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# -*- mode: org; org-confirm-babel-evaluate: nil -*-
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#+TITLE: Ñyqy
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#+include: ../headers
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#+language: en
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#+HTML_HEAD_EXTRA: <meta name="description" content="Detailed grammar of the Ñyqy constructed language" />
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#+HTML_HEAD_EXTRA: <meta property="og:title" content="Grammar of Ñyqy" />
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#+HTML_HEAD_EXTRA: <meta property="og:description" content="Detailed grammar of the Ñyqy constructed language" />
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2019-09-23 13:12:47 +00:00
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#+HTML_HEAD_EXTRA: <link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/nyqy.css"/>
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#+OPTIONS: auto-id:t
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#+MACRO: nyqy (eval (conlanging/nyqy-to-phonetics $1))
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2020-07-18 13:39:00 +00:00
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#+startup: content
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# To be used at https://jasontank.net/wordgen.html
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#+NAME: wordgen-backup
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#+BEGIN_SRC text :exports none
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--CATEGORIES--
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A=qgcjñmnszpbw
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B=qgcjñmnszpb
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V=óéoe
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W=úuyi
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C=jczs
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P=mbpgq
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--REWRITE--
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--MONO--
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AV
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BW
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AVB
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BWB
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VB
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WB
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AVCP
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BWCP
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--MID--
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AV
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BW
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CPV
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CPW
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--INIT--
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AV
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BW
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--FINAL--
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AV
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BW
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CPV
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CPW
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AVB
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BWB
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CPVB
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CPWB
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AVCP
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BWCP
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CPVCP
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CPWCP
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--FLAGS--
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0 0 monoMostly dropoffSlow
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--ADVANCED--
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10
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150
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750
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30
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||
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#+END_SRC
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* Introduction
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-e44a14c5-9063-40a6-bce6-043b0869582e
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:UNNUMBERED: t
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:END:
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** Foreword
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-45733210-18dc-486a-858a-0af1d438d285
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:END:
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It is strictly forbidden to redistribute or sell this document. It is
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protected under the French law of intellectual property and copyrights, and
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it belongs entirely to its author. This document is available free of charge
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in web and PDF formats on my conlanging website[fn:1]. If you got this
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document from another source, regardless if it was free of charge or not,
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please contact me either through my social networks or by email which you can
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find on my main website[fn:2]. No individuals, groups or companies are
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currently authorized to redistribute this document by any mean. If you are
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interested in redistributing it, please contact me so we can discuss about
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it.
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This document is about a constructed language, or /conlang/, which I (Lucien
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“Phundrak” Cartier-Tilet) created. However, it will be written as an in-world
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document, as if an in-world linguist wrote it. Hence, if in some parts you
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read things like “[…] but this subject needs to be studied more thoroughly
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[…]”, this simply means I haven’t worked on or I haven’t finished this part
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yet. This chapter and the chapter §[[#h-8aa14ca5-6a1c-4e03-b30a-75bd90452308]]
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are the only chapters that have not been written as if this were an in-world
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document.
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2019-09-25 01:50:54 +00:00
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** Introduction to Ñyqy as a conlang
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-8aa14ca5-6a1c-4e03-b30a-75bd90452308
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:END:
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The {{{nyqy(Ñyqy)}}} language is a very simple language I created with the aim of
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creating a prototype language, or /protolang/. Although some features you
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will encounter later can be surprising, I do not aim for it to become as
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natural as other naturalistic languages, or /natlangs/. Rather, this one is
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simple enough to quickly learn its grammar, syntax, morphology and phonology,
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but it is also complex enough for people to be able to actually the language
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for simple sentences. However, don’t expect it to be developed too in-depth.
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2019-09-25 01:50:54 +00:00
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** Introduction to Ñyqy as a real language
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-ad4d6a0c-e05b-4c28-98c6-baec9e843e96
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:END:
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All languages in our world come from something, from somewhere. All languages
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come from another language, inherit from it, and someone’s ancestors spoke
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the latter for some time, before slowly changing its rules and pronunciation
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enough to make it into a new one, while the old one probably is not spoken
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anymore. Maybe even, someday, there has been the first word ever uttered by
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one of our ancestors, and that was the birth of speech. Truth is, we do not
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know exactly how language appeared, nor when did it appear. We do not know
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what it sounded like, and what it was even like at all.
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However, although we cannot go back that far in time to discover this unknown
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part of our history, we are able to somewhat go back in time for a few
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millennia, and discover languages that were spoken then. This time machine we
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call linguistics is fueled by our contemporary languages and old, dead
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languages we know about thanks to various documentation, both from our
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current era and from the Old Era. Thanks to comparative linguistics, a great
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number of my colleagues and predecessors were able, by comparing languages
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against each other, to determine their relationship, if these were sister
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languages or mother and daughter, cousins, and so on. Progressively, a
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genetic tree began to appear, to be drawn, and to classify the languages we
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know into families with various relatives, both alive and dead. And even if a
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great deal is still unknown about these families, we still have some ideas on
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who these languages’ ancestors were.
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Nowadays, it is possible thanks to all of these researches to finally have an
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idea of what these languages were like, and through these languages we have a
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tiny window through which we can guess what civilisations were like during
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this period. And the furthest we ever went, the oldest language we know about
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is {{{nyqy(Ñyqy)}}}. This language is between eight and eleven thousand years old,
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it was spoken in one of the birthplaces of civilisation, and it is the mother
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of about half the languages spoken throughout the world. Several of my
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colleagues both from the past or from the present have already made some
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fantastic progress on this legendary language. I myself helped some of my
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colleagues in their works, and this has been a great honor.
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However, working on this topic made me face a reality I was not aware of only
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a few years ago which might be critical for anyone studying the Ñyqy
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language: there are no book in which we can find everything ever known, that
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was ever discovered about the language, all in one single work. If anyone is
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interested in the Ñyqy language, they currently have to go through hundreds
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if not thousands of books, papers and other media in order to find the
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information they are searching for, and this lack of centralization of the
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information about this language sometimes turns out as a nightmare for
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students and professors alike. I think I even might be safe saying most of
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the work we do as Ñyqy specialists is not dedicated to the language or its
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culture, but just finding the right information.
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When I realized that, I shared my thoughts with my friend and colleague
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Q. Rhete about this, and we came to an agreement: we would spend as much time
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as necessary to make a compendium of all the knowledge we currently have on
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the Ñyqy people. While she will work on the cultural aspect, I will be
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working on the language itself. And of course, as both subjects are closely
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tied together, we will be helping each other. While I will be including a
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very short version of her work in the following chapters, she will do the
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same in her book.
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I pray our work will be rewarded with success, I pray students and professors
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alike will find or work useful, and I pray this will greatly help scholars in
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their quest for knowledge as much as it helped us during the time we wrote
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this. /né_{4}Hje_{2}lpel/
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** Conventions
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-410ccf5a-d5eb-436b-b3f4-a0a4bb4249e9
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:END:
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In this document, I will make use of some conventions you can usually find in
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other linguistic books, such as interlinear grammatical glosses, preceding
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stars =*= indicating erroneous or theoretical but unattested linguistic
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elements, a preceding question mark =?= to mark questionable elements, or the
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zero number =0= to indicate the absence of one or several elements.
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** Abbreviation list
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-a5c14a00-99bb-48f9-8441-2b7624ccb1f0
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:END:
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2019-09-25 01:50:54 +00:00
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* The Cultural, Ecological and Sociolinguistic Context of Ñyqy
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-362fe960-94ae-42e2-8db3-54d52c7de175
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:END:
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This part will be an (rather long) abstract from /The Ñyqy People/ from my
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colleague Q. Rhęte, a book about the culture of this people compiling all
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knowledge available at that time on the subject. I strongly encourage you to
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read it if you intend to study Ñyqy in order to know in which context this
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language was use. Below you will only have a short version of this work which
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is the absolute minimum any Ñyqy student should know, but again, you should
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definitively get the book itself.
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** The people, its self image
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-6b729f0a-7131-443b-8ef3-ddfbaa23c65d
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:END:
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Few things are known about the Ñyqy people due to how distant it is from us,
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and due to how little amount of elements we have as direct knowledge from
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them if any. Most of our knowledge comes from works from scholars from the
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Old Era, and most of the knowledge from our era comes from analyzing even
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further the various pieces of evidence we could get from the Old Era and
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archaeological researches.
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The name of the language has been chosen by linguists of the Old Era, most
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likely due to its meaning: “us”. It seems like this term could have been used
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by the {{{nyqy(Ñyqy)}}} people to designate themselves, but we have too little
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proofs of this to say it with certainty. This words can be analyzed as two
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basic morphemes, {{{nyqy(ñy)}}} and {{{nyqy(qy)}}}. The former is the first person
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singular personal pronoun, and the latter is the Ñyqy term for “six”[fn:5]
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which is used here to mark plurality, and hence the first person plural
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personal pronoun.
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It should be reminded the name of this language, /Ñyqy/, is traditionally
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written as a single word; however, this should be labeled as a bad habit.
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Indeed, each of its components can and should be considered as individual
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words, hence the neography /Ňy Qy/ which is already in use by some of my
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colleagues. Although I appreciate their initiative, I will keep using the
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spelling /Ñyqy/ in this work in order to follow the norm most of us follow
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and have followed for centuries in order not to confuse potential readers who
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do not know about this rather new spelling. Some people also refer to /Ñyqy/
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as /proto-Ñyqy/, but I find this naming redundant, is rare overall, and is
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used only if one wants to insist on the nature of the language as a
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prototypical one.
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** Previous research
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-15a213ff-d8f9-479b-a426-08d65de30d5d
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:END:
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As mentioned earlier, Ñyqy is the subject of constant linguistic research,
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first by linguists from the Old Era, most of them who unfortunately are
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nameless today. Their knowledge of Ñyqy was undoubtedly vastly more important
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than the knowledge we have about it today, but we should consider it a
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miracle so much of their knowledge survived and was saved from the ruins of
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their past universities discovered two hundred years ago.
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This knowledge, once translated, served as the base knowledge for our
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research for the last two centuries, including our knowledge about the Ñyqy
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language. Our contemporary colleague we have to thank the most is
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Pr. Loqbrekh with his thesis from 3489 and who dedicated his life to the
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restoration of the lost knowledge of this language. Officially, the last
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segment about this topic was translated in 3524, and to this day, 3664,
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linguists use comparative linguistics to study further Ñyqy. We also have to
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thank Pr. Khorlan (3598) who made a great deal of discoveries by linking the
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Énanonn language to Ñyqy, and Pr. Lero who compared the evolution of Ñyqy
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with the evolution of Tãso (3601). This work will mostly rely on their
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papers, although many more will be used, mainly from the University of Ðbńo
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and the General Study Assembly of Lormel.
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** Ethnology
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-dec628cc-50e8-4370-889d-e54b2a2e2280
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:END:
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It is good to remind the reader that we have very little knowledge about the
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Ñyqy people that come from direct proof and
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2019-09-23 13:12:47 +00:00
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Ce qui suit est un résumé de ce que l’on sait sur le peuple Ñyqy. Pour plus
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de détails, vous pouvez vous référer à l’ouvrage /Le peuple Ñyqy/ de
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K. Yerth, 3404. Un avertissement est tout de même nécessaire :
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#+BEGIN_QUOTE
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Nous n’avons que très peu de preuves et témoignages directs sur le peuple
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Ñyqy autre que par les ouvrages des scientifiques de l’Ère ancienne, et
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actuellement par les recherches linguistiques faites par des chercheurs
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contemporains à cet ouvrage. Par conséquent, même si les anciens paraissaient
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très confiants dans leurs découvertes, il nous est impossible d’affirmer ce
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que l’on sait sur ce peuple comme étant un fait, mais simplement comme une
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forte probabilité que c’était en effet le cas. La recherche actuelle sur ce
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peuple et les hypothèses et théories peuvent sembler très solides, mais à
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bien y regarder, elles ne le sont qu’entre elles, en supposant que ce que les
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scientifiques de l’Ère ancienne ne se trompaient pas. Les seules bases
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tangibles auxquelles nous avons encore accès sont celles posées par la
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linguistique historique, mais hélas celle-ci se repose également fortement
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sur ces incertitudes que nous avons.
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— K. Yerth
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#+END_QUOTE
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Le peuple Ñyqy était un peuple vivant dans l’actuel Rhésode, dans la vallée
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du Mojhal. Son cœur économique se situait selon toutes évidences dans le
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delta du fleuve Mojhal, où la première forme de civilisation connue est
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apparue. Leur activité principale était basée principalement sur
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l’agriculture, en particulier sur la culture d’un grain pouvant être selon
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les sources du blé ou du riz, voire les deux. Leur élevage était orienté
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principalement sur celui des vaches et des porcs. Une importante activité
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d’échange fluviale s’était probablement déjà développée, ainsi qu’une
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activité de pêche dans la zone maritime de la vallée du Mojhal.
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Le mode de vie était ainsi donc principalement sédentaire, et il semblerait
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que les familles vivaient ensemble sous le même toit, dans des maisons
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communales {{{nyqy(súmusq)}}} ; cela inclus tous les membres de la famille
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descendant de l’ancêtre commun le plus âgé, ainsi que leurs époux ou épouses
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respectifs.
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Sur ce dernier point, il semblerait qu’il n’y avait pas de tendance
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particulière quant à qui rejoignais la famille de qui parmi les familles
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représentant le bas peuple, composées principalement de paysans, d’artisants
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et de petits marchants. En revanche, il semblerait qu’il était beaucoup plus
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fréquent pour les hommes de rejoindre la famille de leur femme une fois
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mariés si la famille pouvait être considérée comme riche ou importante, par
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exemple si il s’agit d’une famille de riches marchands ou une famille
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détenant un pouvoir militaire.
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Dans chaque agglomération se trouvait au moins un temple où le peuple Ñyqy
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pratiquaient leur religion polythéïste. Il est cependant impossible de savoir
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s’il s’agissait de croyances liées à la religion qui dominait l’Ère ancienne.
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Les seuls points communs sont la vénération de plusieurs dizaines de dieux au
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moins, ainsi que la vénération des étoiles et du feu.
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** Corpus, reconstruction de la langue
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-acf6406f-5fd3-4d01-a0f0-89adef88d5ff
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:END:
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* Aperçu structurel
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-6e72a430-ce27-41ab-b2a6-4b8f54c2a2d3
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:END:
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** Esquisse typologique du Ñyqy
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-e2f22e3c-6069-4881-a3e2-3d319e434fb7
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:END:
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Le Ñyqy est une langue qui apparaît comme étant fortement analytique,
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reposant principalement sur sa syntaxe afin d’exprimer sa grammaire et très
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peu sur des règles morphologiques. La large majorité des mots sont
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monosyllabiques ou bisyllabiques, et les phrases s’articulent souvent autour
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de morphèmes liés monosyllabiques que l’on peut interpréter comme étant des
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particules grammaticales. Voici un exemple de phrase en Ñyqy avec sa
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traduction et son détail grammatical :
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1. {{{nyqy(ñe pom qy)}}}
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maison GEN 1sg
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C’est ma maison
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2. {{{nyqy(bú qi pim mo coq)}}}
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2sg deux pomme PST manger
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Nous avons mangé une pomme
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3. {{{nyqy(qy qun gó)}}}
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1sg OPT boire
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Je souhaite boire
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Dans l’exemple n°1, nous pouvons remarquer l’abscence d’un verbe « être », ce
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qui est un exemple des prédicats existentiels qui ne requièrent pas de verbe
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afin d’exprimer une possession. On peut également voir que l’élément
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définisant est situé après la particule génitive, tandis que l’élément défini
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se situe avant celle-ci. Il s’agit là d’un des nombreux exemples montrant que
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le Ñyqy est une langue dont la tête de ses diverses constructions
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grammaticales est finale et non initiale.
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L’exemple n°2 nous montre la méthode utilisée en Ñyqy afin d’employer le
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duel : il s’agit d’affixer le nombre « deux » à l’élément que nous souhaitons
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infléchir. Ainsi, {{{nyqy(bú qi)}}} peut être considéré comme le pronom personel de
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la seconde personne du singulier infléchis afin de devenir le pronom personel
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de la seconde personne du duel.
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Le troisième exemple présente un exemple d’ordre basique des constituants
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d’une clause simple, où l’on peut voir une suite SV dans cette clause
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intransitive. On peut également remarquer la présence d’un morphème lié
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{{{nyqy(qun)}}} dont le rôle est de marquer un mode pour le verbe, en l’occurrence
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l’optatif. Comme nous le verrons dans le chapitre
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[[#h-26aa65ba-2694-4c63-bf91-258dad3b0430]], il s’agit de la méthode principale
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d’inflexion des verbes du Ñyqy.
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** Inventaire phonologique et translittération
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-f9f0a2a0-98a6-49d5-b943-98daa6078d3a
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:END:
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La phonologie d’une langue est l’étude des sons qui la composent, ainsi que
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l’organisation et l’interaction de ces derniers entre eux. Cela a des
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conséquences importantes, comme la caractéristique esthétique sonore de la
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langue, ou bien les variations possible dans la prononciation de certains
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sons qui peuvent paraître naturelles pour les locuteurs natifs de la langue,
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mais pas nécessairement pour nous. Même si plus personne ne parle cette
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langue actuellement, il me semble important pour les étudiants de langues
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anciennes de pouvoir associer des sons aux divers mots et aux diverses
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phrases qu’ils rencontreront ; il s’agit d’une langue, après tout ! Dans ce
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chapitre, j’essaierai de présenter ce qui est connu de la phonologie du Ñyqy
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afin que l’on puisse se faire une idée de ce à quoi ressemblait cette langue
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lorsqu’elle était parlée il y a plusieurs millénaires.
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*** Voyelles
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-bd23520b-500c-4131-aa1c-8431cbe097df
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:END:
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#+NAME: table:vowels:ipa
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#+CAPTION: Voyelles du Ñyqy (IPA)
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#+ATTR_LATEX: :placement [htb]
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| / | < | < |
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| <r> | <c> | <c> |
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| | antérieures | postérieures |
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|-------------+-------------+--------------|
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| fermées | y | u |
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| pré-fermées | ɪ | ʊ |
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| mi-fermées | ø | ɤ |
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| mi-ouvertes | ɛ | ɔ |
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#+NAME: table:vowels:trans
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#+CAPTION: Voyelles du Ñyqy (translittération)
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#+ATTR_LATEX: :placement [htb]
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| <r> | <c> | <c> |
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| / | < | < |
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| | antérieures | postérieures |
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|-------------+-------------+--------------|
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| fermées | y | ú |
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| pré-fermées | i | u |
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| mi-fermées | é | ó |
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| mi-ouvertes | e | o |
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#+NAME: vow-tree
|
2020-09-12 14:08:41 +00:00
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#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
|
2019-09-23 13:12:47 +00:00
|
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|
(setq-local nyqy-vowels
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'("[vowel]"
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("[back]"
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("[tense]"
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("[high]" ("ú"))
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("{high}" ("ó")))
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("{tense}"
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("[high]" ("u"))
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("{high}" ("o"))))
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("{back}"
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("[tense]"
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("[high]" ("y"))
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("{high}" ("é")))
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("{tense}"
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("[high]" ("i"))
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("{high}" ("e"))))))
|
2021-07-19 14:33:06 +00:00
|
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|
(conlanging-tree-to-dot nyqy-vowels)
|
2019-09-23 13:12:47 +00:00
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#+END_SRC
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|
2020-09-12 14:08:41 +00:00
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#+BEGIN_SRC dot :file nyqy/vowel-feature-tree.png :var input=vow-tree
|
2019-09-23 13:12:47 +00:00
|
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$input
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#+END_SRC
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#+NAME: arbre:vowels
|
2020-05-05 10:35:19 +00:00
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#+ATTR_HTML: :alt Arbre des voyelles du Ñyqy :class gentree
|
2019-09-23 13:12:47 +00:00
|
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#+ATTR_LATEX: :float sideways
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|
#+CAPTION: Arbre des caractéristiques des voyelles du Ñyqy
|
|
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|
#+RESULTS[e1f2ca12b3da614823629b888c369ed0ddf3e4a5]:
|
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|
|
[[file:img/nyqy/vowel-feature-tree.png]]
|
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*** Consonnes
|
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|
:PROPERTIES:
|
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|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-49ab3d74-6565-4f88-835c-f88425493d3f
|
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|
:END:
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|
#+NAME: cons-tree
|
2020-09-12 14:08:41 +00:00
|
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|
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
|
2019-09-23 13:12:47 +00:00
|
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|
(setq-local nyqy-consonants
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|
'("[cons]"
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("[son]"
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("[dor]"
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("[high]")
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("{high}"))
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("{dor}"
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("[cor]")
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("{cor}")))
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("{son}"
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("[dor]"
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("[voice]"
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("[high]")
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("{high}"))
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("{voice}"
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("[high]")
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("{high}")))
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("{dor}"
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("[voice]"
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|
("[cor]")
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("{cor}"))
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("{voice}"
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("[cor]")
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|
("{cor}"))))))
|
2021-07-19 14:33:06 +00:00
|
|
|
|
(conlanging-tree-to-dot nyqy-consonants)
|
2019-09-23 13:12:47 +00:00
|
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|
#+END_SRC
|
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|
2020-09-12 14:08:41 +00:00
|
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#+BEGIN_SRC dot :file nyqy/consonant-feature-tree.png :var input=cons-tree
|
2019-09-23 13:12:47 +00:00
|
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|
$input
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#+END_SRC
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|
#+NAME: arbre:cons
|
2020-05-05 10:35:19 +00:00
|
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#+ATTR_HTML: :alt Arbre des consonnes du Ñyqy :class gentree
|
2019-09-23 13:12:47 +00:00
|
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#+ATTR_LATEX: :float sideways
|
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|
#+CAPTION: Arbre des caractéristiques des consonnes du Ñyqy
|
|
|
|
|
#+RESULTS[ea6462370981c1a011d17d703545ec6e6f38f4de]:
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:img/nyqy/consonant-feature-tree.png]]
|
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|
|
#+NAME: table:cons:ipa
|
|
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|
|
#+CAPTION: Consonnes du Ñyqy (IPA)
|
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|
| <r5> | <c5> | <c5> | <c5> | <c5> | <c5> | <c5> |
|
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|
| / | < | < | < | < | < | < |
|
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|
| | {{{v(bilablial)}}} | {{{v(alvéolaire)}}} | {{{v(labial-velaire)}}} | {{{v(palatal)}}} | {{{v(uvulaire)}}} | {{{v(pharygal)}}} |
|
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|
|-------------------+--------------------+---------------------+-------------------------+------------------+-------------------+-------------------|
|
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|
| plosif | p b | | | | q ɢ | |
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|
| nasal | m | n | | | ɴ | |
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|
| tapé | | | | | (ʀ) | |
|
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|
| fricatif | | s z | | (x) (ɣ) | (χ) (ʁ) | (ħ) (ʕ) |
|
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|
| affriqué | | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | | | | |
|
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|
| latérale affriqué | | (ɬ) (ɮ) | | | | |
|
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|
| latérale spirant | | (l) | | | | |
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|
| approximant | | | | (j) | | |
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| spirant | | | w | | | |
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|
|
#+NAME: table:cons:trans
|
|
|
|
|
#+CAPTION: Consonnes du Ñyqy (translittération)
|
|
|
|
|
| <r> | <c5> | <c5> | <c5> | <c5> |
|
|
|
|
|
| / | < | < | < | < |
|
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|
|
|
| | {{{v(bilablial)}}} | {{{v(alvéolaire)}}} | {{{v(labial-velaire)}}} | {{{v(uvulaire)}}} |
|
|
|
|
|
|----------+--------------------+---------------------+-------------------------+-------------------|
|
|
|
|
|
| plosif | p b | | | q g |
|
|
|
|
|
| nasal | m | n | | ñ |
|
|
|
|
|
| fricatif | | s z | | |
|
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|
| affriqué | | c j | | |
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| spirant | | | w | |
|
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|
*** Tons et accentuation
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-69fc0d1e-1375-4048-9775-8aacc4860eb4
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Translittération
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
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|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-62862440-965c-48c5-affb-25323f466c6b
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:END:
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Le Ñyqy étant une langue orale, aucune transcription historique n’en existe.
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Ainsi, seule la translittération présentée ici fait office d’orthographe,
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suivant de près la prononciation. La transcription phonétique de la langue
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utilisant l’IPA[fn:3] est également possible, mais moins lisible je pense
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pour le lecteur, alors que la translittération lui laissera le choix de
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l’accent avec lequel il souhaite lire le Ñyqy.
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** Phonotaxes
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-fec68fe1-478e-46fa-8093-175ad3546347
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:END:
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*** Structure syllabique
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-1058e08a-b109-43fa-8371-305685fda023
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:END:
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Une syllabe typique en Mattér se présente sous la forme (C)V(CC), avec au
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moins une consonne obligatoire soit dans l’attaque soit dans le coda,
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suivant les règles présentées ci-dessous.
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Une règle universelle fut déjà présentée ci-dessus
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(§[[#h-19816428-bd33-40a2-a682-acc2d0afe668]]) : deux consonnes de même qualité
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dorsale ne peuvent se suivre, qu’elles soient séparées par aucune, une ou
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plusieurs voyelles. Ainsi, les termes {{{phon(qʊn)}}} ou {{{phon(nɔsq)}}} sont des
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termes valides selon cette règle, mais *{{{phon(t͡ʃɔq)}}} ne l’est pas, ce dernier
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se prononcera {{{phon(t͡ʃɔħ)}}}.
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Si, dû à la mutation des consonnes, deux consonnes se retrouvent adjacentes
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sans suivre les règles indiquées ci-dessous, alors un schwa est inséré entre
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ces deux consonnes. Exemple : /cójm/ est prononcé {{{phon(t͡ʃɤɮəʀ)}}} si la
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première consonne n’est pas mutée, sinon le mot est prononcé {{{phon(ɬɤd͡ʒm)}}}.
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L’attaque peut être composée de n’importe quelle consonne, tout comme elle
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ne peut en comporter aucune.
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Le noyau de la syllabe peut être composé de n’importe quelle voyelle,
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exceptée une voyelle haute si la consonne précédente est une dorsale
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sonorante haute.
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Les règles du coda sont également simples :
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- Les consonnes coronales ou hautes non sonorantes peuvent être suivies par
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des consonnes non coronales ou non hautes.
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- Les consonnes sonorantes, dorsales et hautes ne peuvent s’associer avec
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d’autres consonnes dans le coda.
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Quelques règles se rajoutent aux règles précédentes pour les consonnes se
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trouvent entre deux syllabes différentes :
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- Les consonnes sonorantes et non-dorsales peuvent précéder toute autre
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consonne à la condition que ces premières fassent partie du coda de la
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première syllabe.
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- Si deux consonnes coronales non-dorsales se suivent, la seconde prendra le
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voisement de la première. Si après cela, la seconde consonne se retrouve
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identique à la première, alors la seconde devient silencieuse et la
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première devient géminée.
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- Dans les autres cas, si une règle du coda est applicable entre la dernière
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consonne de la première syllabe et la première consonne de la seconde
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syllabe, la prononciation est conservée.
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- Si les règles précédentes ne s’appliquent pas, il est supposé qu’un schwa
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est ajouté afin de pouvoir rendre la syllabe prononçable.
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*** Allophonie
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:PROPERTIES:
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|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-19816428-bd33-40a2-a682-acc2d0afe668
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:END:
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Il existe relativement peu de règles allophoniques connues en Ñyqy,
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cependant quelques unes sont à peu près certaines :
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- C[+dor] / C[+dor]_ > [-dor]
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- C[-dor] / C[-dor]_ > [+dor]
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Les deux dernières règles reflètent une règle générale du Nyqy : deux
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consonnes ne peuvent se suivre si elles sont toutes deux dorsales, la
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seconde devant alors changer sa qualité afin de se soumettre à la règle. Sa
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qualité haute ou coronale se reflète également lors du changement de qualité
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dorsale de la consonne, la qualité /haute/ ou /coronale/ étant considérées
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comme équivalentes en Ñyqy. Vous pouvez voir la table
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[[table:mutation:consonants]] qui récapitule les mutation des consonnes du Ñyqy
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dû à cette règle.
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#+NAME: table:mutation:consonants
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#+CAPTION: Table de mutation des consonnes du Ñyqy
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| / | | | < | | |
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| <c> | <c> | | | <c> | <c> |
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| [+dor] originale | [-dor] mutée | | | [-dor] originale | [+dor] mutée |
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|------------------+--------------+---+---+------------------+--------------|
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| q | ħ | | | p | χ |
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| ɢ | ʕ | | | b | ʁ |
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| ɴ | m | | | m | ʀ |
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| t͡ʃ | ɬ | | | n | j |
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| d͡ʒ | ɮ | | | s | x |
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| w | l | | | z | ɣ |
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Ainsi, la phrase {{{nyqy(ñe pom qy)}}} ne se prononce pas *{{{phon(ɴɛ pɔm qy)}}}, et la
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phrase {{{nyqy(qi bú pim mo coq)}}} se ne prononce pas *{{{phon(qɪ bʊ pɪm mɔ t͡ʃɔq)}}}.
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** Structure des mots
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:PROPERTIES:
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|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-3a8e9769-9aca-4ada-b127-6386742d5b32
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:END:
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** Processus phonologiques et morphophonémiques principaux
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:PROPERTIES:
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|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-477abbdc-eab0-4bd4-9d27-c39d9219d1d7
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:END:
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*** Harmonie des consonnes
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:PROPERTIES:
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|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-441266e7-313b-4dc0-8da8-31a385eea81b
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:END:
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** Classes de mots
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-ca9ceb49-d27e-4f67-bd53-37762ea4f797
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:END:
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*** Noms
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-a0195f74-9ac1-417c-8af7-cc329e0efc04
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:END:
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Les noms en Ñyqy se réfèrent généralement à des entités définies, comme des
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objets, des personnes, des concepts ou événements. Contrairement à beaucoup
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d’autres langues, et du fait de la nature très analytique de la langue, les
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noms ne supportent aucune caractéristique morphosyntaxique ; ils peuvent
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cependant s’associer à d’autres éléments du fait de leur nature, notamment
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grâce à des particules grammaticales.
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**** La structure d’un nom
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|
:PROPERTIES:
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|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-59a8a234-a3d0-4a8b-85f2-66abe231cbe6
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:END:
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|
**** Dérivations
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|
:PROPERTIES:
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|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-3609d30d-2c4a-4cc9-9693-80ee16a0292e
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:END:
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|
**** Inflections
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|
:PROPERTIES:
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|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-bb4f100b-4f1f-410c-9cf1-81dd86bba054
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|
:END:
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|
**** Noms comptables et noms indénombrables
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|
:PROPERTIES:
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|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-31004fed-3cf7-4b7d-a4d2-88e38843c3d0
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:END:
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|
|
**** Noms propres
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|
:PROPERTIES:
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|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-f093f96b-9501-456a-93a8-19709bd2b3cf
|
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|
:END:
|
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|
*** Pronoms et clitiques anaphoriques
|
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|
:PROPERTIES:
|
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|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-94456c13-5082-4c98-86d4-011be90cbc78
|
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:END:
|
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|
**** Pronoms personnels
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|
:PROPERTIES:
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|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-7c2642e5-e813-4b7e-ad82-933c997914bc
|
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|
:END:
|
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|
**** Pronoms démonstratifs
|
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|
:PROPERTIES:
|
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|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-d5c2c839-0ac4-4aad-9efd-5ae2635c85f2
|
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:END:
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|
*** Verbes
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|
:PROPERTIES:
|
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|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-26aa65ba-2694-4c63-bf91-258dad3b0430
|
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|
:END:
|
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|
**** Structure verbale
|
|
|
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|
:PROPERTIES:
|
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|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-adfce8d6-1a7a-4cb8-b6cb-97ea1c1c448b
|
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|
:END:
|
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|
**** Dérivations verbales
|
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|
:PROPERTIES:
|
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|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-d24313ab-d25e-4057-92fc-539a35148646
|
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|
:END:
|
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|
**** Inflections verbales
|
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|
:PROPERTIES:
|
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|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-a93f1630-eeff-4e33-aa34-7c75b4b83e0e
|
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|
:END:
|
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|
*** Modifieurs
|
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|
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|
:PROPERTIES:
|
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|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-28acd155-bd9c-4eeb-9a2d-367f70b164b2
|
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|
:END:
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**** Adjectifs descriptifs
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-e8c91c51-ccd6-4f05-9948-454f3154e297
|
|
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|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**** Quantifieurs non-numéraux
|
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|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-782d5ae9-c047-4f53-b20c-7b7f732e4e8a
|
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|
:END:
|
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|
|
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|
|
**** Numéraux
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
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|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-8b121d9f-4e6f-4e82-b50b-835fd94feb5c
|
|
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|
:END:
|
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|
**** Adverbes
|
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|
:PROPERTIES:
|
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|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-863bc9c8-da03-4c1f-b80a-d4668d4c3294
|
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|
:END:
|
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|
|
|
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|
|
|
*** Adpositions
|
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|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
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|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-fc26dc39-cc85-4f94-b942-65e6cbf1d98a
|
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|
:END:
|
|
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|
|
|
|
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|
|
*** Particules grammaticales
|
|
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|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-d5d00396-a8d7-409f-a34e-d457013248d9
|
|
|
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|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Typologie de l’ordre des constituants
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-add29401-0e7d-45bb-93de-e53286dc4a2d
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
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|
|
Le Ñyqy est une langue dont sa tête de groupement grammaticaux tend à être en
|
|
|
|
|
dernière position.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#+NAME: basic-syntax-tree
|
2020-09-12 14:08:41 +00:00
|
|
|
|
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
|
2019-09-23 13:12:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
(setq-local nyqy-syntax-tree
|
|
|
|
|
'("S"
|
|
|
|
|
("Obl")
|
|
|
|
|
("S'"
|
|
|
|
|
("NPerg"
|
|
|
|
|
("NP"))
|
|
|
|
|
("VP"
|
|
|
|
|
("NPdat"
|
|
|
|
|
("NP"))
|
|
|
|
|
("VP'"
|
|
|
|
|
("NPabs"
|
|
|
|
|
("NP"
|
|
|
|
|
("S")
|
|
|
|
|
("NP'"
|
|
|
|
|
("Adj")
|
|
|
|
|
("N"))))
|
|
|
|
|
("V'"
|
|
|
|
|
("Mood")
|
|
|
|
|
("Tense")
|
|
|
|
|
("V")
|
|
|
|
|
("Neg")))))))
|
2021-07-19 14:33:06 +00:00
|
|
|
|
(conlanging-tree-to-dot nyqy-syntax-tree)
|
2019-09-23 13:12:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
#+END_SRC
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#+RESULTS[24286e618306da25dc9283fdc01819e3b5d77394]: basic-syntax-tree
|
|
|
|
|
: graph{node[shape=plaintext];graph[bgcolor="transparent"];0[label="S"];1[label="Obl"];0 -- 1;2[label="S'"];0 -- 2;21[label="NPerg"];2 -- 21;211[label="NP"];21 -- 211;22[label="VP"];2 -- 22;221[label="NPdat"];22 -- 221;2211[label="NP"];221 -- 2211;222[label="VP'"];22 -- 222;2221[label="NPabs"];222 -- 2221;22211[label="NP"];2221 -- 22211;222111[label="S"];22211 -- 222111;222112[label="NP'"];22211 -- 222112;2221121[label="Adj"];222112 -- 2221121;2221122[label="N"];222112 -- 2221122;2222[label="V'"];222 -- 2222;22221[label="Mood"];2222 -- 22221;22222[label="Tense"];2222 -- 22222;22223[label="V"];2222 -- 22223;22224[label="Neg"];2222 -- 22224;}
|
|
|
|
|
|
2020-09-12 14:08:41 +00:00
|
|
|
|
#+BEGIN_SRC dot :file nyqy/basic-syntax.png :var input=basic-syntax-tree
|
2019-09-23 13:12:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
$input
|
|
|
|
|
#+END_SRC
|
|
|
|
|
#+NAME: arbre:syntaxe:basique
|
|
|
|
|
#+attr_html: :alt Arbre de syntaxe basique du Ñyqy
|
|
|
|
|
#+CAPTION: Arbre de syntaxe basique du Ñyqy
|
|
|
|
|
#+RESULTS[f610dcdc0787e77f58af7974f394c881f032f96a]:
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:img/nyqy-basic-syntax.png]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
On voit grâce à l’arbre [[arbre:syntaxe:basique]] que la structure générale d’une
|
|
|
|
|
phrase démarre avec des éléments divers liés à la clause principale, qui ne
|
|
|
|
|
se rapportent au verbe ni par une relation ergative, ni absolutive ni dative.
|
|
|
|
|
Ensuite vient la phrase nominale ergative, suivie par la phrase nominale
|
|
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|
|
dative, puis la phrase verbale. Cette dernière se constitue de la phrase
|
|
|
|
|
nominale absolutive, suivie par le verbe, lui-même composé par son mode, son
|
|
|
|
|
temps, le verbe lui-même et sa négation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Clauses principales
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-76ccdf86-f9b5-4cee-82cf-52254848a449
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Phrases verbales
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-e259aa87-569f-4ce7-8caf-05b9cbd77c1b
|
|
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|
:END:
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Phrases nominales
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-90885dd9-8c81-498b-a476-dd7262b8f61a
|
|
|
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|
:END:
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Phrases adpositionelles
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-4079ffcb-f870-401c-a229-3c2b52774650
|
|
|
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|
:END:
|
|
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|
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|
|
*** Comparatifs
|
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|
:PROPERTIES:
|
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|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-7b89a3fd-dacc-4a7b-b6ba-7b4072261887
|
|
|
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:END:
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
*** Questions
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
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|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-2bc6bce7-960e-47ed-9c5b-fe440ff7f096
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|
:END:
|
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|
|
*** Résumé
|
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|
:PROPERTIES:
|
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|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-60bc5529-151f-44f9-8d6c-6ddea77b5b94
|
|
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|
:END:
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
** Structure d’un groupe nominal
|
|
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|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
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|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-925c4d09-5d24-4b49-b00d-23f989aa93a3
|
|
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|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Structure d’un groupe verbal
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-3db4f84f-25d4-469f-9743-9920e0aa40e0
|
|
|
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|
:END:
|
|
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|
|
|
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|
|
|
** Prédicats nominaux et constructions similaires
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-af6bdf77-7bd1-462c-a9ef-80a2bc5fbf96
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Prédicats nominaux
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-1a0fc190-c840-46d2-8ff0-718efc003534
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Prédicats adjectivaux
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-2998d21d-1a0a-441d-84c2-8a03b61c3d14
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Prédicats locatifs
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-71c1cd9a-0431-47f9-9261-6347c37a6745
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Prédicats existentiels
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-90aa44ee-7cd5-4421-84de-e8b967afbe0a
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Clauses possessives
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-1da23469-a4c9-4ad9-a5f8-f2866548c492
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Clauses intransitives
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-382fdfd8-fd02-4902-8c08-1f0cc3012f75
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Clauses transitives
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-a5f60077-7709-496e-a811-e88d90a30cc7
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Clauses ditransitives
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-852808cb-7259-4f50-b6ec-bdc7a5ae4033
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Clauses de type dépendant
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-2fcea5e4-e67e-465d-a0b9-a44eecdabb20
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Non-fini
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-ca1b2ac2-26a3-45b2-bca9-ffb4fd290662
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Semi-fini
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-23ca6c77-b4ab-4f93-a052-cd85509e71d3
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Fini
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-96506f26-b92e-45e0-a1b5-0f27dae98e31
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Système fonctionnel
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-ad15e52b-bc94-4b33-8629-02848b53cee7
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
** Relations grammaticales
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-ddc93b4c-8a5b-4833-82f5-bb8951d5a0b4
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
Il existe de façon universelle deux types de verbes : les verbes
|
|
|
|
|
intransitifs, et les verbes transitifs. Ces premiers ne prennent qu’un seul
|
|
|
|
|
argument obligatoire, un expérienceur –noté « S »–, alors que les verbes
|
|
|
|
|
transitifs prennent deux arguments obligatoires : l’agent –noté A– effectuant
|
|
|
|
|
souvent l’action, et le patient –noté P– étant souvent l’objet affecté par
|
|
|
|
|
l’action. Par exemple :
|
|
|
|
|
- Je dors.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Verbe intransitif, « je » est expérienceur S.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Je mange une pomme.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Verbe transitif, « je » est agent A, et « pomme » est patient P.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dans la majorité des langues du monde, et dans la quasi-totalité des langues
|
|
|
|
|
européennes (le Basque étant la seule exception), l’expérienceur et l’agent
|
|
|
|
|
sont traités quasiment tout le temps à l’identique, formant le cas
|
|
|
|
|
grammatical (souvent non marqué) s’opposant au cas accusatif marquant le
|
|
|
|
|
patient, traité différemment.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
À la différence des langues européennes, le Ñyqy est une langue dite
|
|
|
|
|
« ergative » ; cela signifie que ses différents groupes nominaux ont une
|
|
|
|
|
relation grammaticale envers leurs verbes basée sur l’association des
|
|
|
|
|
expérienceurs et des patients, avec l’agent traité différemment. Ce premier
|
|
|
|
|
regroupement S et P est alors appelé « cas absolutif » alors que le second
|
|
|
|
|
est le « cas ergatif ».
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ainsi, comme nous le verrons dans le chapitre sur la syntaxe, l’élément
|
|
|
|
|
absolutif restera en permanence en contact direct avec le verbe, tandis que
|
|
|
|
|
l’élément ergatif les précédera, et pourra même être séparé du couple
|
|
|
|
|
absolutif-verbe par des éléments datifs. Exemple :
|
|
|
|
|
- {{{nyqy(qy-0 qój)}}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1sg-ABS dormir
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Je dors
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- {{{nyqy(qy-0 pim-0 coq)}}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1sg-ERG pomme-ABS manger
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Je mange une pomme.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
En revanche, le Ñyqy utilise un pivot nominatif entre ses différentes
|
|
|
|
|
clauses. Cela signifie que l’élément persistant entre les phrases lorsqu’il
|
|
|
|
|
subit une élision est l’élément correspondant au cas nominatif, soit
|
|
|
|
|
l’argument S ou A du verbe. Exemple :
|
|
|
|
|
- {{{nyqy(qy-0 pim-0 coq. nócpi qój.)}}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1sg-ERG pomme-ABS manger. ensuite dormir.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Je mange une pomme, puis (je) dors.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Constructions liées aux voix et à la valence
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-af67335a-55e0-491c-8be1-a39e6cd80a6d
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Causatifs
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-2618d8eb-9c64-4308-a386-c8f426759953
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Applicatifs
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-827551d4-b24a-4d53-b71a-6ceb9a446e74
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Reflexifs et réciproquaux
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-3a6fd3ce-0ca2-4b90-8a35-b9ac2c4aa921
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Passif
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-5bf5bdc8-6a4b-4e45-a155-04abfc32645f
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Inverses
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-672b9408-8478-43af-8663-65106be88a41
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Démotion et omission d’objet
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-c2176fd9-b4a7-40bb-b411-9c6d86c85561
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Incorporation d’objet
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-09acd58c-5c32-4426-9e67-9a01c0db01dc
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Nominalisation
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-fe28b97b-5298-4558-ac69-141a96c87827
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Nominalisation d’action
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-cb2ecaf9-7bef-4583-8bfd-d6f58a315b1d
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Nominalisation de participants
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-b684c923-a567-4e31-b752-bceeeb0ff202
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**** Nominalisation d’agent
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-ff6d145d-fd8d-4423-b9f5-064cf9e1a1ac
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**** Nominalisation de patient
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-d0d91161-3748-4768-8990-b2d545fb397b
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**** Nominalisation d’instrument
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-033007d8-05a7-4a0e-a8da-ce922ac46f13
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**** Nominalisation de lieux
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-68161483-4469-43c3-b84c-24f50db51ffe
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**** Nominalisation de produit
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-a7454e14-0dcb-4cf0-adc7-d44080f5f848
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**** Nominalisation de façon de faire
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-11d9a04b-7fe3-4796-bc7e-fc19cd9fee7f
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Temps, aspects, modes
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-f500dde8-de1c-41e7-bcfa-2f35353dd1fb
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Temps
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-d6c519b5-30fd-4812-a9fc-7a32feafa28f
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Aspects
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-c59c6a50-d662-4fc1-954f-3cf3cff38c4f
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Modes
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-a2e5515b-ea84-446b-99a7-d3924624925a
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Structures marquées pragmaticallement
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-53119c8d-f658-4d25-ba99-b83c2f7b1141
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Variation d’ordre des constituents
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-96b5098a-1978-4c3f-80a4-701c092094b7
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Particules contrastives ou emphatiques
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-89e9cd31-86ed-48bf-a008-602430bcf0ce
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Modèle d’intonations contrastives ou emphatiques
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-c0e68a68-7310-461d-976d-93347cf8b73e
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*** Négation
|
|
|
|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
|
|
|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-6a646498-d723-45b2-9e6b-2504130ea1ad
|
|
|
|
|
:END:
|
|
|
|
|
|
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*** Questions
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-67bd057c-f2cb-4cd0-8421-9188ed37b443
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:END:
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**** Questions absolues
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-51d5c4b8-3530-4f48-9d84-95cac67df00d
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:END:
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**** Questions relatives
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-0b88c67d-3dc2-4b7c-9e10-41fedff292c1
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:END:
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*** Impératif
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-38810677-b444-48fb-9d2a-3a83b482eb50
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:END:
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** Combinaison de clauses
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-750f8ccc-c3aa-4e6d-b553-344645ad14fb
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:END:
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*** Verbes de série
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-197ca667-84c4-4701-8b84-e12498940db8
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:END:
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*** Clauses complémentaires
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-39f3fd70-aff6-4bbf-99d9-e84d720afe6c
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:END:
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*** Clauses adverbiales
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-c05e3ae9-2880-4454-9027-53ad1cfb3975
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:END:
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*** Enchaînement de clauses
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-375bb375-7848-4da8-910f-25679b447bc0
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:END:
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*** Clauses relatives
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-bf2f8f43-92b4-486f-8e0a-24694ba445c1
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:END:
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*** Coordination
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-b8957545-ba37-47eb-a548-2a17968b290b
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:END:
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** Utilisation de la langue
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-14a41a5a-efa4-492e-967b-35011ea0628c
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:END:
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*** Typologie lexicale
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-285839a4-cc7c-435d-ba58-1600ca3f48f0
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:END:
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**** Espace, direction et mouvement
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-78bafe65-0cf5-49a4-aab5-fb5deb266015
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:END:
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**** Causation
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-84a756d2-ba4f-41a9-9496-40fa88259f9e
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:END:
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**** Perspective
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-f32373d9-9208-4f8c-a79c-b9a2cf1afce9
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:END:
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*** Continuité et discontinuité
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-89cae237-f281-4796-95a0-e0a48c368d01
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:END:
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**** Continuité de sujet référenciel
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-3a6784ba-3b39-4539-aeeb-a56d298649cd
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:END:
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**** Continuité thématique
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-621fd045-3082-4574-853b-89885f6a3b69
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:END:
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**** Continuité d’action
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-0b6b8ce5-367e-4502-af63-80ff14a10e4c
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:END:
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* Annexes
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-59ac4fcd-251d-492e-a73d-e33376457058
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:END:
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** Textes avec traduction interlinéaire
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-a0d083dc-a30f-47eb-8d24-cde1c259d9d9
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:END:
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** Dictionnaire
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-33a20978-20d6-4a26-8286-016d6c64b654
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:END:
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** Nombres
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-397983ed-28e5-44c3-afb9-04403aa52e2a
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:END:
|
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Les locuteurs du Ñyqy comptaient dans un mélange de base 6 pour les unités et
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de base 13 pour le reste.
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| <c5> | <c5> | <c5> |
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| / | <> | <> |
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| nombre | nombre (représentation ñyqy) | ñyqy |
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|--------+------------------------------+-------------------------|
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| 0 | 0 | {{{nyqy(pe)}}} |
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| 1 | 1 | {{{nyqy(mi)}}} |
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| 2 | 2 | {{{nyqy(qi)}}} |
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| 3 | 3 | {{{nyqy(né)}}} |
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| 4 | 4 | {{{nyqy(gé)}}} |
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| 5 | 5 | {{{nyqy(co)}}} |
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| 6 | 1-0 | {{{nyqy(mi ñy)}}} ou {{{nyqy(ñy)}}} |
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| 7 | 1-1 | {{{nyqy(ñy mi)}}} |
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| 8 | 1-2 | {{{nyqy(ñy qi)}}} |
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| 9 | 1-3 | {{{nyqy(ñy né)}}} |
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| 10 | 1-4 | {{{nyqy(ñy gé)}}} |
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| 11 | 1-5 | {{{nyqy(ñy co)}}} |
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| 12 | 2-0 | {{{nyqy(qi ñy)}}} |
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| 18 | 3-0 | {{{nyqy(né ñy)}}} |
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| 24 | 4-0 | {{{nyqy(gé ñy)}}} |
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| 30 | 5-0 | {{{nyqy(co ñy)}}} |
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| 36 | 6-0 | {{{nyqy(pe ñy ñy)}}} |
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| 42 | 7-0 | {{{nyqy(mi ñy ñy)}}} |
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| 48 | 8-0 | {{{nyqy(qi ñy ñy)}}} |
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| 54 | 9-0 | {{{nyqy(né ñy ñy)}}} |
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| 60 | a-0 | {{{nyqy(gé ñy ñy)}}} |
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| 66 | b-0 | {{{nyqy(co ñy ñy)}}} |
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| 72 | 1-0-0 | {{{nyqy(mi mó)}}} ou {{{nyqy(mó)}}} |
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| 216 | 6-0-0 | {{{nyqy(pe mó mó)}}} |
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| 864 | 1-0-0-0 | {{{nyqy(mi si)}}} ou {{{nyqy(si)}}} |
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| 1296 | 1-0-0-0-0 | {{{nyqy(gec)}}} |
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| 7776 | 1-0-0-0-0-0 | {{{nyqy(cójm)}}} |
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| 46656 | 1-0-0-0-0-0-0 | {{{nyqy(ñuñ)}}} |
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Comme vous pouvez le voir, afin d’exprimer des bases plus élevées, l’ordre de
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grandeur est répété afin d’ajouter cinq au multiplicateur, permettant ainsi
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une base treize pour ce qui n’est pas des unités.
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Pour convertir en base dix un chiffre Ñyqy, voici comment faire : les unités
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sont conservées telles quelles, et pour chaque équivalent de dizaines, que
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j’appellerai sixaines, les multiplier par six à la puissance de son décalage
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|
par rapport aux unités. Par exemple le nombre <gé si co mó mó ñy qi> ({{{phon(ɢe
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|
sɪ t͡ʃɔ mɤ ʀɤ my qɪ)}}}) se décompose ainsi :
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| <c> | <c> | <c> | <c> |
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| {{{nyqy(gé si)}}} | {{{nyqy(co mó mó)}}} | {{{nyqy(ñy)}}} | {{{nyqy(qi)}}} |
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|
| 4×6^{3} | 5×6^{2} | 1×6^{1} | 2×6^{0} |
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| 4×216 | 5*36 | 1×6 | 2×1 |
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| 864 | 180 | 6 | 2 |
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Ce qui donne donc 1052.
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** Références
|
|
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|
|
:PROPERTIES:
|
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|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-39866d3e-b4f9-4885-8581-53f7342ddf0c
|
|
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|
:END:
|
|
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|
|
* Footnotes
|
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|
:PROPERTIES:
|
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|
|
:CUSTOM_ID: h-defe47b2-686b-4d1c-ba9b-c84e6c482478
|
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|
:END:
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|
|
2019-09-25 01:50:54 +00:00
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[fn:5] It is to be noted the Ñyqy people used a hybrid number system, with which
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units were counted with a base 6 system, and higher numbers than 6 were counted
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with a base 12 system, except for its units.
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|
2019-09-23 13:12:47 +00:00
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[fn:4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlinear_gloss
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[fn:3] [[https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart]]
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2020-07-18 13:39:00 +00:00
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[fn:2] [[https://phundrak.com]]
|
2019-09-23 13:12:47 +00:00
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2020-07-18 13:39:00 +00:00
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[fn:1] https://langue.phundrak.com
|
2019-09-25 01:50:54 +00:00
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# LocalWords: Rhete né Hje lpel neography Ňy Qy proto
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