color var(--t-color); */
/* } */
/* } */
&:nth-child(2n) {
background-color: var(--c-bg-light) !important;
}
}
}
/* tr:nth-child(even) td.org-left { */
/* background-color: var(--nord5) !important; */
/* } */
/* .dark tr:nth-child(even) td.org-left { */
/* background-color: var(--nord1) !important; */
/* } */

File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff

View File

@@ -18,35 +18,33 @@
# - Give a chart of the free pronouns and/or anaphoric clitics.
**** Personal Pronouns
#+name: 1-2-personal-pronouns-table
#+caption: First and second person pronouns in Eittlandic
| | 1s | 2s | 1p | 2p |
|-----+-----+-----+-----+-----|
| Nom | ek | þú | vér | ér |
| Acc | mik | þik | oss | yðr |
| Dat | mér | þér | oss | yðr |
| Gen | mín | þín | vár | yðr |
|------+-----+-----+-----+-----|
| Nom. | ek | þú | vér | ér |
| Acc. | mik | þik | oss | yðr |
| Dat. | mér | þér | oss | yðr |
| Gen. | mín | þín | vár | yðr |
The only notable change in written form from their Early Old Norse
version is the regularization of the genitive plural second person
/yðar/ into /yðr/. Otherwise, most changes only happened regarding their
phonology as explained in [[file:./phonology.md#evolution-from-early-old-norse-to-eittlandic][the evolution from Early Old Norse to
Eittlandic]].
phonology as explained in [[file:./phonology.md#evolution-from-early-old-norse-to-eittlandic][the evolution from Early Old Norse to Eittlandic]].
#+name: 3-personal-pronouns-table
#+caption: Third person pronouns in Eittlandic
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|--------+-----------+----------+--------|
| Sg Nom | hann | han | þat |
| Sg Acc | han | han | þat |
| Sg Dat | hanum | henn | því |
| Sg Gen | hans | hennar | þass |
|--------+-----------+----------+--------|
| Pl Nom | þeir | þér | þau |
| Pl Acc | þá | þér | þau |
| Pl Dat | þeim | þeim | þeim |
| Pl Gen | þeir | þeir | þeir |
|---------+-----------+----------+--------|
| Sg.Nom. | hann | han | þat |
| Sg.Acc. | han | han | þat |
| Sg.Dat. | hanum | henn | því |
| Sg.Gen. | hans | hennar | þass |
|---------+-----------+----------+--------|
| Pl.Nom. | þeir | þér | þau |
| Pl.Acc. | þá | þér | þau |
| Pl.Dat. | þeim | þeim | þeim |
| Pl.Gen. | þeir | þeir | þeir |
Here we also have few changes from the Early Old Norse pronouns for
the third persons, singular and plural.
@@ -87,6 +85,21 @@ judged as distant by the speaker from themselves.
On the other hand, the following pronouns containing /þess/ relate to
the words “this” and “these” in English.
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|--------+-----------+----------+--------|
| Sg Nom | þess | þess | þett |
| Sg Acc | þess | þess | þett |
| Sg Dat | þessum | þess | þess |
| Sg Gen | þess | þear | þess |
|--------+-----------+----------+--------|
| Pl Nom | þessar | þessar | þess |
| Pl Acc | þess | þess | þess |
| Pl Dat | þessum | þessum | þessum |
| Pl Gen | þess | þessar | þess |
Again, it is interesting to see how these pronouns retained some
distinction between the masculine and the feminine form.
**** Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns in Eittlandic simply are the genitive form of the
personal pronouns shown [[file:./grammar.md#personal-pronouns][above]]. The pronoun agrees with the owner in
@@ -187,6 +200,28 @@ same form as their infinitive counterpart.
| eat.IMP | food-DEF.ACC | 2p.GEN |
#+html: :::
There is however a passive imperative voice in Eittlandic that does
not exist in English. It is used to give commands or instructions
where the subject is not specified or is implied to be a general "one"
or "you". It is generally formed by addink /-ask/ after its infinitive.
The imperative passive is particularly useful in instructions,
recipes, or general commands where the focus is on the action rather
than the agent.
#+html: ::: tip Example
1. Active voice imperative
- Et þat!
Eat it!
2. Passive voice imperative
- Etask þat!
Let it be eaten!
- Hásk með krydd
Add with spices
#+Html: :::
**** Participles
Formation of participles is relatively simple in Eittlandic is pretty
simple, as it simply adds /-and/ and /-it/ to the verbal root of the verb
@@ -259,7 +294,29 @@ the inflexion, and the final /j/ also disappears when it is immediately
followed by an /i/.
**** Subjunctive
The subjunctive is the default irrealis mood of Eittlandic. Like the indicative mood, it has two tenses, present and past, in which verbs get inflexions. Below is the table showing how verbs typically inflect in the subjunctive mood:
The subjunctive is the default irrealis mood of Eittlandic. It is
therefore used to indicate various states of unreality, such as doubt
(through other means than the [[file:./grammar.md#dubitative][dubitative]] mood), possibility,
necessity, or desire (again, through other means than the [[file:./grammar.md#optative][optative]]
mood).
#+html: ::: tip Example
- Sólskinir í dag
May it be sunny today
- Ef ek komuskat hér, vér talim til ná
If I came, we would still be talking
- Hann sé kominn eigi enn
He may not have arrived yet
#+html: :::
Like the indicative mood, it has two tenses, present and past, in
which verbs get inflexions. Below is the table showing how verbs
typically inflect in the subjunctive mood:
#+name: verb-subjunctive-inflexion-table
#+caption: Typical Verb Inflexion in the Subjunctive Mood
@@ -309,11 +366,11 @@ will happen, or if it happened in the past.
| han-n | haft | sov-in | þá | kunn | han-n | kom |
| 3sm.NOM | have.3s.PST.IND | sleep-PST.PART | thus | can.3s.PST.IND | 3sm.NOM | come |
- Ér havum lesit bókan í dag
- r havum lesit bókan í dag
We have read the book today
| ér | hav-um | les-and | bók-an | í dag |
| vér | hav-um | les-and | bók-an | í dag |
| 1p.NOM | have-1p.PRES.IND | read-PRES.PART | book-DEF.ART | today |
#+html: :::
@@ -383,11 +440,11 @@ To mark the progressive, the word /ná/ is placed just after the verb,
without any other word between them.
#+html: ::: tip Example
- Ér kannum hléð vit? Nei, ek etar.
- r kannum hléð vit? Nei, ek etar.
Can we talk? Nah, Im eating
| ér | kann-um | hléð | vit |
| vér | kann-um | hléð | vit |
| 1P.NOM | can-1P.PRES.IND | talk | Q |
| nei | ek | et-ar |
@@ -413,16 +470,38 @@ The conditional mood allows speakers of Eittlandic to speak about
conditional events while marking them as such. This translates into
several strategies.
The first strategy adds /-(u)sk(a)-/ between the verb root and its
The first strategy adds /-(u)þ(a)-/ between the verb root and its
indicative declension. It marks conditionals the speakers estimates to
be unlikely.
#+html: ::: tip Example
Ef þú gefuskar mér ein fisk, ér ét þat
Ef þú gefuþar mér ein fisk, vér etim þat
If you somehow give me a fish, well eat it
#+html: :::
The second strategy, which is the default strategy and holds a neutral
stance towards how likely the hypothetical situation is, uses the verb
/skal(a)/ as an auxilliary in the conditional mood.
#+html: ::: tip Example
Ef þú skaluþ gef mér ein fisk, vér etim þat
If you give me a fish, well eat it
#+html: :::
The third stategy, which indicates some confidence by the speaker that
the situation is likely, is to use the verb /man(u)/ the same way as
/skal(a)/ is used in the second strategy. This strategy is also
sometimes used to express a softer future, though one that still might
not happen.
#+html: ::: tip Example
Ef þú manuþ gef mér ein fisk, vér etim þat
If you give me a fish, well eat it / When youll give me a fish, well eat it
#+html: :::
**** Causative :noexport:
**** Jussive
@@ -440,12 +519,50 @@ Please eat your food.
#+html: :::
**** Optative :noexport:
The optative mood serves to express wishes. There are two main
strategies to express the optative mood in Eittlandic.
The first one is a syntactic construction using the verb /vilja/ with a
nominal phrase or verbal phrase with a verb in the infinitive mood
being the wished element. It denotes a wish rather than a want.
#+html: ::: tip Example
Ek vil far.
I wish I could go.
#+html: :::
The second strategy is a morphological mood of the verb formed by
inserting -(i)nn(i)- between the verb root and its subjunctive
declension.
#+html: ::: tip Example
Ek ferinnir.
I want to go.
#+html: :::
**** Dubitative
The dubitative mood in Eittlandic is a mood used by the speaker to
express doubt or uncertainty. It is formed by inserting /-(a)kki/
between the verbal root and the indicative declension. It translates
to this declension table:
express doubt or uncertainty. The doubtfulness of the speaker is
treated more seriously than when using a simple subjective sentence.
#+html: ::: tip Example
- Hann sé kominn eigi enn
He may not have arrived yet
| han-n | sé | kom-inn | eigi | enn |
| 3sm-NOM | to.be.1sg.SUBJ | come-PST.PART. | NEG | yet |
- Hann esakki kominn eigi enn
He has probably not arrived yet
| han-n | es-akki | kom-inn | eigi | enn |
| 3sm-NOM | to.be-1sg.PRES.IND-DUB | come-PST.PART. | NEG | yet |
#+html: :::
It is formed by inserting /-(a)kki/ between the verbal root and the
indicative declension. It translates to this declension table:
#+name: verb-dubitative-inflexion-table
#+caption: Typical Verb Inflexion
@@ -494,9 +611,9 @@ examples are given using the verbs /far(a)/ (/to go/, a strong verb), and
| <c> | | | | |
| person | | Ind. Pres. | Subj. Pres. | Ind. and Subj. Past |
|--------+---+------------+-------------+---------------------|
| 1s | | -r | -ir | -t |
| 2s | | -r | -ir | -t |
| 3s | | -r | -ir | -t |
| 1s | | -(V)r | -ir | -t |
| 2s | | -(V)r | -ir | -t |
| 3s | | -(V)r | -ir | -t |
| 1p | | -um | -im | -um |
| 2p | | -ið | -ið | -uð |
| 3p | | -ið | -ið | -uð |
@@ -630,7 +747,7 @@ completely removing it from the sentence.
The fish was fished from the water
#+html: :::
*** Modifiers :noexport:
*** Modifiers
# - If you posit a morphosyntactic category of adjectives, give
# evidence for not grouping these forms with the verbs or nouns. What
# characterizes a form as being an adjective in this language?
@@ -644,10 +761,162 @@ completely removing it from the sentence.
# /many/? Exemplify the system up to this point.
# - Do numerals agree with their head nouns (number, case, noun
# class, ...)?
**** Descriptive Adjectives :noexport:
Similarly to verbs, adjectives in Eittlandic underwent
**** Descriptive Adjectives
Similarly to verbs, adjectives in Eittlandic underwent a
simplification since Early Old Norse. They now all inflect the same
way, as the difference between strong and weak adjectives disappeared
over the years. It is also worth noting distiction between masculine
and feminine disappeared, merging into a common gender, while neuter
remains distinct.
#+name: adjectives-declensions
#+caption: Declension of adjectives in Eittlandic
| / | <r> | | |
| | | Common | Neuter |
|---+---------+--------+--------|
| | Sg.Nom. | -r | -t |
| | Acc. | | -t |
| | Dat. | -um | -um |
| | Gen. | -s | -s |
| | Pl.Nom. | -ar | |
| | Acc. | | |
| | Dat. | -um | -um |
| | Gen. | -ar | -r |
If an adjective root ends with a rounded vowel, all /-um/ and /-ar/
endings become /-vum/ or /-var/ instead respectively. Otherwise, the
consonant is doubled before the declensions vowel if there is one.
#+html: ::: tip Example
- Meðr er Hindirar, þrírr er Hindurar
The men are Hindi, three are Hindu
#+html: :::
The adjectives agree in declension, number, and gender with the noun
or noun phrase they describe. In terms of word order, they always
precede the noun or noun phrase, regardles whether the noun is in its
indefinite or definite form.
#+html: ::: tip Example
- Latr káttinn kúrar hjá opin dyrin
The lazy cat naps by the open door
| lat-r | kátt-inn | kúr-ar | hjá | opin | dyr-in |
| lazy-SG.NOM | cat-DEF.SG.NOM | nap-3sg.IND.PRES | by | open.SG.ACC | door-DEF.SG.ACC |
- Rauðt dyrit ok smár vindaugat er opinn
The red door and the small windows are open
| rauð-t | dyr-it | ok | smár | vindaug-at | er | opin-n |
| red-SG.N.NOM | door-DEF.SG.NOM | and | small.PL.N.NOM | window-DEF.PL.NOM | to.be.3pl.IND.PRES | open-PL.N.ACC |
#+html: :::
What you will find most often in Eittlandic dictionaries is the
accusative singular common form of the adjectives, which is its
unmarked form, while some older or more traditional dictionaries will
instead use their nominative singular common form.
*Standard Eittlandic* does not use declensions and will always use the
unmarked adjective root instead. A few dialects do not use adjective
declensions either, but they are relatively rare, such as the dialects
found in the Úlfsaug valley in Northeastern Fjallheim.
**** Participal Adjectives
Taking the root of a verb and adding the declension of definite
articles creates participal adjectives. For instance, /sov(a)/ (to
sleep) becomes /sovin/ (sleepy) while /hleð(a)/ (to make noise) becomes
/hleðin/ (noisy).
#+name: participal-adj-example-sov-sovin
#+caption: Example of participal adjective using /sov(a)/
| / | <r> | | |
| | | Common | Neuter |
|---+---------+---------+---------|
| | Sg.Nom. | sovinn | sovit |
| | Acc. | sovin | sovit |
| | Dat. | sovin | sovit |
| | Gen. | sovins | sovits |
| | Pl.Nom. | sovinn | sovitr |
| | Acc. | sovin | sovit |
| | Dat. | sovinum | sovitum |
| | Gen. | sovin | sovit |
#+html: ::: tip Example
- Þat er eit hleðit bil ná!
This is one noisy car, isnt it‽
#+html: :::
**** Possessive Adjectives
Similarly to [[file:./grammar.md#possessive-pronouns][possessive pronouns]], possessive adjectives mark ownership
or relationship from an element with another. However, possessive
adjectives modify a noun or noun phrase and are not free forms.
Possessive adjectives are very similar to possessive pronouns, their
base root is the same but possessive adjectives agree with the
possessed element in person, number, gender, and declension. Agreement
in number follows both the number of possessor and possessed. Hence,
/várt/ is a possessive adjectives marking one nominative element being
possessed by several people in the first person, while /mínar/ is a
possessive adjective marking several nominative elements being
possessed by one individual in the first person.
#+name: possessive-adjectives-1-and-2
#+caption: Possessive adjectives for the first and second person
| / | <r> | | | | | | | | |
| | | 1s C. | 1s N. | 2s C. | 2s N. | 1p C. | 1p N. | 2p C. | 2p N. |
|---+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------|
| | Sg.Nom. | mínn | mínt | þínn | þínt | várr | várt | yðr | yðt |
| | Acc. | mín | mínt | þín | þínt | vár | várt | yð | yðt |
| | Dat. | mínum | mínum | þínum | þínum | várum | várum | yðum | yðum |
| | Gen. | míns | míns | þíns | þíns | várs | várs | yðs | yðs |
| | Pl.Nom. | mínar | mín | þínar | þín | várar | vár | yðar | yð |
| | Acc. | mín | mín | þín | þín | vár | vár | yð | yð |
| | Dat. | mínum | mínum | þínum | þínum | várum | várum | yðum | yðum |
| | Gen. | mínar | mínn | þínar | þínn | várar | várr | yðar | yðr |
In the third person, gender of the possessor is also followed by the
possessive adjective when there is a singular possessor. This means
the gender of the adjectives must also agree both with the gender of
the possessor and the possessed when the former is singular.
#+name: possessive-adjectives-3
#+caption: Possessive adjectives for the third person
| / | <r> | | | | | | |
| | | 3sc C. | 3sc N. | 3sn C. | 3sn N. | 3p C. | 3p N. |
|---+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------|
| | Sg.Nom. | hennar | hent | þass | þast | þeirr | þeirt |
| | Acc. | henn | hent | þass | þast | þeir | þeirt |
| | Dat. | hennum | henum | þasum | þasum | þeirum | þeirum |
| | Gen. | hens | hens | þass | þass | þeirs | þeirs |
| | Pl.Nom. | hennar | henn | þasar | þass | þeirar | þeir |
| | Acc. | henn | henn | þass | þass | þeir | þeir |
| | Dat. | hennum | hennum | þasum | þasum | þeirum | þeirum |
| | Gen. | hennar | henn | þasar | þass | þeirar | þeirr |
#+html: ::: tip Examples
- Hundinn þeirar hlaupið in í parkit
Their dogs are running in the park (i.e. several peoples dogs)
| hund-r | þeir-ar | hlaup-ið | in | í | park-it |
| dog-pl.NOM | 3sc.c.ADJ.POSS-pl.NOM | run-3p.PRES.IND | in | DAT | park-DET.sg.DAT |
- Ek kent sonin yðum historja
I taught your son history
| ek | ken-t | son-in | yð-um | historja |
| 1sg.NOM | teach-1s.PST.IND | son-DEF.DAT.sg | 2p.POSS-DAT.SG | history.ACC |
- Mínn káttr es svartr með ein hvít flekk á hennum bjálf, á hennum hóst.
My cat is black with a white spot on her fur, on her chest.
| mín-n | kátt-r | es | svart-r | með | ein | hvít | flekk | á | hen-num | bjálf | á | hen-num | hóst |
| 1sg.POSS-sg.NOM.C | cat-sg.NOM | 3sg.PRES.IND | black-sg.NOM | with | one.ACC | white.ACC | spot.ACC | DAT | 3sg.POSS-sg.DAT.C | fur.sg.ACC | DAT | 3sg.POSS.sg.DAT.C | chest.sg.ACC |
#+html: :::
**** Non-Numeral Quantifiers :noexport:
**** Numerals :noexport:
@@ -704,21 +973,21 @@ instead of the stem of the verb itself. It is somewhat similar to
asking a question in English by simply raising the sentences tone.
#+html: ::: tip Example
- Hann komr í dag með faðin hans
- Hann komar í dag með faðin hans
| hann | kom-r | í dag | með | fað-in | hans |
| hann | kom-ar | í dag | með | fað-in | hans |
| 3s.m.NOM | come-s.PRES.IND | today | with | father.ACC-DEF | 3s.m.GEN |
Hes coming with his father today.
- Komr han í dag með faðin hans?
- Komar han í dag með faðin hans?
| kom-r | hann | í dag | með | fað-in | hans |
| kom-ar | hann | í dag | með | fað-in | hans |
| come-s.PRES.IND | 3s.m.NOM | today | with | father.ACC-DEF | 3s.m.GEN |
Is he coming with his father today?
- Han komvitr í dag með maðin hans?
- Han komavitr í dag með maðin hans?
| hann | kom-vit-r | í dag | með | fað-in | hans |
| hann | koma-vit-r | í dag | með | fað-in | hans |
| 3s.m.NOM | come-Q-s.PRES.IND | today | with | father.ACC-DEF | 3s.m.GEN |
Hes coming with his father today?
@@ -729,9 +998,9 @@ Instead, Eittlandic speakers may instead simply add /vit/ as a
standalone word at the end of the question.
#+html: ::: tip Example
- Hann er konung.
- Hann es konung.
| hann | er | konung |
| hann | es | konung |
| 3s.m.NOM | be.3s.PRES.IND | king.ACC |
He is the king.
@@ -754,18 +1023,18 @@ question word takes the place of either the syntactic patient or
syntactic dative of the verb.
#+html: ::: tip Example
- Ná hvar ert þú?
- Hvar est þú?
| ná | hvar | ert | þú |
| now | where | be.2s.PRES.IND | 2s.NOM |
| hvar | est | þú |
| where | be.2s.PRES.IND | 2s.NOM |
Where are you now?
- Ná þú ert hver vit?
Where are you?
- Þú est hver vit?
| ná | þú | ert | hvar | vit |
| now | 2s.NOM | be.2s.PRES.IND | where | Q |
| þú | est | hvar | vit |
| 2s.NOM | be.2s.PRES.IND | where | Q |
You are where now?
Where are you? / Where you at?
#+html: :::
**** Yes/No questions
@@ -919,12 +1188,12 @@ simplified to the table following it.
#+caption: 1st declension of strong nouns and declensions of masculine weak nouns in Old Norse
| / | <r> | | | | |
| | | Strong Masculine | Strong Feminine | Strong Neuter | Weak Masculine |
|---+------------+------------------+-----------------+---------------+----------------|
| | Sing. Nom. | heim-r | tíð | skip | tím-i |
|---+---------+------------------+-----------------+---------------+----------------|
| | Sg.Nom. | heim-r | tíð | skip | tím-i |
| | Acc. | heim | tíð | skip | tím-a |
| | Dat. | heim-i | tíð | skip-i | tím-a |
| | Gen. | heim-s | tíð-ar | skip-s | tím-a |
| | Plur. Nom. | heim-ar | tíð-ir | skip | tím-ar |
| | Pl.Nom. | heim-ar | tíð-ir | skip | tím-ar |
| | Acc. | heim-a | tíð-ir | skip | tím-a |
| | Dat. | heim-um | tíð-um | skip-um | tím-um |
| | Gen. | heim-a | tíð-a | skip-a | tím-a |
@@ -933,12 +1202,12 @@ simplified to the table following it.
#+caption: Declensions for strong and weak nouns in Modern Eittlandic
| / | <r> | | | |
| | | Strong Common | Strong Neuter | Weak Nouns |
|---+------------+---------------+---------------+------------|
| | Sing. Nom. | heim-r | skip | tím |
|---+---------+---------------+---------------+------------|
| | Sg.Nom. | heim-r | skip | tím |
| | Acc. | heim | skip | tím |
| | Dat. | heim | skip | tím |
| | Gen. | heim-ar | skip-s | tím-s |
| | Plur. Nom. | heim-r | skip | tím-r |
| | Pl.Nom. | heim-r | skip | tím-r |
| | Acc. | heim | skip | tím |
| | Dat. | heim-um | skip-um | tím-um |
| | Gen. | heim-ar | skip-s | tím-s |
@@ -955,12 +1224,12 @@ We end up with the following declension system in Eittlandic.
#+caption: Eittlandic noun inflexion
| / | <r> | | | |
| | | Strong Common | Strong Neuter | Weak Nouns |
|---+------------+---------------+---------------+------------|
| | Sing. Nom. | -r | | |
|---+---------+---------------+---------------+------------|
| | Sg.Nom. | -r | | |
| | Acc. | | | |
| | Dat. | | | |
| | Gen. | -(a)r | -s | -s |
| | Plur. Nom. | -r | | -r |
| | Pl.Nom. | -r | | -r |
| | Acc. | | | |
| | Dat. | -um | -um | -um |
| | Gen. | -(a)r | -s | -s |
@@ -1004,12 +1273,12 @@ feminine /hafn/ (/harbour/, /haven/).
#+name: tbl:irregular-noun-declensions
| <r> | | |
| | himn | hafn |
|------------+--------+--------|
| Sing. Nom. | himnn | hafnn |
|---------+--------+--------|
| Sg.Nom. | himnn | hafnn |
| Acc. | himn | hafn |
| Dat. | himn | hafn |
| Gen. | himnar | hafnar |
| Plur. Nom. | himnn | hafnn |
| Pl.Nom. | himnn | hafnn |
| Acc. | himn | hafn |
| Dat. | himnum | hafnum |
| Gen. | himnar | hafnar |
@@ -1025,12 +1294,12 @@ words are marked as irregular in the dictionary.
#+name: tbl:irregularities-root-nouns
| <r> | | | | |
| | kettle (m.) | foot (m.) | book (f.) | water (n.) |
|------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+------------|
| Sing. Nom. | ketll | fótr | bók | vatn |
|---------+-------------+-----------+-----------+------------|
| Sg.Nom. | ketll | fótr | bók | vatn |
| Acc. | ketl | fót | bók | vatn |
| Dat. | ketl | fót | bók | vatn |
| Gen. | ketlar | fótar | bókar | vatn |
| Plur. Nom. | katll | fœtr | bœkr | vótnn |
| Pl.Nom. | katll | fœtr | bœkr | vótnn |
| Acc. | katl | fœt | bœkr | vótn |
| Dat. | katlum | fótum | bókum | vótnum |
| Gen. | katl | fœt | bœk | vótn |
@@ -1062,6 +1331,12 @@ numerals have declensions as discussed in [[file:grammar.md#numerals][Word Class
| Dat. | einn | ein | eit |
| Gen. | ein | einn | eits |
Indefinite articles are not required in Eittlandic the way they are in
English. The sentence /hann át fisk/ (/he ate a fish/) is absolutely
correct and does not required. Instead, indefinite articles are used
as intensifiers, as in /hann át ein fisk, eng fiskin/ (/he ate *a* fish,
not *the* fish/).
**** Definite articles
As in other Scandinavian languages, definite articles in Eittlandic
act as suffixes to the noun and fully replace its declension as it has
@@ -1069,15 +1344,16 @@ case marking itself. The full declension table of definite articles
can be found in the table below. As we can see, the definite articles
underwent an important regularization as well as merging strong neuter
and weak nouns together.
#+name: tbl:definite-articles
| / | <r> | | |
| | | Strong Common | Strong Neuter and Weak Nouns |
|---+------------+---------------+------------------------------|
| | Sing. Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)t |
|---+---------+---------------+------------------------------|
| | Sg.Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)t |
| | Acc. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
| | Dat. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
| | Gen. | -(i)ns | -(i)ts |
| | Plur. Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)tr |
| | Pl.Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)tr |
| | Acc. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
| | Dat. | -(i)num | -(i)tum |
| | Gen. | -(i)n | -(i)t |

View File

@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ Titles:
Titles:
- First King of Eittland (915 - 935)
*** B
**** Bárður Márusson
First Icelandic citizen to be elected to the House of the People.

View File

@@ -239,6 +239,8 @@ become shorter.
{{{phon(upɸə)}}}
#+html: :::
The only exception is a double «g» {{{phon(ɡː)}}} which became {{{phon(ɡ)}}}.
*** r > ʁ (Eastern Eittlandic)
From the beginning of the 16th century, the Eastern Eittlandic {{{phon(r)}}}
began morphing into an {{{phon(ʁ)}}} in all contexts except in word-final
@@ -339,6 +341,105 @@ When a {{{phon(t)}}} precedes another consonant, it becomes a glottal stop.
Early Modern Eittlandic /Eittland/ {{{phon(ɑɪtlɑnd)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪʔlɑnd)}}}
#+html: :::
** Spelling and pronunciation
Eittlandic is written in two different alphabets: Modern Futhark, also
known as the Eittlandic runes, and the Latin alphabet. Eittland saw
some use of the Latin alphabet in the 13th and 14th century, but
documents ceased to be produced with it until the 17th century, when
immigrants from continental Europe brought this script with them and
as commerce opened up with European countries again. Until a few
decades ago, the Modern Futhark alphabet was the most popular alphabet
in use in Eittland. But since the democratisation of the computer and
smartphone, usage of the Latin alphabet saw a quick rise in
popularity. According to some estimates, only 2% of Eittlanders used
the Latin alphabet more often than the Modern Futhark alphabet in
1920, while in 2020, 23% of Eittlanders primarily use the Latin
alphabet.
Most letters are used the same way in Eittlandic as they are in most
standard European languages, with a few additions that lack in the
standard Latin alphabet, Just like Icelandic, Eittlandic still uses
the letters «þ» and «ð» when using the Latin alphabet. These letters
were already used in Old Norse but nether became deprecated, unlike in
other Nordic languages such as Swedish or Norwegian, or other Germanic
languages such as English. They represent the sounds {{{phon(θ)}}} and
{{{phon(ð)}}} respectively; unlike Old Norse, these two sounds became
distinct enough to constrast in some words, such as in /maðr/ (/man/) and
/maþr/ (maths). You will also find vowels with acute accents. They used
to represent long vowels, but due to sound changes, they are
associated with a lower tone and generaly more lax vowel, as described
below.
Aside from Standard Eittlandic, there is no standard spelling and the
language is written generally phonetically, although there is a
tendency to keep the spelling reflecting the historical pronunciation
of words; i.e. when representing the vowel {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}}, Eittlanders will
tend to write «á» when it comes from a historically long {{{phon(ɑ)}}} but
«é» if it comes from a historically long {{{phon(e)}}}. There is also a
tendency in dialects other than Standard Eittlandic to write
word-final vowels, even if they are no longer pronounced, as in «posi»
(Standard Eittlandic /pos/, meaning /seal/).
These are the letters used natively in Eittlandic:
#+begin_quote
a b d ð e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t þ u v y z ø œ
#+end_quote
All vowels, with the exception of «ø» and «œ», can bear an acute
accent, extending the list with:
#+begin_quote
á é í ó ú ý
#+end_quote
Most of these letters represent their standard phonological value, but
a few don't. Here are some rules that will help you read Eittlandic
phonetically:
- «a» :: this is an unrounded, open back vowel {{{phon(ɑ)}}} in some
dialects, or front {{{phon(a)}}} in some others
- «á» :: this is an unrounded, mid open front vowel {{{phon(ɛ)}}} with a low
or falling tone
- «ð» :: this is a voiced dentad fricative {{{phon(ð)}}}, as in English “this”
- «é» :: pronounced like «á»
- «g» :: the most unstable letter in Eittlandic. When in contact with
another consonant, it will be a standard voiced uvular stop {{{phon(ɡ)}}}.
However, if it is a word-initial consonent immediately followed by a
vowel or between vowels, it will be pronounced as a {{{phon(j)}}}. Lastly,
if it is word-final and preceeded by a vowel, it is pronounced as a
voiced velar fricative {{{phon(ɣ)}}}.
- «í» :: this is an unrounded mid closed front vowel {{{phon(e)}}} with a
low or falling tone. It contrasts with «e» wich is pronounced with a
neutral or high tone
- «j» :: this is the palatal semivowel {{{phon(j)}}}, as in German or other
North Germanic languages
- «ó» :: this is a rounded mid open back vowel {{{phon(ɔ)}}} with a low or falling
tone
- «p» :: in most places, pronounced as a voiceless bilabial plosive
{{{phon(p)}}} as expected, unless before a «t» where it becomes a
voiceless bilabial fricative {{{phon(ɸ)}}}
- «þ» :: this is the unvoiced counterpart to «ð», the {{{phon(θ)}}}, as in
English “think”
- «ú» :: this is a rounded mid closed back vowel {{{phon(o)}}} with a low or
falling tone. It constrasts with neutral or high tone «o»
- «v» :: this is the voiced bilabial fricative {{{phon(β)}}}, unless when
following an «h» in a word-initial position; in this case, «hv» is
pronounced as a voiceless labialised velar approximant {{{phon(ʍ)}}}.
- «y» :: this is the rounded front high vowel {{{phon(y)}}}, as in German /ü/ or French /u/
- «ý» :: this is the mid front rounded vowel {{{phon(ø)}}} with a low or
falling tone, contrasting with the neutral or high tone «ø»
described below
- «ø» :: is a mid front rounded vowel {{{phon(ø)}}}, like German «ö» or
French «eu» in /deux/
- «œ» :: this is a low, lax, frount rounded vowel {{{phon(œ)}}}, like French
«eu» in «neuf», but with an additional low or falling tone
There are another three additional digraphs when it comes to vowels:
- «au» :: this is a rounded mid open back vowel {{{phon(ɔ)}}} with a neutral
or high tone, which contrasts with «ó»
- «ei» :: this is one of the two diphthongs left in Eittlandic,
{{{phon(ɑɪ)}}}
- «ey» :: this is the other diphthong left in Eittlandic, {{{phon(œʏ)}}}
** Vowel Inventory
Modern Eittlandic has a total of ten simple vowels and three
diphthongs, regardless of the dialect. It does not directly inherit
@@ -383,32 +484,6 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0ju80zw
#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/eittlandic/vowel-feature-tree.png" alt="Eittlandic Vowel Featural Tree">Featural tree of Eittlandic vowels</ImgFigure>
Here is a quick guide regarding the pronunciation of these vowels:
- a {{{phon(ɑ)}}} :: as in General American English “hot” with a high tone
- á {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} :: as in General American English “bed” with a low tone
- æ {{{phon(ɛ)}}} :: as in General American English “bed” with a high tone
- e {{{phon(e)}}} :: as in French “été” or General American English “may”
with a high tone
- é {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} :: see {{{phon(æ)}}}
- i {{{phon(i)}}} :: as in English “free” with a high tone
- í {{{phon(è)}}} :: as in French “été” or General American English “may”
with a low tone
- o {{{phon(o)}}} :: as in French “beau” or Cockney English “yawn” with a
high tone
- ó {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}} :: as in General American English “thought” with a low
tone
- u {{{phon(u)}}} :: as in French “mou” or General American English “boot”
with a high tone
- ú {{{phon(ò)}}} :: as in French “beau” or Cockney English “yawn” with a
low tone
- y {{{phon(y)}}} :: as in French “lune” with a high tone
- ý {{{phon(ø̀)}}} :: as in French “deux” with a low tone
- œ/ǿ {{{phon(œ)}}} :: as in French “neuf” with a low tone
- ei {{{phon(ɑɪ)}}} :: as in English “I”
- au {{{phon(ɔʊ)}}} :: similar to Canadian “ow” or in General American
English “bow”, but more open
- ey {{{phon(œʏ)}}} :: as if it were “œy” but more open
Eittlandic also has a second vowel inventory dedicated to unstressed
vowels. While the one described above describes all vowels found in
stressed positions, the unstressed inventory is much lighter.
@@ -500,10 +575,36 @@ Note the features borne by the diphthongs:
#+end_src
** Consonant Inventory
/Under construction/
Regarding Eittlandic's consonants, the two main changes from Old Norse
other than changes in their pronunciation is the now differenciation
between «þ» and «ð» where in Old Norse, the former was used
word-initially while the latter was used in all other positions.
Similarly, the «f» letter was used to represent both {{{phon(f)}}}
word-initially and {{{phon(v)}}} in all other positions. In Eittlandic,
voiced «f» {{{phon(v)}}} merged into «v» {{{phon(β)}}}. Therefore, the letter «f»
is no longer used to represent {{{phon(v)}}} anymore; the letter «v» is
instead used to represent both historical «v» and historically voiced
«f».
Occasionally, the letter «h» may precede another consonant in a
word-initial position, mainly «l», «r», and «v». These consonants
become devoiced, with «hl», «hr», and «hv» becoming {{{phon(l̥)}}}, {{{phon(r̥)}}},
and {{{phon(ʍ)}}} respectively.
*** Private Data :noexport:
** Underlying vowels
While most word-final vowels were dropped a few centuries ago, they
still exist as underlying vowels that may affect the word's
morphology. By default, when there is no final vowel for a noun, a
dummy «i» is used to join the word with the definite morphene
together. For instance, /dag/ (/day/), a word with no underlying vowel,
which becomes /dagin/ in its singular accusative definite form. However,
even if it is no longer present in its non-definite form, /sag/ still
bears the word-final vowel «a» which appears in its definite form,
such as /sagat/ (singular accusative definite form).
** Pitch and Stress
The original bitonal pitch accent of Eittlandic is thought to have
been lost around the 10th or 11th century, though it is no certain
@@ -560,7 +661,28 @@ formal speech.
Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪnləɡr)}}}
#+html: :::
**** {{{phon(ɔ)}}} and {{{phon(ɑ)}}} merger
Western Eittlandic is currently going a phonological merge of the
vowels {{{phon(ɔ)}}} and {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into {{{phon(ɒ)}}}. The vowel {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}} also
follows this pattern, morphing into {{{phon(ɒ̀)}}}.
**** Great Vowel Shift variation
While the Great Vowel Shift is happened relatively uniformly in
Eittland, some regions did not follow the same pattern as what
happened everywhere else.
The main example is the area around Đeberget where the vowel {{{phon(ɑː)}}}
evolved not as {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} but as {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}}.
*** Eastern Eittlandic
**** {{{phon(y)}}} and {{{phon(u)}}} merger
In areas around Vestrheim especially, locals tend to merge {{{phon(y)}}}
into {{{phon(u)}}}.
**** Centralisation of {{{phon(i)}}}
In the northern rural parts of Eastern Eittland, populations tend to
centralise {{{phon(i)}}} into {{{phon(ɨ)}}}.
**** Great Vowel Shift variation
When the [[file:./phonology.md#great-vowel-shift][Great Vowel Shift]] happened, not all regions were affected the
same. As such, we can find in some rural parts of the Eastern

View File

@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ in second position in their clause and may be in first position
interrogative and dependent clauses, as shown below.
#+html: ::: tip Example
Han talð mér þat kom han hér í gær
Han talð mér þat kom han hér í gár
han talð mér þat kom han hér í=gær
han talð mér þat kom han hér í=gár
3sg.m.nom tell-3sg.pret 1sg.dat that come.3sg.pret 3sg.m.nom here yesterday

3277
package-lock.json generated

File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff

View File

@@ -8,11 +8,12 @@
"license": "AGPL-3.0",
"private": true,
"devDependencies": {
"@vuepress/bundler-vite": "2.0.0-rc.13",
"@vuepress/plugin-umami-analytics": "^2.0.0-rc.36",
"@vuepress/bundler-vite": "2.0.0-rc.19",
"@vuepress/plugin-slimsearch": "^2.0.0-rc.74",
"@vuepress/plugin-umami-analytics": "^2.0.0-rc.74",
"@vuepress/theme-default": "^2.0.0-rc.36",
"vuepress": "2.0.0-rc.13",
"vuepress-plugin-search-pro": "^2.0.0-rc.43"
"sass-embedded": "^1.83.4",
"vuepress": "2.0.0-rc.19"
},
"dependencies": {
"less": "^4.2.0",

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
{ pkgs ? import <nixpkgs> {} }:
pkgs.mkShell {
nativeBuildInputs = with pkgs; [
nodejs_22
nativeBuildInputs = [
pkgs.nodejs_20
];
}