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@@ -19,13 +19,11 @@ jobs:
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||||
- name: "Export org to md"
|
||||
run: emacs -Q --script export.el
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||||
- run: npm run build
|
||||
- name: "Deploy"
|
||||
uses: appleboy/scp-action@v0.1.7
|
||||
- name: "Deploy to Cloudflare Pages"
|
||||
uses: cloudflare/pages-action@v1
|
||||
with:
|
||||
host: ${{ secrets.HOST }}
|
||||
username: ${{ secrets.USERNAME }}
|
||||
key: ${{ secrets.KEY }}
|
||||
port: ${{ secrets.PORT }}
|
||||
source: docs/.vuepress/dist/*
|
||||
target: ${{ secrets.DESTPATH }}
|
||||
strip_components: 3
|
||||
apiToken: ${{ secrets.CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN }}
|
||||
accountId: ${{ secrets.ACCOUNT_ID }}
|
||||
projectName: conlang-phundrak-com
|
||||
directory: docs/.vuepress/dist/
|
||||
githubToken: ${{ secrets.TOKEN }}
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||||
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
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||||
enableMessageNames: false
|
||||
|
||||
nodeLinker: node-modules
|
||||
@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
|
||||
import { defaultTheme } from '@vuepress/theme-default';
|
||||
import { defineUserConfig } from 'vuepress';
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||||
import { viteBundler } from '@vuepress/bundler-vite';
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||||
import { searchProPlugin } from 'vuepress-plugin-search-pro';
|
||||
import { umamiAnalyticsPlugin } from '@vuepress/plugin-umami-analytics';
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import { slimsearchPlugin } from '@vuepress/plugin-slimsearch';
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||||
|
||||
import head from './head';
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||||
|
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const isProd = process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production';
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||||
|
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export default defineUserConfig({
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lang: 'en-US',
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lang: 'en-GB',
|
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title: "Phundrak's Conlangs",
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head: head,
|
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description: 'Documentation of the constructed languages made by Phundrak',
|
||||
@@ -19,11 +22,19 @@ export default defineUserConfig({
|
||||
},
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||||
},
|
||||
plugins: [
|
||||
searchProPlugin({
|
||||
slimsearchPlugin({
|
||||
indexContent: true,
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||||
}),
|
||||
],
|
||||
bundler: viteBundler({}),
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||||
bundler: isProd
|
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? viteBundler({})
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||||
: viteBundler({
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||||
viteOptions: {
|
||||
server: {
|
||||
allowedHosts: true,
|
||||
},
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||||
},
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||||
}),
|
||||
theme: defaultTheme({
|
||||
sidebarDepth: 5,
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||||
repo: 'https://labs.phundrak.com/phundrak/conlang.phundrak.com',
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@@ -34,6 +34,10 @@ const simplifiedHead = [
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property: 'og:description',
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content: 'Documentation of P’undrak’s constructed languages',
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},
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||||
{
|
||||
name: 'fediverse:creator',
|
||||
content: '@phundrak@mastodon.phundrak.com',
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
name: 'twitter:card',
|
||||
content: 'summary',
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||||
|
||||
@@ -4,195 +4,195 @@
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||||
* - Copyright (c) 2016-present Sven Greb <development@svengreb.de>
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||||
*/
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||||
|
||||
:root {
|
||||
--nord0: #2e3440;
|
||||
--nord1: #3b4252;
|
||||
--nord2: #434c5e;
|
||||
--nord3: #4c566a;
|
||||
--nord4: #d8dee9;
|
||||
--nord5: #e5e9f0;
|
||||
--nord6: #eceff4;
|
||||
--nord7: #8fbcbb;
|
||||
--nord8: #88c0d0;
|
||||
--nord9: #81a1c1;
|
||||
--nord10: #5e81ac;
|
||||
--nord11: #bf616a;
|
||||
--nord12: #d08770;
|
||||
--nord13: #ebcb8b;
|
||||
--nord14: #a3be8c;
|
||||
--nord15: #b48ead;
|
||||
/* :root { */
|
||||
/* --nord0: #2e3440; */
|
||||
/* --nord1: #3b4252; */
|
||||
/* --nord2: #434c5e; */
|
||||
/* --nord3: #4c566a; */
|
||||
/* --nord4: #d8dee9; */
|
||||
/* --nord5: #e5e9f0; */
|
||||
/* --nord6: #eceff4; */
|
||||
/* --nord7: #8fbcbb; */
|
||||
/* --nord8: #88c0d0; */
|
||||
/* --nord9: #81a1c1; */
|
||||
/* --nord10: #5e81ac; */
|
||||
/* --nord11: #bf616a; */
|
||||
/* --nord12: #d08770; */
|
||||
/* --nord13: #ebcb8b; */
|
||||
/* --nord14: #a3be8c; */
|
||||
/* --nord15: #b48ead; */
|
||||
|
||||
scroll-behavior: smooth;
|
||||
/* scroll-behavior: smooth; */
|
||||
|
||||
// brand colors
|
||||
--c-brand: var(--nord9);
|
||||
--c-brand-light: var(--nord14);
|
||||
/* // brand colors */
|
||||
/* --c-brand: var(--nord9); */
|
||||
/* --c-brand-light: var(--nord14); */
|
||||
|
||||
// background colors
|
||||
--c-bg: var(--nord6);
|
||||
--c-bg-light: var(--nord6);
|
||||
--c-bg-lighter: var(--nord5);
|
||||
--c-bg-dark: var(--nord5);
|
||||
--c-bg-darker: var(--nord4);
|
||||
--c-bg-navbar: var(--c-bg);
|
||||
--c-bg-sidebar: var(--c-bg);
|
||||
--c-bg-arrow: var(--nord4);
|
||||
/* // background colors */
|
||||
/* --c-bg: var(--nord6); */
|
||||
/* --c-bg-light: var(--nord6); */
|
||||
/* --c-bg-lighter: var(--nord5); */
|
||||
/* --c-bg-dark: var(--nord5); */
|
||||
/* --c-bg-darker: var(--nord4); */
|
||||
/* --c-bg-navbar: var(--c-bg); */
|
||||
/* --c-bg-sidebar: var(--c-bg); */
|
||||
/* --c-bg-arrow: var(--nord4); */
|
||||
|
||||
// text colors
|
||||
--c-text: var(--nord1);
|
||||
--c-text-accent: var(--c-brand);
|
||||
--c-text-light: var(--nord2);
|
||||
--c-text-lighter: var(--nord3);
|
||||
--c-text-lightest: var(--nord4);
|
||||
--c-text-quote: var(--nord2);
|
||||
/* // text colors */
|
||||
/* --c-text: var(--nord1); */
|
||||
/* --c-text-accent: var(--c-brand); */
|
||||
/* --c-text-light: var(--nord2); */
|
||||
/* --c-text-lighter: var(--nord3); */
|
||||
/* --c-text-lightest: var(--nord4); */
|
||||
/* --c-text-quote: var(--nord2); */
|
||||
|
||||
// border colors
|
||||
--c-border: var(--nord4);
|
||||
--c-border-dark: var(--nord4);
|
||||
/* // border colors */
|
||||
/* --c-border: var(--nord4); */
|
||||
/* --c-border-dark: var(--nord4); */
|
||||
|
||||
// custom container colors
|
||||
--c-tip: var(--nord14);
|
||||
--c-tip-bg: rgba(163, 190, 140, 0.2);
|
||||
--c-tip-title: var(--c-text);
|
||||
--c-tip-text: var(--c-text);
|
||||
--c-tip-text-accent: var(--c-text-accent);
|
||||
--c-warning: var(--nord13);
|
||||
--c-warning-bg: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.3);
|
||||
--c-warning-bg-light: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.2);
|
||||
--c-warning-bg-lighter: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.1);
|
||||
--c-warning-border-dark: var(--nord3);
|
||||
--c-warning-details-bg: var(--c-bg);
|
||||
--c-warning-title: var(--nord12);
|
||||
--c-warning-text: var(--nord12);
|
||||
--c-warning-text-accent: var(--nord12);
|
||||
--c-warning-text-light: var(--nord12);
|
||||
--c-warning-text-quote: var(--nord12);
|
||||
/* // custom container colors */
|
||||
/* --c-tip: var(--nord14); */
|
||||
/* --c-tip-bg: rgba(163, 190, 140, 0.2); */
|
||||
/* --c-tip-title: var(--c-text); */
|
||||
/* --c-tip-text: var(--c-text); */
|
||||
/* --c-tip-text-accent: var(--c-text-accent); */
|
||||
/* --c-warning: var(--nord13); */
|
||||
/* --c-warning-bg: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.3); */
|
||||
/* --c-warning-bg-light: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.2); */
|
||||
/* --c-warning-bg-lighter: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.1); */
|
||||
/* --c-warning-border-dark: var(--nord3); */
|
||||
/* --c-warning-details-bg: var(--c-bg); */
|
||||
/* --c-warning-title: var(--nord12); */
|
||||
/* --c-warning-text: var(--nord12); */
|
||||
/* --c-warning-text-accent: var(--nord12); */
|
||||
/* --c-warning-text-light: var(--nord12); */
|
||||
/* --c-warning-text-quote: var(--nord12); */
|
||||
|
||||
--c-danger: var(--nord11);
|
||||
--c-danger-bg: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.2);
|
||||
--c-danger-bg-light: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.2);
|
||||
--c-danger-bg-lighter: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.1);
|
||||
--c-danger-border-dark: var(--nord11);
|
||||
--c-danger-details-bg: var(--nord2);
|
||||
--c-danger-title: var(--nord11);
|
||||
--c-danger-text: var(--nord11);
|
||||
--c-danger-text-accent: var(--nord11);
|
||||
--c-danger-text-light: var(--nord11);
|
||||
--c-danger-text-quote: var(--nord11);
|
||||
/* --c-danger: var(--nord11); */
|
||||
/* --c-danger-bg: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.2); */
|
||||
/* --c-danger-bg-light: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.2); */
|
||||
/* --c-danger-bg-lighter: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.1); */
|
||||
/* --c-danger-border-dark: var(--nord11); */
|
||||
/* --c-danger-details-bg: var(--nord2); */
|
||||
/* --c-danger-title: var(--nord11); */
|
||||
/* --c-danger-text: var(--nord11); */
|
||||
/* --c-danger-text-accent: var(--nord11); */
|
||||
/* --c-danger-text-light: var(--nord11); */
|
||||
/* --c-danger-text-quote: var(--nord11); */
|
||||
|
||||
--c-details-bg: var(--c-bg-lighter);
|
||||
/* --c-details-bg: var(--c-bg-lighter); */
|
||||
|
||||
// badge component colors
|
||||
--c-badge-tip: var(--c-tip);
|
||||
--c-badge-warning: var(--c-warning);
|
||||
--c-badge-warning-text: var(--c-bg);
|
||||
--c-badge-danger: var(--c-danger);
|
||||
--c-badge-danger-text: var(--c-bg);
|
||||
/* // badge component colors */
|
||||
/* --c-badge-tip: var(--c-tip); */
|
||||
/* --c-badge-warning: var(--c-warning); */
|
||||
/* --c-badge-warning-text: var(--c-bg); */
|
||||
/* --c-badge-danger: var(--c-danger); */
|
||||
/* --c-badge-danger-text: var(--c-bg); */
|
||||
|
||||
// transition vars
|
||||
--t-color: 0.3s ease;
|
||||
--t-transform: 0.3s ease;
|
||||
/* // transition vars */
|
||||
/* --t-color: 0.3s ease; */
|
||||
/* --t-transform: 0.3s ease; */
|
||||
|
||||
// code blocks vars
|
||||
--code-bg-color: var(--nord0);
|
||||
--code-hl-bg-color: var(--nord1);
|
||||
--code-ln-color: #9e9e9e;
|
||||
--code-ln-wrapper-width: 3.5rem;
|
||||
/* // code blocks vars */
|
||||
/* --code-bg-color: var(--nord0); */
|
||||
/* --code-hl-bg-color: var(--nord1); */
|
||||
/* --code-ln-color: #9e9e9e; */
|
||||
/* --code-ln-wrapper-width: 3.5rem; */
|
||||
|
||||
// font vars
|
||||
--font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen,
|
||||
Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Fira Sans', 'Droid Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;
|
||||
--font-family-code: Consolas, Monaco, 'Andale Mono', 'Ubuntu Mono', monospace;
|
||||
/* // font vars */
|
||||
/* --font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, */
|
||||
/* Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Fira Sans', 'Droid Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; */
|
||||
/* --font-family-code: Consolas, Monaco, 'Andale Mono', 'Ubuntu Mono', monospace; */
|
||||
|
||||
// layout vars
|
||||
--navbar-height: 3.6rem;
|
||||
--navbar-padding-v: 0.7rem;
|
||||
--navbar-padding-h: 1.5rem;
|
||||
--sidebar-width: 20rem;
|
||||
--sidebar-width-mobile: calc(var(--sidebar-width) * 0.82);
|
||||
--content-width: 740px;
|
||||
--homepage-width: 960px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
/* // layout vars */
|
||||
/* --navbar-height: 3.6rem; */
|
||||
/* --navbar-padding-v: 0.7rem; */
|
||||
/* --navbar-padding-h: 1.5rem; */
|
||||
/* --sidebar-width: 20rem; */
|
||||
/* --sidebar-width-mobile: calc(var(--sidebar-width) * 0.82); */
|
||||
/* --content-width: 740px; */
|
||||
/* --homepage-width: 960px; */
|
||||
/* } */
|
||||
|
||||
html.dark {
|
||||
// brand colors
|
||||
--c-brand: var(--nord14);
|
||||
--c-brand-light: var(--nord14);
|
||||
/* html.dark { */
|
||||
/* // brand colors */
|
||||
/* --c-brand: var(--nord14); */
|
||||
/* --c-brand-light: var(--nord14); */
|
||||
|
||||
// background colors
|
||||
--c-bg: var(--nord1);
|
||||
--c-bg-light: var(--nord2);
|
||||
--c-bg-lighter: var(--nord2);
|
||||
--c-bg-dark: var(--nord3);
|
||||
--c-bg-darker: var(--nord3);
|
||||
/* // background colors */
|
||||
/* --c-bg: var(--nord1); */
|
||||
/* --c-bg-light: var(--nord2); */
|
||||
/* --c-bg-lighter: var(--nord2); */
|
||||
/* --c-bg-dark: var(--nord3); */
|
||||
/* --c-bg-darker: var(--nord3); */
|
||||
|
||||
// text colors
|
||||
--c-text: var(--nord4);
|
||||
--c-text-light: var(--nord5);
|
||||
--c-text-lighter: var(--nord5);
|
||||
--c-text-lightest: var(--nord6);
|
||||
--c-text-quote: var(--c-text);
|
||||
/* // text colors */
|
||||
/* --c-text: var(--nord4); */
|
||||
/* --c-text-light: var(--nord5); */
|
||||
/* --c-text-lighter: var(--nord5); */
|
||||
/* --c-text-lightest: var(--nord6); */
|
||||
/* --c-text-quote: var(--c-text); */
|
||||
|
||||
// border colors
|
||||
--c-border: var(--nord3);
|
||||
--c-border-dark: var(--nord3);
|
||||
/* // border colors */
|
||||
/* --c-border: var(--nord3); */
|
||||
/* --c-border-dark: var(--nord3); */
|
||||
|
||||
// custom container colors
|
||||
--c-tip: var(--nord14);
|
||||
--c-warning: var(--nord13);
|
||||
--c-warning-bg: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.2);
|
||||
--c-warning-bg-light: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.2);
|
||||
--c-warning-bg-lighter: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.1);
|
||||
--c-warning-border-dark: var(--nord3);
|
||||
--c-warning-details-bg: var(--c-bg);
|
||||
--c-warning-title: var(--nord13);
|
||||
--c-warning-text: var(--nord13);
|
||||
--c-warning-text-accent: var(--nord13);
|
||||
--c-warning-text-light: var(--nord13);
|
||||
--c-warning-text-quote: var(--nord13);
|
||||
/* // custom container colors */
|
||||
/* --c-tip: var(--nord14); */
|
||||
/* --c-warning: var(--nord13); */
|
||||
/* --c-warning-bg: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.2); */
|
||||
/* --c-warning-bg-light: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.2); */
|
||||
/* --c-warning-bg-lighter: rgba(235, 203, 139, 0.1); */
|
||||
/* --c-warning-border-dark: var(--nord3); */
|
||||
/* --c-warning-details-bg: var(--c-bg); */
|
||||
/* --c-warning-title: var(--nord13); */
|
||||
/* --c-warning-text: var(--nord13); */
|
||||
/* --c-warning-text-accent: var(--nord13); */
|
||||
/* --c-warning-text-light: var(--nord13); */
|
||||
/* --c-warning-text-quote: var(--nord13); */
|
||||
|
||||
--c-danger: var(--nord11);
|
||||
--c-danger-bg: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.2);
|
||||
--c-danger-bg-light: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.2);
|
||||
--c-danger-bg-lighter: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.1);
|
||||
--c-danger-border-dark: var(--nord11);
|
||||
--c-danger-details-bg: var(--nord2);
|
||||
--c-danger-title: hsl(354 43% 75.7%);
|
||||
--c-danger-text: hsl(354 43% 80.7%);
|
||||
--c-danger-text-accent: var(--nord11);
|
||||
--c-danger-text-light: var(--nord11);
|
||||
--c-danger-text-quote: var(--nord11);
|
||||
/* --c-danger: var(--nord11); */
|
||||
/* --c-danger-bg: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.2); */
|
||||
/* --c-danger-bg-light: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.2); */
|
||||
/* --c-danger-bg-lighter: rgba(191, 97, 106, 0.1); */
|
||||
/* --c-danger-border-dark: var(--nord11); */
|
||||
/* --c-danger-details-bg: var(--nord2); */
|
||||
/* --c-danger-title: hsl(354 43% 75.7%); */
|
||||
/* --c-danger-text: hsl(354 43% 80.7%); */
|
||||
/* --c-danger-text-accent: var(--nord11); */
|
||||
/* --c-danger-text-light: var(--nord11); */
|
||||
/* --c-danger-text-quote: var(--nord11); */
|
||||
|
||||
--c-details-bg: var(--c-bg-light);
|
||||
/* --c-details-bg: var(--c-bg-light); */
|
||||
|
||||
// badge component colors
|
||||
--c-badge-warning-text: var(--nord0);
|
||||
--c-badge-danger-text: var(--nord0);
|
||||
/* // badge component colors */
|
||||
/* --c-badge-warning-text: var(--nord0); */
|
||||
/* --c-badge-danger-text: var(--nord0); */
|
||||
|
||||
// code blocks vars
|
||||
--code-hl-bg-color: var(--nord2);
|
||||
}
|
||||
/* // code blocks vars */
|
||||
/* --code-hl-bg-color: var(--nord2); */
|
||||
/* } */
|
||||
|
||||
.page table {
|
||||
border-color: var(--nord3);
|
||||
border-top: none;
|
||||
display: inline-block;
|
||||
/* .page table { */
|
||||
/* border-color: var(--nord3); */
|
||||
/* border-top: none; */
|
||||
/* display: inline-block; */
|
||||
|
||||
tbody {
|
||||
border-color: var(--c-bg-dark);
|
||||
border-width: 3px;
|
||||
}
|
||||
/* tbody { */
|
||||
/* border-color: var(--c-bg-dark); */
|
||||
/* border-width: 3px; */
|
||||
/* } */
|
||||
|
||||
tr {
|
||||
background-color: var(--c-bg);
|
||||
transition: background-color var(--t-color);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
/* tr { */
|
||||
/* background-color: var(--c-bg); */
|
||||
/* transition: background-color var(--t-color); */
|
||||
/* } */
|
||||
/* } */
|
||||
|
||||
tr:nth-child(even) td.org-left {
|
||||
background-color: var(--nord5) !important;
|
||||
}
|
||||
/* tr:nth-child(even) td.org-left { */
|
||||
/* background-color: var(--nord5) !important; */
|
||||
/* } */
|
||||
|
||||
.dark tr:nth-child(even) td.org-left {
|
||||
background-color: var(--nord1) !important;
|
||||
}
|
||||
/* .dark tr:nth-child(even) td.org-left { */
|
||||
/* background-color: var(--nord1) !important; */
|
||||
/* } */
|
||||
|
||||
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
|
||||
# - Give a chart of the free pronouns and/or anaphoric clitics.
|
||||
|
||||
**** Personal Pronouns
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: 1-2-personal-pronouns-table
|
||||
#+caption: First and second person pronouns in Eittlandic
|
||||
| | 1s | 2s | 1p | 2p |
|
||||
@@ -31,8 +30,7 @@
|
||||
The only notable change in written form from their Early Old Norse
|
||||
version is the regularization of the genitive plural second person
|
||||
/yðar/ into /yðr/. Otherwise, most changes only happened regarding their
|
||||
phonology as explained in [[file:./phonology.md#evolution-from-early-old-norse-to-eittlandic][the evolution from Early Old Norse to
|
||||
Eittlandic]].
|
||||
phonology as explained in [[file:./phonology.md#evolution-from-early-old-norse-to-eittlandic][the evolution from Early Old Norse to Eittlandic]].
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: 3-personal-pronouns-table
|
||||
#+caption: Third person pronouns in Eittlandic
|
||||
@@ -87,6 +85,21 @@ judged as distant by the speaker from themselves.
|
||||
On the other hand, the following pronouns containing /þess/ relate to
|
||||
the words “this” and “these” in English.
|
||||
|
||||
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|
||||
|--------+-----------+----------+--------|
|
||||
| Sg Nom | þess | þess | þett |
|
||||
| Sg Acc | þess | þess | þett |
|
||||
| Sg Dat | þessum | þess | þess |
|
||||
| Sg Gen | þess | þear | þess |
|
||||
|--------+-----------+----------+--------|
|
||||
| Pl Nom | þessar | þessar | þess |
|
||||
| Pl Acc | þess | þess | þess |
|
||||
| Pl Dat | þessum | þessum | þessum |
|
||||
| Pl Gen | þess | þessar | þess |
|
||||
|
||||
Again, it is interesting to see how these pronouns retained some
|
||||
distinction between the masculine and the feminine form.
|
||||
|
||||
**** Possessive Pronouns
|
||||
Possessive pronouns in Eittlandic simply are the genitive form of the
|
||||
personal pronouns shown [[file:./grammar.md#personal-pronouns][above]]. The pronoun agrees with the owner in
|
||||
@@ -187,6 +200,28 @@ same form as their infinitive counterpart.
|
||||
| eat.IMP | food-DEF.ACC | 2p.GEN |
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
There is however a passive imperative voice in Eittlandic that does
|
||||
not exist in English. It is used to give commands or instructions
|
||||
where the subject is not specified or is implied to be a general "one"
|
||||
or "you". It is generally formed by addink /-ask/ after its infinitive.
|
||||
The imperative passive is particularly useful in instructions,
|
||||
recipes, or general commands where the focus is on the action rather
|
||||
than the agent.
|
||||
|
||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||
1. Active voice imperative
|
||||
- Et þat!
|
||||
|
||||
Eat it!
|
||||
2. Passive voice imperative
|
||||
- Etask þat!
|
||||
|
||||
Let it be eaten!
|
||||
- Hásk með krydd
|
||||
|
||||
Add with spices
|
||||
#+Html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
**** Participles
|
||||
Formation of participles is relatively simple in Eittlandic is pretty
|
||||
simple, as it simply adds /-and/ and /-it/ to the verbal root of the verb
|
||||
@@ -270,7 +305,7 @@ mood).
|
||||
|
||||
May it be sunny today
|
||||
|
||||
- Ef ek komuskat hér, ér talim til ná
|
||||
- Ef ek komuskat hér, vér talim til ná
|
||||
|
||||
If I came, we would still be talking
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -331,11 +366,11 @@ will happen, or if it happened in the past.
|
||||
| han-n | haft | sov-in | þá | kunn | han-n | kom |
|
||||
| 3sm.NOM | have.3s.PST.IND | sleep-PST.PART | thus | can.3s.PST.IND | 3sm.NOM | come |
|
||||
|
||||
- Ér havum lesit bókan í dag
|
||||
- Vér havum lesit bókan í dag
|
||||
|
||||
We have read the book today
|
||||
|
||||
| ér | hav-um | les-and | bók-an | í dag |
|
||||
| vér | hav-um | les-and | bók-an | í dag |
|
||||
| 1p.NOM | have-1p.PRES.IND | read-PRES.PART | book-DEF.ART | today |
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -405,11 +440,11 @@ To mark the progressive, the word /ná/ is placed just after the verb,
|
||||
without any other word between them.
|
||||
|
||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||
- Ér kannum hléð vit? Nei, ek etar.
|
||||
- Vér kannum hléð vit? Nei, ek etar.
|
||||
|
||||
Can we talk? Nah, I’m eating
|
||||
|
||||
| ér | kann-um | hléð | vit |
|
||||
| vér | kann-um | hléð | vit |
|
||||
| 1P.NOM | can-1P.PRES.IND | talk | Q |
|
||||
|
||||
| nei | ek | et-ar |
|
||||
@@ -435,16 +470,38 @@ The conditional mood allows speakers of Eittlandic to speak about
|
||||
conditional events while marking them as such. This translates into
|
||||
several strategies.
|
||||
|
||||
The first strategy adds /-(u)sk(a)-/ between the verb root and its
|
||||
The first strategy adds /-(u)þ(a)-/ between the verb root and its
|
||||
indicative declension. It marks conditionals the speakers estimates to
|
||||
be unlikely.
|
||||
|
||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||
Ef þú gefuskar mér ein fisk, ér etim þat
|
||||
Ef þú gefuþar mér ein fisk, vér etim þat
|
||||
|
||||
If you somehow give me a fish, we’ll eat it
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
The second strategy, which is the default strategy and holds a neutral
|
||||
stance towards how likely the hypothetical situation is, uses the verb
|
||||
/skal(a)/ as an auxilliary in the conditional mood.
|
||||
|
||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||
Ef þú skaluþ gef mér ein fisk, vér etim þat
|
||||
|
||||
If you give me a fish, we’ll eat it
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
The third stategy, which indicates some confidence by the speaker that
|
||||
the situation is likely, is to use the verb /man(u)/ the same way as
|
||||
/skal(a)/ is used in the second strategy. This strategy is also
|
||||
sometimes used to express a softer future, though one that still might
|
||||
not happen.
|
||||
|
||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||
Ef þú manuþ gef mér ein fisk, vér etim þat
|
||||
|
||||
If you give me a fish, we’ll eat it / When you’ll give me a fish, we’ll eat it
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
**** Causative :noexport:
|
||||
|
||||
**** Jussive
|
||||
@@ -462,6 +519,28 @@ Please eat your food.
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
**** Optative :noexport:
|
||||
The optative mood serves to express wishes. There are two main
|
||||
strategies to express the optative mood in Eittlandic.
|
||||
|
||||
The first one is a syntactic construction using the verb /vilja/ with a
|
||||
nominal phrase or verbal phrase with a verb in the infinitive mood
|
||||
being the wished element. It denotes a wish rather than a want.
|
||||
|
||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||
Ek vil far.
|
||||
|
||||
I wish I could go.
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
The second strategy is a morphological mood of the verb formed by
|
||||
inserting -(i)nn(i)- between the verb root and its subjunctive
|
||||
declension.
|
||||
|
||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||
Ek ferinnir.
|
||||
|
||||
I want to go.
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
**** Dubitative
|
||||
The dubitative mood in Eittlandic is a mood used by the speaker to
|
||||
@@ -532,9 +611,9 @@ examples are given using the verbs /far(a)/ (/to go/, a strong verb), and
|
||||
| <c> | | | | |
|
||||
| person | | Ind. Pres. | Subj. Pres. | Ind. and Subj. Past |
|
||||
|--------+---+------------+-------------+---------------------|
|
||||
| 1s | | -r | -ir | -t |
|
||||
| 2s | | -r | -ir | -t |
|
||||
| 3s | | -r | -ir | -t |
|
||||
| 1s | | -(V)r | -ir | -t |
|
||||
| 2s | | -(V)r | -ir | -t |
|
||||
| 3s | | -(V)r | -ir | -t |
|
||||
| 1p | | -um | -im | -um |
|
||||
| 2p | | -ið | -ið | -uð |
|
||||
| 3p | | -ið | -ið | -uð |
|
||||
@@ -668,7 +747,7 @@ completely removing it from the sentence.
|
||||
The fish was fished from the water
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
*** Modifiers :noexport:
|
||||
*** Modifiers
|
||||
# - If you posit a morphosyntactic category of adjectives, give
|
||||
# evidence for not grouping these forms with the verbs or nouns. What
|
||||
# characterizes a form as being an adjective in this language?
|
||||
@@ -682,10 +761,162 @@ completely removing it from the sentence.
|
||||
# /many/? Exemplify the system up to this point.
|
||||
# - Do numerals agree with their head nouns (number, case, noun
|
||||
# class, ...)?
|
||||
**** Descriptive Adjectives :noexport:
|
||||
Similarly to verbs, adjectives in Eittlandic underwent
|
||||
**** Descriptive Adjectives
|
||||
Similarly to verbs, adjectives in Eittlandic underwent a
|
||||
simplification since Early Old Norse. They now all inflect the same
|
||||
way, as the difference between strong and weak adjectives disappeared
|
||||
over the years. It is also worth noting distiction between masculine
|
||||
and feminine disappeared, merging into a common gender, while neuter
|
||||
remains distinct.
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: adjectives-declensions
|
||||
#+caption: Declension of adjectives in Eittlandic
|
||||
| / | <r> | | |
|
||||
| | | Common | Neuter |
|
||||
|---+---------+--------+--------|
|
||||
| | Sg.Nom. | -r | -t |
|
||||
| | Acc. | | -t |
|
||||
| | Dat. | -um | -um |
|
||||
| | Gen. | -s | -s |
|
||||
| | Pl.Nom. | -ar | |
|
||||
| | Acc. | | |
|
||||
| | Dat. | -um | -um |
|
||||
| | Gen. | -ar | -r |
|
||||
|
||||
If an adjective root ends with a rounded vowel, all /-um/ and /-ar/
|
||||
endings become /-vum/ or /-var/ instead respectively. Otherwise, the
|
||||
consonant is doubled before the declension’s vowel if there is one.
|
||||
|
||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||
- Meðr er Hindirar, þrírr er Hindurar
|
||||
|
||||
The men are Hindi, three are Hindu
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
The adjectives agree in declension, number, and gender with the noun
|
||||
or noun phrase they describe. In terms of word order, they always
|
||||
precede the noun or noun phrase, regardles whether the noun is in its
|
||||
indefinite or definite form.
|
||||
|
||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||
- Latr káttinn kúrar hjá opin dyrin
|
||||
|
||||
The lazy cat naps by the open door
|
||||
|
||||
| lat-r | kátt-inn | kúr-ar | hjá | opin | dyr-in |
|
||||
| lazy-SG.NOM | cat-DEF.SG.NOM | nap-3sg.IND.PRES | by | open.SG.ACC | door-DEF.SG.ACC |
|
||||
- Rauðt dyrit ok smár vindaugat er opinn
|
||||
|
||||
The red door and the small windows are open
|
||||
|
||||
| rauð-t | dyr-it | ok | smár | vindaug-at | er | opin-n |
|
||||
| red-SG.N.NOM | door-DEF.SG.NOM | and | small.PL.N.NOM | window-DEF.PL.NOM | to.be.3pl.IND.PRES | open-PL.N.ACC |
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
What you will find most often in Eittlandic dictionaries is the
|
||||
accusative singular common form of the adjectives, which is its
|
||||
unmarked form, while some older or more traditional dictionaries will
|
||||
instead use their nominative singular common form.
|
||||
|
||||
*Standard Eittlandic* does not use declensions and will always use the
|
||||
unmarked adjective root instead. A few dialects do not use adjective
|
||||
declensions either, but they are relatively rare, such as the dialects
|
||||
found in the Úlfsaug valley in Northeastern Fjallheim.
|
||||
|
||||
**** Participal Adjectives
|
||||
Taking the root of a verb and adding the declension of definite
|
||||
articles creates participal adjectives. For instance, /sov(a)/ (to
|
||||
sleep) becomes /sovin/ (sleepy) while /hleð(a)/ (to make noise) becomes
|
||||
/hleðin/ (noisy).
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: participal-adj-example-sov-sovin
|
||||
#+caption: Example of participal adjective using /sov(a)/
|
||||
| / | <r> | | |
|
||||
| | | Common | Neuter |
|
||||
|---+---------+---------+---------|
|
||||
| | Sg.Nom. | sovinn | sovit |
|
||||
| | Acc. | sovin | sovit |
|
||||
| | Dat. | sovin | sovit |
|
||||
| | Gen. | sovins | sovits |
|
||||
| | Pl.Nom. | sovinn | sovitr |
|
||||
| | Acc. | sovin | sovit |
|
||||
| | Dat. | sovinum | sovitum |
|
||||
| | Gen. | sovin | sovit |
|
||||
|
||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||
- Þat er eit hleðit bil ná!
|
||||
|
||||
This is one noisy car, isn’t it‽
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
**** Possessive Adjectives
|
||||
Similarly to [[file:./grammar.md#possessive-pronouns][possessive pronouns]], possessive adjectives mark ownership
|
||||
or relationship from an element with another. However, possessive
|
||||
adjectives modify a noun or noun phrase and are not free forms.
|
||||
|
||||
Possessive adjectives are very similar to possessive pronouns, their
|
||||
base root is the same but possessive adjectives agree with the
|
||||
possessed element in person, number, gender, and declension. Agreement
|
||||
in number follows both the number of possessor and possessed. Hence,
|
||||
/várt/ is a possessive adjectives marking one nominative element being
|
||||
possessed by several people in the first person, while /mínar/ is a
|
||||
possessive adjective marking several nominative elements being
|
||||
possessed by one individual in the first person.
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: possessive-adjectives-1-and-2
|
||||
#+caption: Possessive adjectives for the first and second person
|
||||
| / | <r> | | | | | | | | |
|
||||
| | | 1s C. | 1s N. | 2s C. | 2s N. | 1p C. | 1p N. | 2p C. | 2p N. |
|
||||
|---+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------|
|
||||
| | Sg.Nom. | mínn | mínt | þínn | þínt | várr | várt | yðr | yðt |
|
||||
| | Acc. | mín | mínt | þín | þínt | vár | várt | yð | yðt |
|
||||
| | Dat. | mínum | mínum | þínum | þínum | várum | várum | yðum | yðum |
|
||||
| | Gen. | míns | míns | þíns | þíns | várs | várs | yðs | yðs |
|
||||
| | Pl.Nom. | mínar | mín | þínar | þín | várar | vár | yðar | yð |
|
||||
| | Acc. | mín | mín | þín | þín | vár | vár | yð | yð |
|
||||
| | Dat. | mínum | mínum | þínum | þínum | várum | várum | yðum | yðum |
|
||||
| | Gen. | mínar | mínn | þínar | þínn | várar | várr | yðar | yðr |
|
||||
|
||||
In the third person, gender of the possessor is also followed by the
|
||||
possessive adjective when there is a singular possessor. This means
|
||||
the gender of the adjectives must also agree both with the gender of
|
||||
the possessor and the possessed when the former is singular.
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: possessive-adjectives-3
|
||||
#+caption: Possessive adjectives for the third person
|
||||
| / | <r> | | | | | | |
|
||||
| | | 3sc C. | 3sc N. | 3sn C. | 3sn N. | 3p C. | 3p N. |
|
||||
|---+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------|
|
||||
| | Sg.Nom. | hennar | hent | þass | þast | þeirr | þeirt |
|
||||
| | Acc. | henn | hent | þass | þast | þeir | þeirt |
|
||||
| | Dat. | hennum | henum | þasum | þasum | þeirum | þeirum |
|
||||
| | Gen. | hens | hens | þass | þass | þeirs | þeirs |
|
||||
| | Pl.Nom. | hennar | henn | þasar | þass | þeirar | þeir |
|
||||
| | Acc. | henn | henn | þass | þass | þeir | þeir |
|
||||
| | Dat. | hennum | hennum | þasum | þasum | þeirum | þeirum |
|
||||
| | Gen. | hennar | henn | þasar | þass | þeirar | þeirr |
|
||||
|
||||
#+html: ::: tip Examples
|
||||
- Hundinn þeirar hlaupið in í parkit
|
||||
|
||||
Their dogs are running in the park (i.e. several people’s dogs)
|
||||
|
||||
| hund-r | þeir-ar | hlaup-ið | in | í | park-it |
|
||||
| dog-pl.NOM | 3sc.c.ADJ.POSS-pl.NOM | run-3p.PRES.IND | in | DAT | park-DET.sg.DAT |
|
||||
- Ek kent sonin yðum historja
|
||||
|
||||
I taught your son history
|
||||
|
||||
| ek | ken-t | son-in | yð-um | historja |
|
||||
| 1sg.NOM | teach-1s.PST.IND | son-DEF.DAT.sg | 2p.POSS-DAT.SG | history.ACC |
|
||||
- Mínn káttr es svartr með ein hvít flekk á hennum bjálf, á hennum hóst.
|
||||
|
||||
My cat is black with a white spot on her fur, on her chest.
|
||||
|
||||
| mín-n | kátt-r | es | svart-r | með | ein | hvít | flekk | á | hen-num | bjálf | á | hen-num | hóst |
|
||||
| 1sg.POSS-sg.NOM.C | cat-sg.NOM | 3sg.PRES.IND | black-sg.NOM | with | one.ACC | white.ACC | spot.ACC | DAT | 3sg.POSS-sg.DAT.C | fur.sg.ACC | DAT | 3sg.POSS.sg.DAT.C | chest.sg.ACC |
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
**** Non-Numeral Quantifiers :noexport:
|
||||
**** Numerals :noexport:
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -742,21 +973,21 @@ instead of the stem of the verb itself. It is somewhat similar to
|
||||
asking a question in English by simply raising the sentence’s tone.
|
||||
|
||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||
- Hann komr í dag með faðin hans
|
||||
- Hann komar í dag með faðin hans
|
||||
|
||||
| hann | kom-r | í dag | með | fað-in | hans |
|
||||
| hann | kom-ar | í dag | með | fað-in | hans |
|
||||
| 3s.m.NOM | come-s.PRES.IND | today | with | father.ACC-DEF | 3s.m.GEN |
|
||||
|
||||
He’s coming with his father today.
|
||||
- Komr han í dag með faðin hans?
|
||||
- Komar han í dag með faðin hans?
|
||||
|
||||
| kom-r | hann | í dag | með | fað-in | hans |
|
||||
| kom-ar | hann | í dag | með | fað-in | hans |
|
||||
| come-s.PRES.IND | 3s.m.NOM | today | with | father.ACC-DEF | 3s.m.GEN |
|
||||
|
||||
Is he coming with his father today?
|
||||
- Han komvitr í dag með maðin hans?
|
||||
- Han komavitr í dag með maðin hans?
|
||||
|
||||
| hann | kom-vit-r | í dag | með | fað-in | hans |
|
||||
| hann | koma-vit-r | í dag | með | fað-in | hans |
|
||||
| 3s.m.NOM | come-Q-s.PRES.IND | today | with | father.ACC-DEF | 3s.m.GEN |
|
||||
|
||||
He’s coming with his father today?
|
||||
@@ -767,9 +998,9 @@ Instead, Eittlandic speakers may instead simply add /vit/ as a
|
||||
standalone word at the end of the question.
|
||||
|
||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||
- Hann er konung.
|
||||
- Hann es konung.
|
||||
|
||||
| hann | er | konung |
|
||||
| hann | es | konung |
|
||||
| 3s.m.NOM | be.3s.PRES.IND | king.ACC |
|
||||
|
||||
He is the king.
|
||||
@@ -792,18 +1023,18 @@ question word takes the place of either the syntactic patient or
|
||||
syntactic dative of the verb.
|
||||
|
||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||
- Ná hvar ert þú?
|
||||
- Hvar est þú?
|
||||
|
||||
| ná | hvar | ert | þú |
|
||||
| now | where | be.2s.PRES.IND | 2s.NOM |
|
||||
| hvar | est | þú |
|
||||
| where | be.2s.PRES.IND | 2s.NOM |
|
||||
|
||||
Where are you now?
|
||||
- Ná þú ert hver vit?
|
||||
Where are you?
|
||||
- Þú est hver vit?
|
||||
|
||||
| ná | þú | ert | hvar | vit |
|
||||
| now | 2s.NOM | be.2s.PRES.IND | where | Q |
|
||||
| þú | est | hvar | vit |
|
||||
| 2s.NOM | be.2s.PRES.IND | where | Q |
|
||||
|
||||
You are where now?
|
||||
Where are you? / Where you at?
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
**** Yes/No questions
|
||||
@@ -957,12 +1188,12 @@ simplified to the table following it.
|
||||
#+caption: 1st declension of strong nouns and declensions of masculine weak nouns in Old Norse
|
||||
| / | <r> | | | | |
|
||||
| | | Strong Masculine | Strong Feminine | Strong Neuter | Weak Masculine |
|
||||
|---+------------+------------------+-----------------+---------------+----------------|
|
||||
| | Sing. Nom. | heim-r | tíð | skip | tím-i |
|
||||
|---+---------+------------------+-----------------+---------------+----------------|
|
||||
| | Sg.Nom. | heim-r | tíð | skip | tím-i |
|
||||
| | Acc. | heim | tíð | skip | tím-a |
|
||||
| | Dat. | heim-i | tíð | skip-i | tím-a |
|
||||
| | Gen. | heim-s | tíð-ar | skip-s | tím-a |
|
||||
| | Plur. Nom. | heim-ar | tíð-ir | skip | tím-ar |
|
||||
| | Pl.Nom. | heim-ar | tíð-ir | skip | tím-ar |
|
||||
| | Acc. | heim-a | tíð-ir | skip | tím-a |
|
||||
| | Dat. | heim-um | tíð-um | skip-um | tím-um |
|
||||
| | Gen. | heim-a | tíð-a | skip-a | tím-a |
|
||||
@@ -971,12 +1202,12 @@ simplified to the table following it.
|
||||
#+caption: Declensions for strong and weak nouns in Modern Eittlandic
|
||||
| / | <r> | | | |
|
||||
| | | Strong Common | Strong Neuter | Weak Nouns |
|
||||
|---+------------+---------------+---------------+------------|
|
||||
| | Sing. Nom. | heim-r | skip | tím |
|
||||
|---+---------+---------------+---------------+------------|
|
||||
| | Sg.Nom. | heim-r | skip | tím |
|
||||
| | Acc. | heim | skip | tím |
|
||||
| | Dat. | heim | skip | tím |
|
||||
| | Gen. | heim-ar | skip-s | tím-s |
|
||||
| | Plur. Nom. | heim-r | skip | tím-r |
|
||||
| | Pl.Nom. | heim-r | skip | tím-r |
|
||||
| | Acc. | heim | skip | tím |
|
||||
| | Dat. | heim-um | skip-um | tím-um |
|
||||
| | Gen. | heim-ar | skip-s | tím-s |
|
||||
@@ -993,12 +1224,12 @@ We end up with the following declension system in Eittlandic.
|
||||
#+caption: Eittlandic noun inflexion
|
||||
| / | <r> | | | |
|
||||
| | | Strong Common | Strong Neuter | Weak Nouns |
|
||||
|---+------------+---------------+---------------+------------|
|
||||
| | Sing. Nom. | -r | | |
|
||||
|---+---------+---------------+---------------+------------|
|
||||
| | Sg.Nom. | -r | | |
|
||||
| | Acc. | | | |
|
||||
| | Dat. | | | |
|
||||
| | Gen. | -(a)r | -s | -s |
|
||||
| | Plur. Nom. | -r | | -r |
|
||||
| | Pl.Nom. | -r | | -r |
|
||||
| | Acc. | | | |
|
||||
| | Dat. | -um | -um | -um |
|
||||
| | Gen. | -(a)r | -s | -s |
|
||||
@@ -1042,12 +1273,12 @@ feminine /hafn/ (/harbour/, /haven/).
|
||||
#+name: tbl:irregular-noun-declensions
|
||||
| <r> | | |
|
||||
| | himn | hafn |
|
||||
|------------+--------+--------|
|
||||
| Sing. Nom. | himnn | hafnn |
|
||||
|---------+--------+--------|
|
||||
| Sg.Nom. | himnn | hafnn |
|
||||
| Acc. | himn | hafn |
|
||||
| Dat. | himn | hafn |
|
||||
| Gen. | himnar | hafnar |
|
||||
| Plur. Nom. | himnn | hafnn |
|
||||
| Pl.Nom. | himnn | hafnn |
|
||||
| Acc. | himn | hafn |
|
||||
| Dat. | himnum | hafnum |
|
||||
| Gen. | himnar | hafnar |
|
||||
@@ -1063,12 +1294,12 @@ words are marked as irregular in the dictionary.
|
||||
#+name: tbl:irregularities-root-nouns
|
||||
| <r> | | | | |
|
||||
| | kettle (m.) | foot (m.) | book (f.) | water (n.) |
|
||||
|------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+------------|
|
||||
| Sing. Nom. | ketll | fótr | bók | vatn |
|
||||
|---------+-------------+-----------+-----------+------------|
|
||||
| Sg.Nom. | ketll | fótr | bók | vatn |
|
||||
| Acc. | ketl | fót | bók | vatn |
|
||||
| Dat. | ketl | fót | bók | vatn |
|
||||
| Gen. | ketlar | fótar | bókar | vatn |
|
||||
| Plur. Nom. | katll | fœtr | bœkr | vótnn |
|
||||
| Pl.Nom. | katll | fœtr | bœkr | vótnn |
|
||||
| Acc. | katl | fœt | bœkr | vótn |
|
||||
| Dat. | katlum | fótum | bókum | vótnum |
|
||||
| Gen. | katl | fœt | bœk | vótn |
|
||||
@@ -1100,6 +1331,12 @@ numerals have declensions as discussed in [[file:grammar.md#numerals][Word Class
|
||||
| Dat. | einn | ein | eit |
|
||||
| Gen. | ein | einn | eits |
|
||||
|
||||
Indefinite articles are not required in Eittlandic the way they are in
|
||||
English. The sentence /hann át fisk/ (/he ate a fish/) is absolutely
|
||||
correct and does not required. Instead, indefinite articles are used
|
||||
as intensifiers, as in /hann át ein fisk, eng fiskin/ (/he ate *a* fish,
|
||||
not *the* fish/).
|
||||
|
||||
**** Definite articles
|
||||
As in other Scandinavian languages, definite articles in Eittlandic
|
||||
act as suffixes to the noun and fully replace its declension as it has
|
||||
@@ -1107,15 +1344,16 @@ case marking itself. The full declension table of definite articles
|
||||
can be found in the table below. As we can see, the definite articles
|
||||
underwent an important regularization as well as merging strong neuter
|
||||
and weak nouns together.
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: tbl:definite-articles
|
||||
| / | <r> | | |
|
||||
| | | Strong Common | Strong Neuter and Weak Nouns |
|
||||
|---+------------+---------------+------------------------------|
|
||||
| | Sing. Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)t |
|
||||
|---+---------+---------------+------------------------------|
|
||||
| | Sg.Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)t |
|
||||
| | Acc. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
|
||||
| | Dat. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
|
||||
| | Gen. | -(i)ns | -(i)ts |
|
||||
| | Plur. Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)tr |
|
||||
| | Pl.Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)tr |
|
||||
| | Acc. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
|
||||
| | Dat. | -(i)num | -(i)tum |
|
||||
| | Gen. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ Titles:
|
||||
Titles:
|
||||
- First King of Eittland (915 - 935)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*** B
|
||||
**** Bárður Márusson
|
||||
First Icelandic citizen to be elected to the House of the People.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -239,6 +239,8 @@ become shorter.
|
||||
{{{phon(upɸə)}}}
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
The only exception is a double «g» {{{phon(ɡː)}}} which became {{{phon(ɡ)}}}.
|
||||
|
||||
*** r > ʁ (Eastern Eittlandic)
|
||||
From the beginning of the 16th century, the Eastern Eittlandic {{{phon(r)}}}
|
||||
began morphing into an {{{phon(ʁ)}}} in all contexts except in word-final
|
||||
@@ -339,6 +341,105 @@ When a {{{phon(t)}}} precedes another consonant, it becomes a glottal stop.
|
||||
Early Modern Eittlandic /Eittland/ {{{phon(ɑɪtlɑnd)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪʔlɑnd)}}}
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
** Spelling and pronunciation
|
||||
Eittlandic is written in two different alphabets: Modern Futhark, also
|
||||
known as the Eittlandic runes, and the Latin alphabet. Eittland saw
|
||||
some use of the Latin alphabet in the 13th and 14th century, but
|
||||
documents ceased to be produced with it until the 17th century, when
|
||||
immigrants from continental Europe brought this script with them and
|
||||
as commerce opened up with European countries again. Until a few
|
||||
decades ago, the Modern Futhark alphabet was the most popular alphabet
|
||||
in use in Eittland. But since the democratisation of the computer and
|
||||
smartphone, usage of the Latin alphabet saw a quick rise in
|
||||
popularity. According to some estimates, only 2% of Eittlanders used
|
||||
the Latin alphabet more often than the Modern Futhark alphabet in
|
||||
1920, while in 2020, 23% of Eittlanders primarily use the Latin
|
||||
alphabet.
|
||||
|
||||
Most letters are used the same way in Eittlandic as they are in most
|
||||
standard European languages, with a few additions that lack in the
|
||||
standard Latin alphabet, Just like Icelandic, Eittlandic still uses
|
||||
the letters «þ» and «ð» when using the Latin alphabet. These letters
|
||||
were already used in Old Norse but nether became deprecated, unlike in
|
||||
other Nordic languages such as Swedish or Norwegian, or other Germanic
|
||||
languages such as English. They represent the sounds {{{phon(θ)}}} and
|
||||
{{{phon(ð)}}} respectively; unlike Old Norse, these two sounds became
|
||||
distinct enough to constrast in some words, such as in /maðr/ (/man/) and
|
||||
/maþr/ (maths). You will also find vowels with acute accents. They used
|
||||
to represent long vowels, but due to sound changes, they are
|
||||
associated with a lower tone and generaly more lax vowel, as described
|
||||
below.
|
||||
|
||||
Aside from Standard Eittlandic, there is no standard spelling and the
|
||||
language is written generally phonetically, although there is a
|
||||
tendency to keep the spelling reflecting the historical pronunciation
|
||||
of words; i.e. when representing the vowel {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}}, Eittlanders will
|
||||
tend to write «á» when it comes from a historically long {{{phon(ɑ)}}} but
|
||||
«é» if it comes from a historically long {{{phon(e)}}}. There is also a
|
||||
tendency in dialects other than Standard Eittlandic to write
|
||||
word-final vowels, even if they are no longer pronounced, as in «posi»
|
||||
(Standard Eittlandic /pos/, meaning /seal/).
|
||||
|
||||
These are the letters used natively in Eittlandic:
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_quote
|
||||
a b d ð e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t þ u v y z ø œ
|
||||
#+end_quote
|
||||
|
||||
All vowels, with the exception of «ø» and «œ», can bear an acute
|
||||
accent, extending the list with:
|
||||
#+begin_quote
|
||||
á é í ó ú ý
|
||||
#+end_quote
|
||||
|
||||
Most of these letters represent their standard phonological value, but
|
||||
a few don't. Here are some rules that will help you read Eittlandic
|
||||
phonetically:
|
||||
- «a» :: this is an unrounded, open back vowel {{{phon(ɑ)}}} in some
|
||||
dialects, or front {{{phon(a)}}} in some others
|
||||
- «á» :: this is an unrounded, mid open front vowel {{{phon(ɛ)}}} with a low
|
||||
or falling tone
|
||||
- «ð» :: this is a voiced dentad fricative {{{phon(ð)}}}, as in English “this”
|
||||
- «é» :: pronounced like «á»
|
||||
- «g» :: the most unstable letter in Eittlandic. When in contact with
|
||||
another consonant, it will be a standard voiced uvular stop {{{phon(ɡ)}}}.
|
||||
However, if it is a word-initial consonent immediately followed by a
|
||||
vowel or between vowels, it will be pronounced as a {{{phon(j)}}}. Lastly,
|
||||
if it is word-final and preceeded by a vowel, it is pronounced as a
|
||||
voiced velar fricative {{{phon(ɣ)}}}.
|
||||
- «í» :: this is an unrounded mid closed front vowel {{{phon(e)}}} with a
|
||||
low or falling tone. It contrasts with «e» wich is pronounced with a
|
||||
neutral or high tone
|
||||
- «j» :: this is the palatal semivowel {{{phon(j)}}}, as in German or other
|
||||
North Germanic languages
|
||||
- «ó» :: this is a rounded mid open back vowel {{{phon(ɔ)}}} with a low or falling
|
||||
tone
|
||||
- «p» :: in most places, pronounced as a voiceless bilabial plosive
|
||||
{{{phon(p)}}} as expected, unless before a «t» where it becomes a
|
||||
voiceless bilabial fricative {{{phon(ɸ)}}}
|
||||
- «þ» :: this is the unvoiced counterpart to «ð», the {{{phon(θ)}}}, as in
|
||||
English “think”
|
||||
- «ú» :: this is a rounded mid closed back vowel {{{phon(o)}}} with a low or
|
||||
falling tone. It constrasts with neutral or high tone «o»
|
||||
- «v» :: this is the voiced bilabial fricative {{{phon(β)}}}, unless when
|
||||
following an «h» in a word-initial position; in this case, «hv» is
|
||||
pronounced as a voiceless labialised velar approximant {{{phon(ʍ)}}}.
|
||||
- «y» :: this is the rounded front high vowel {{{phon(y)}}}, as in German /ü/ or French /u/
|
||||
- «ý» :: this is the mid front rounded vowel {{{phon(ø)}}} with a low or
|
||||
falling tone, contrasting with the neutral or high tone «ø»
|
||||
described below
|
||||
- «ø» :: is a mid front rounded vowel {{{phon(ø)}}}, like German «ö» or
|
||||
French «eu» in /deux/
|
||||
- «œ» :: this is a low, lax, frount rounded vowel {{{phon(œ)}}}, like French
|
||||
«eu» in «neuf», but with an additional low or falling tone
|
||||
|
||||
There are another three additional digraphs when it comes to vowels:
|
||||
- «au» :: this is a rounded mid open back vowel {{{phon(ɔ)}}} with a neutral
|
||||
or high tone, which contrasts with «ó»
|
||||
- «ei» :: this is one of the two diphthongs left in Eittlandic,
|
||||
{{{phon(ɑɪ)}}}
|
||||
- «ey» :: this is the other diphthong left in Eittlandic, {{{phon(œʏ)}}}
|
||||
|
||||
** Vowel Inventory
|
||||
Modern Eittlandic has a total of ten simple vowels and three
|
||||
diphthongs, regardless of the dialect. It does not directly inherit
|
||||
@@ -383,32 +484,6 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0ju80zw
|
||||
|
||||
#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/eittlandic/vowel-feature-tree.png" alt="Eittlandic Vowel Featural Tree">Featural tree of Eittlandic vowels</ImgFigure>
|
||||
|
||||
Here is a quick guide regarding the pronunciation of these vowels:
|
||||
- a {{{phon(ɑ)}}} :: as in General American English “hot” with a high tone
|
||||
- á {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} :: as in General American English “bed” with a low tone
|
||||
- æ {{{phon(ɛ)}}} :: as in General American English “bed” with a high tone
|
||||
- e {{{phon(e)}}} :: as in French “été” or General American English “may”
|
||||
with a high tone
|
||||
- é {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} :: see {{{phon(æ)}}}
|
||||
- i {{{phon(i)}}} :: as in English “free” with a high tone
|
||||
- í {{{phon(è)}}} :: as in French “été” or General American English “may”
|
||||
with a low tone
|
||||
- o {{{phon(o)}}} :: as in French “beau” or Cockney English “yawn” with a
|
||||
high tone
|
||||
- ó {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}} :: as in General American English “thought” with a low
|
||||
tone
|
||||
- u {{{phon(u)}}} :: as in French “mou” or General American English “boot”
|
||||
with a high tone
|
||||
- ú {{{phon(ò)}}} :: as in French “beau” or Cockney English “yawn” with a
|
||||
low tone
|
||||
- y {{{phon(y)}}} :: as in French “lune” with a high tone
|
||||
- ý {{{phon(ø̀)}}} :: as in French “deux” with a low tone
|
||||
- œ/ǿ {{{phon(œ)}}} :: as in French “neuf” with a low tone
|
||||
- ei {{{phon(ɑɪ)}}} :: as in English “I”
|
||||
- au {{{phon(ɔʊ)}}} :: similar to Canadian “ow” or in General American
|
||||
English “bow”, but more open
|
||||
- ey {{{phon(œʏ)}}} :: as if it were “œy” but more open
|
||||
|
||||
Eittlandic also has a second vowel inventory dedicated to unstressed
|
||||
vowels. While the one described above describes all vowels found in
|
||||
stressed positions, the unstressed inventory is much lighter.
|
||||
@@ -500,10 +575,36 @@ Note the features borne by the diphthongs:
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
** Consonant Inventory
|
||||
/Under construction/
|
||||
Regarding Eittlandic's consonants, the two main changes from Old Norse
|
||||
other than changes in their pronunciation is the now differenciation
|
||||
between «þ» and «ð» where in Old Norse, the former was used
|
||||
word-initially while the latter was used in all other positions.
|
||||
|
||||
Similarly, the «f» letter was used to represent both {{{phon(f)}}}
|
||||
word-initially and {{{phon(v)}}} in all other positions. In Eittlandic,
|
||||
voiced «f» {{{phon(v)}}} merged into «v» {{{phon(β)}}}. Therefore, the letter «f»
|
||||
is no longer used to represent {{{phon(v)}}} anymore; the letter «v» is
|
||||
instead used to represent both historical «v» and historically voiced
|
||||
«f».
|
||||
|
||||
Occasionally, the letter «h» may precede another consonant in a
|
||||
word-initial position, mainly «l», «r», and «v». These consonants
|
||||
become devoiced, with «hl», «hr», and «hv» becoming {{{phon(l̥)}}}, {{{phon(r̥)}}},
|
||||
and {{{phon(ʍ)}}} respectively.
|
||||
|
||||
*** Private Data :noexport:
|
||||
|
||||
** Underlying vowels
|
||||
While most word-final vowels were dropped a few centuries ago, they
|
||||
still exist as underlying vowels that may affect the word's
|
||||
morphology. By default, when there is no final vowel for a noun, a
|
||||
dummy «i» is used to join the word with the definite morphene
|
||||
together. For instance, /dag/ (/day/), a word with no underlying vowel,
|
||||
which becomes /dagin/ in its singular accusative definite form. However,
|
||||
even if it is no longer present in its non-definite form, /sag/ still
|
||||
bears the word-final vowel «a» which appears in its definite form,
|
||||
such as /sagat/ (singular accusative definite form).
|
||||
|
||||
** Pitch and Stress
|
||||
The original bitonal pitch accent of Eittlandic is thought to have
|
||||
been lost around the 10th or 11th century, though it is no certain
|
||||
@@ -560,7 +661,28 @@ formal speech.
|
||||
Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪnləɡr)}}}
|
||||
#+html: :::
|
||||
|
||||
**** {{{phon(ɔ)}}} and {{{phon(ɑ)}}} merger
|
||||
Western Eittlandic is currently going a phonological merge of the
|
||||
vowels {{{phon(ɔ)}}} and {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into {{{phon(ɒ)}}}. The vowel {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}} also
|
||||
follows this pattern, morphing into {{{phon(ɒ̀)}}}.
|
||||
|
||||
**** Great Vowel Shift variation
|
||||
While the Great Vowel Shift is happened relatively uniformly in
|
||||
Eittland, some regions did not follow the same pattern as what
|
||||
happened everywhere else.
|
||||
|
||||
The main example is the area around Đeberget where the vowel {{{phon(ɑː)}}}
|
||||
evolved not as {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} but as {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}}.
|
||||
|
||||
*** Eastern Eittlandic
|
||||
**** {{{phon(y)}}} and {{{phon(u)}}} merger
|
||||
In areas around Vestrheim especially, locals tend to merge {{{phon(y)}}}
|
||||
into {{{phon(u)}}}.
|
||||
|
||||
**** Centralisation of {{{phon(i)}}}
|
||||
In the northern rural parts of Eastern Eittland, populations tend to
|
||||
centralise {{{phon(i)}}} into {{{phon(ɨ)}}}.
|
||||
|
||||
**** Great Vowel Shift variation
|
||||
When the [[file:./phonology.md#great-vowel-shift][Great Vowel Shift]] happened, not all regions were affected the
|
||||
same. As such, we can find in some rural parts of the Eastern
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ in second position in their clause and may be in first position
|
||||
interrogative and dependent clauses, as shown below.
|
||||
|
||||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||||
Han talð mér þat kom han hér í gær
|
||||
Han talð mér þat kom han hér í gár
|
||||
|
||||
han talð mér þat kom han hér í=gær
|
||||
han talð mér þat kom han hér í=gár
|
||||
|
||||
3sg.m.nom tell-3sg.pret 1sg.dat that come.3sg.pret 3sg.m.nom here yesterday
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3277
package-lock.json
generated
3277
package-lock.json
generated
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
@@ -8,11 +8,12 @@
|
||||
"license": "AGPL-3.0",
|
||||
"private": true,
|
||||
"devDependencies": {
|
||||
"@vuepress/bundler-vite": "2.0.0-rc.13",
|
||||
"@vuepress/plugin-umami-analytics": "^2.0.0-rc.36",
|
||||
"@vuepress/bundler-vite": "2.0.0-rc.19",
|
||||
"@vuepress/plugin-slimsearch": "^2.0.0-rc.74",
|
||||
"@vuepress/plugin-umami-analytics": "^2.0.0-rc.74",
|
||||
"@vuepress/theme-default": "^2.0.0-rc.36",
|
||||
"vuepress": "2.0.0-rc.13",
|
||||
"vuepress-plugin-search-pro": "^2.0.0-rc.43"
|
||||
"sass-embedded": "^1.83.4",
|
||||
"vuepress": "2.0.0-rc.19"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"dependencies": {
|
||||
"less": "^4.2.0",
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user