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								# -*- mode: org; org-confirm-babel-evaluate: nil -*-
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								#+TITLE: Ñyqy
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								#+include: ../headers
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								#+language: en
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								#+HTML_HEAD_EXTRA: <meta name="description" content="Detailed grammar of the Ñyqy constructed language" />
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								#+HTML_HEAD_EXTRA: <meta property="og:title" content="Grammar of Ñyqy" />
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								#+HTML_HEAD_EXTRA: <meta property="og:description" content="Detailed grammar of the Ñyqy constructed language" />
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								#+HTML_HEAD_EXTRA: <link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/nyqy.css"/>
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								#+OPTIONS: auto-id:t
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								#+MACRO: nyqy (eval (conlanging/nyqy-to-phonetics $1))
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								#+startup: content
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								# To be used at https://jasontank.net/wordgen.html
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								#+NAME: wordgen-backup
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								#+BEGIN_SRC text :exports none
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								  --CATEGORIES--
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								  A=qgcjñmnszpbw
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								  B=qgcjñmnszpb
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								  V=óéoe
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								  W=úuyi
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								  C=jczs
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								  P=mbpgq
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								  --REWRITE--
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								  --MONO--
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								  AV
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								  BW
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								  AVB
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								  BWB
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								  VB
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								  WB
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								  AVCP
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								  BWCP
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								  --MID--
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								  AV
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								  BW
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								  CPV
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								  CPW
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								  --INIT--
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								  AV
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								  BW
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								  --FINAL--
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								  AV
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								  BW
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								  CPV
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								  CPW
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								  AVB
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								  BWB
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								  CPVB
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								  CPWB
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								  AVCP
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								  BWCP
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								  CPVCP
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								  CPWCP
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								  --FLAGS--
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								  0 0 monoMostly dropoffSlow
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								  --ADVANCED--
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								  10
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								  150
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								  750
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								  30
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								  ||
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								#+END_SRC
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								* Introduction
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								  :PROPERTIES:
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								  :CUSTOM_ID: h-e44a14c5-9063-40a6-bce6-043b0869582e
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								  :UNNUMBERED: t
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								  :END:
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								** Foreword
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-45733210-18dc-486a-858a-0af1d438d285
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								   :END:
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								   It  is strictly  forbidden  to  redistribute or  sell  this  document. It  is
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								   protected under the  French law of intellectual property  and copyrights, and
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								   it belongs entirely to its author.  This document is available free of charge
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								   in  web and  PDF formats  on  my conlanging  website[fn:1]. If  you got  this
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								   document from  another source, regardless  if it was  free of charge  or not,
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								   please contact me either through my social networks or by email which you can
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								   find  on my  main  website[fn:2].  No individuals,  groups  or companies  are
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								   currently authorized  to redistribute this document  by any mean. If  you are
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								   interested in  redistributing it, please contact  me so we can  discuss about
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								   it.
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								   This document is about a constructed  language, or /conlang/, which I (Lucien
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								   “Phundrak” Cartier-Tilet) created. However, it will be written as an in-world
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								   document, as if  an in-world linguist wrote  it. Hence, if in  some parts you
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								   read things  like “[…] but this  subject needs to be  studied more thoroughly
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								   […]”, this simply means  I haven’t worked on or I  haven’t finished this part
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								   yet.  This chapter  and the  chapter §[[#h-8aa14ca5-6a1c-4e03-b30a-75bd90452308]]
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								   are the only chapters that have not  been written as if this were an in-world
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								   document.
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								** Introduction to Ñyqy as a conlang
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-8aa14ca5-6a1c-4e03-b30a-75bd90452308
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								   :END:
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								   The {{{nyqy(Ñyqy)}}} language is  a very simple language I created  with the aim of
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								   creating a  prototype language,  or /protolang/.  Although some  features you
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								   will encounter  later can be  surprising, I  do not aim  for it to  become as
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								   natural as other  naturalistic languages, or /natlangs/. Rather,  this one is
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								   simple enough to quickly learn its grammar, syntax, morphology and phonology,
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								   but it is also complex enough for  people to be able to actually the language
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								   for simple sentences. However, don’t expect it to be developed too in-depth.
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								** Introduction to Ñyqy as a real language
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-ad4d6a0c-e05b-4c28-98c6-baec9e843e96
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								   :END:
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								   All languages in our world come from something, from somewhere. All languages
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								   come from  another language, inherit  from it, and someone’s  ancestors spoke
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								   the latter for some time, before  slowly changing its rules and pronunciation
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								   enough to make  it into a new one,  while the old one probably  is not spoken
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								   anymore. Maybe even,  someday, there has been the first  word ever uttered by
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								   one of our ancestors,  and that was the birth of speech. Truth  is, we do not
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								   know exactly how  language appeared, nor when  did it appear. We  do not know
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								   what it sounded like, and what it was even like at all.
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								   However, although we cannot go back that far in time to discover this unknown
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								   part of  our history,  we are  able to  somewhat go  back in  time for  a few
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								   millennia, and discover languages that were  spoken then. This time machine we
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								   call  linguistics is  fueled  by  our contemporary  languages  and old,  dead
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								   languages  we know  about  thanks  to various  documentation,  both from  our
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								   current era and from the Old  Era. Thanks to comparative linguistics, a great
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								   number of  my colleagues and  predecessors were able, by  comparing languages
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								   against each  other, to  determine their relationship,  if these  were sister
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								   languages  or mother  and  daughter,  cousins, and  so  on. Progressively,  a
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								   genetic tree began to  appear, to be drawn, and to  classify the languages we
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								   know into families with various relatives, both alive and dead. And even if a
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								   great deal is still unknown about these families, we still have some ideas on
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								   who these languages’ ancestors were.
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								   Nowadays, it is possible thanks to all of these researches to finally have an
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								   idea of what these languages were like, and through these languages we have a
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								   tiny window  through which we can  guess what civilisations were  like during
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								   this period. And the furthest we ever went, the oldest language we know about
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								   is {{{nyqy(Ñyqy)}}}. This language is between  eight and eleven thousand years old,
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								   it was spoken in one of the birthplaces of civilisation, and it is the mother
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								   of  about half  the  languages spoken  throughout the  world.  Several of  my
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								   colleagues both  from the  past or  from the present  have already  made some
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								   fantastic progress  on this legendary  language. I  myself helped some  of my
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								   colleagues in their works, and this has been a great honor.
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								   However, working on this topic made me face a reality I was not aware of only
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								   a  few  years ago  which  might  be critical  for  anyone  studying the  Ñyqy
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								   language: there are no book in which  we can find everything ever known, that
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								   was ever discovered about the language, all  in one single work. If anyone is
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								   interested in the  Ñyqy language, they currently have to  go through hundreds
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								   if  not thousands  of books,  papers and  other media  in order  to find  the
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								   information they  are searching for, and  this lack of centralization  of the
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								   information  about this  language  sometimes  turns out  as  a nightmare  for
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								   students and professors  alike. I think I  even might be safe  saying most of
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								   the work we  do as Ñyqy specialists  is not dedicated to the  language or its
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								   culture, but just finding the right information.
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								   When  I realized  that, I  shared my  thoughts with  my friend  and colleague
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								   Q. Rhete about this, and we came to an agreement: we would spend as much time
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								   as necessary to make  a compendium of all the knowledge  we currently have on
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								   the  Ñyqy people.  While she  will work  on the  cultural aspect,  I will  be
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								   working on the  language itself. And of course, as  both subjects are closely
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								   tied together,  we will be  helping each other. While  I will be  including a
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								   very short  version of her  work in the following  chapters, she will  do the
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								   same in her book.
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								   I pray our work will be rewarded with success, I pray students and professors
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								   alike will find or work useful, and I pray this will greatly help scholars in
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								   their quest for  knowledge as much as  it helped us during the  time we wrote
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								   this. /né_{4}Hje_{2}lpel/
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								** Conventions
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-410ccf5a-d5eb-436b-b3f4-a0a4bb4249e9
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								   :END:
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								   In this document, I will make use of some conventions you can usually find in
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								   other linguistic  books, such  as interlinear grammatical  glosses, preceding
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								   stars  =*=  indicating erroneous  or  theoretical  but unattested  linguistic
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								   elements, a preceding question mark =?= to mark questionable elements, or the
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								   zero number =0= to indicate the absence of one or several elements.
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								** Abbreviation list
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-a5c14a00-99bb-48f9-8441-2b7624ccb1f0
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								   :END:
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								* The Cultural, Ecological and Sociolinguistic Context of Ñyqy
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								  :PROPERTIES:
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								  :CUSTOM_ID: h-362fe960-94ae-42e2-8db3-54d52c7de175
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								  :END:
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								  This part  will be an  (rather long) abstract from  /The Ñyqy People/  from my
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								  colleague Q. Rhęte,  a book  about the  culture of  this people  compiling all
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								  knowledge available at  that time on the subject. I  strongly encourage you to
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								  read it  if you intend to  study Ñyqy in order  to know in which  context this
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								  language was use. Below you will only  have a short version of this work which
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								  is the  absolute minimum any Ñyqy  student should know, but  again, you should
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								  definitively get the book itself.
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								** The people, its self image
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-6b729f0a-7131-443b-8ef3-ddfbaa23c65d
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								   :END:
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								   Few things are known about the Ñyqy people due to how distant it is from us,
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								   and due to how little amount of elements we have as direct knowledge from
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								   them if any. Most of our knowledge comes from works from scholars from the
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								   Old Era, and most of the knowledge from our era comes from analyzing even
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								   further the various pieces of evidence we could get from the Old Era and
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								   archaeological researches.
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								   The name of  the language has been  chosen by linguists of the  Old Era, most
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								   likely due to its meaning: “us”. It seems like this term could have been used
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								   by the  {{{nyqy(Ñyqy)}}} people  to designate  themselves, but  we have  too little
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								   proofs of this  to say it with  certainty. This words can be  analyzed as two
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								   basic  morphemes, {{{nyqy(ñy)}}}  and  {{{nyqy(qy)}}}.  The former  is  the first  person
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								   singular personal  pronoun, and the latter  is the Ñyqy term  for “six”[fn:5]
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								   which  is used  here to  mark plurality,  and hence  the first  person plural
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								   personal pronoun.
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								   It should  be reminded the  name of  this language, /Ñyqy/,  is traditionally
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								   written as  a single word;  however, this should be  labeled as a  bad habit.
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								   Indeed, each  of its components  can and  should be considered  as individual
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								   words, hence  the neography /Ňy  Qy/ which  is already in  use by some  of my
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								   colleagues. Although  I appreciate  their initiative, I  will keep  using the
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								   spelling /Ñyqy/ in  this work in order  to follow the norm most  of us follow
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								   and have followed for centuries in order not to confuse potential readers who
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								   do not know about this rather new  spelling. Some people also refer to /Ñyqy/
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								   as /proto-Ñyqy/,  but I find this  naming redundant, is rare  overall, and is
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								   used  only if  one  wants  to insist  on  the nature  of  the  language as  a
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								   prototypical one.
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								** Previous research
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-15a213ff-d8f9-479b-a426-08d65de30d5d
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								   :END:
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								   As mentioned  earlier, Ñyqy is  the subject of constant  linguistic research,
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								   first  by linguists  from the  Old Era,  most of  them who  unfortunately are
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								   nameless today. Their knowledge of Ñyqy was undoubtedly vastly more important
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								   than  the knowledge  we have  about it  today, but  we should  consider it  a
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								   miracle so much of  their knowledge survived and was saved  from the ruins of
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								   their past universities discovered two hundred years ago.
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								   This  knowledge,  once translated,  served  as  the  base knowledge  for  our
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								   research for the  last two centuries, including our knowledge  about the Ñyqy
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								   language.  Our  contemporary   colleague  we  have  to  thank   the  most  is
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								   Pr. Loqbrekh with  his thesis  from 3489  and who dedicated  his life  to the
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								   restoration  of the  lost knowledge  of this  language. Officially,  the last
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								   segment  about this  topic was  translated in  3524, and  to this  day, 3664,
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								   linguists use comparative linguistics to study  further Ñyqy. We also have to
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								   thank Pr. Khorlan (3598) who made a  great deal of discoveries by linking the
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								   Énanonn language  to Ñyqy, and  Pr. Lero who  compared the evolution  of Ñyqy
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								   with  the evolution  of Tãso  (3601).  This work  will mostly  rely on  their
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								   papers, although many  more will be used, mainly from  the University of Ðbńo
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								   and the General Study Assembly of Lormel.
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								** Ethnology
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											2019-09-23 15:12:47 +02:00
										 
									 
								 
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-dec628cc-50e8-4370-889d-e54b2a2e2280
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								   :END:
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											2019-09-25 03:50:54 +02:00
										 
									 
								 
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								   It is good to remind the reader that we have very little knowledge about the
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								   Ñyqy people that come from direct proof and
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											2019-09-23 15:12:47 +02:00
										 
									 
								 
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								   Ce qui suit est  un résumé de ce que l’on sait sur  le peuple Ñyqy. Pour plus
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								   de  détails,  vous pouvez  vous  référer  à  l’ouvrage  /Le peuple  Ñyqy/  de
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								   K. Yerth, 3404. Un avertissement est tout de même nécessaire :
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								   #+BEGIN_QUOTE
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								   Nous n’avons  que très peu  de preuves et  témoignages directs sur  le peuple
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								   Ñyqy  autre que  par les  ouvrages des  scientifiques de  l’Ère ancienne,  et
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								   actuellement  par  les recherches  linguistiques  faites  par des  chercheurs
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								   contemporains à cet ouvrage. Par conséquent, même si les anciens paraissaient
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								   très confiants dans  leurs découvertes, il nous est  impossible d’affirmer ce
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								   que l’on sait  sur ce peuple comme  étant un fait, mais  simplement comme une
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								   forte probabilité que  c’était en effet le cas. La  recherche actuelle sur ce
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								   peuple et  les hypothèses et  théories peuvent  sembler très solides,  mais à
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								   bien y regarder, elles ne le sont qu’entre elles, en supposant que ce que les
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								   scientifiques  de l’Ère  ancienne  ne  se trompaient  pas.  Les seules  bases
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								   tangibles  auxquelles nous  avons  encore  accès sont  celles  posées par  la
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								   linguistique historique,  mais hélas  celle-ci se repose  également fortement
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								   sur ces incertitudes que nous avons.
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								   — K. Yerth
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								   #+END_QUOTE
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								   Le peuple Ñyqy  était un peuple vivant dans l’actuel  Rhésode, dans la vallée
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								   du Mojhal.  Son cœur  économique se  situait selon  toutes évidences  dans le
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								   delta  du fleuve  Mojhal, où  la première  forme de  civilisation connue  est
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								   apparue.   Leur   activité   principale  était   basée   principalement   sur
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								   l’agriculture, en  particulier sur la  culture d’un grain pouvant  être selon
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								   les sources  du blé  ou du riz,  voire les deux.  Leur élevage  était orienté
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								   principalement sur  celui des  vaches et des  porcs. Une  importante activité
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								   d’échange  fluviale  s’était  probablement   déjà  développée,  ainsi  qu’une
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								   activité de pêche dans la zone maritime de la vallée du Mojhal.
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								   Le mode de  vie était ainsi donc principalement sédentaire,  et il semblerait
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								   que  les familles  vivaient  ensemble sous  le même  toit,  dans des  maisons
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								   communales  {{{nyqy(súmusq)}}} ;  cela  inclus  tous  les  membres  de  la  famille
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								   descendant de l’ancêtre commun le plus  âgé, ainsi que leurs époux ou épouses
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								   respectifs.
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								   Sur  ce  dernier  point,  il  semblerait qu’il  n’y  avait  pas  de  tendance
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								   particulière quant  à qui  rejoignais la  famille de  qui parmi  les familles
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								   représentant le bas peuple,  composées principalement de paysans, d’artisants
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								   et de petits marchants. En revanche,  il semblerait qu’il était beaucoup plus
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								   fréquent  pour les  hommes de  rejoindre la  famille de  leur femme  une fois
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								   mariés si la  famille pouvait être considérée comme riche  ou importante, par
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								   exemple  si il  s’agit  d’une  famille de  riches  marchands  ou une  famille
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								   détenant un pouvoir militaire.
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								   Dans chaque  agglomération se trouvait au  moins un temple où  le peuple Ñyqy
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								   pratiquaient leur religion polythéïste. Il est cependant impossible de savoir
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								   s’il s’agissait de croyances liées à la religion qui dominait l’Ère ancienne.
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								   Les seuls points communs sont la vénération de plusieurs dizaines de dieux au
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								   moins, ainsi que la vénération des étoiles et du feu.
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								** Corpus, reconstruction de la langue
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-acf6406f-5fd3-4d01-a0f0-89adef88d5ff
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								   :END:
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								* Aperçu structurel
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								  :PROPERTIES:
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								  :CUSTOM_ID: h-6e72a430-ce27-41ab-b2a6-4b8f54c2a2d3
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								  :END:
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								** Esquisse typologique du Ñyqy
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-e2f22e3c-6069-4881-a3e2-3d319e434fb7
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								   :END:
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								   Le  Ñyqy  est une  langue  qui  apparaît  comme étant  fortement  analytique,
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								   reposant principalement sur  sa syntaxe afin d’exprimer sa  grammaire et très
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								   peu  sur  des  règles  morphologiques.   La  large  majorité  des  mots  sont
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								   monosyllabiques ou bisyllabiques, et  les phrases s’articulent souvent autour
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								   de morphèmes liés  monosyllabiques que l’on peut interpréter  comme étant des
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								   particules  grammaticales.  Voici  un  exemple  de phrase  en  Ñyqy  avec  sa
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								   traduction et son détail grammatical :
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								   1. {{{nyqy(ñe pom qy)}}}
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								      maison GEN 1sg
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								      C’est ma maison
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								   2. {{{nyqy(bú qi pim mo coq)}}}
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								      2sg deux pomme PST manger
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								      Nous avons mangé une pomme
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								   3. {{{nyqy(qy qun gó)}}}
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								      1sg OPT boire
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								      Je souhaite boire
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								   Dans l’exemple n°1, nous pouvons remarquer l’abscence d’un verbe « être », ce
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								   qui est un exemple des prédicats  existentiels qui ne requièrent pas de verbe
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								   afin  d’exprimer  une  possession.  On  peut  également  voir  que  l’élément
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								   définisant est situé après la particule génitive, tandis que l’élément défini
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								   se situe avant celle-ci. Il s’agit là d’un des nombreux exemples montrant que
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								   le  Ñyqy  est  une  langue  dont   la  tête  de  ses  diverses  constructions
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								   grammaticales  est finale  et  non  initiale.
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								   L’exemple n°2  nous montre  la méthode  utilisée en  Ñyqy afin  d’employer le
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								   duel : il s’agit d’affixer le nombre « deux » à l’élément que nous souhaitons
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								   infléchir. Ainsi, {{{nyqy(bú qi)}}} peut être considéré comme le pronom personel de
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								   la seconde personne du singulier infléchis afin de devenir le pronom personel
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								   de la seconde personne du duel.
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								   Le troisième  exemple présente  un exemple  d’ordre basique  des constituants
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								   d’une  clause simple,  où  l’on peut  voir  une suite  SV  dans cette  clause
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								   intransitive.  On peut  également  remarquer la  présence  d’un morphème  lié
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								   {{{nyqy(qun)}}} dont le rôle est de marquer  un mode pour le verbe, en l’occurrence
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								   l’optatif.     Comme     nous     le     verrons     dans     le     chapitre
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								   [[#h-26aa65ba-2694-4c63-bf91-258dad3b0430]], il  s’agit de la  méthode principale
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								   d’inflexion des verbes du Ñyqy.
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								** Inventaire phonologique et translittération
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-f9f0a2a0-98a6-49d5-b943-98daa6078d3a
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								   :END:
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								   La phonologie d’une  langue est l’étude des sons qui  la composent, ainsi que
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								   l’organisation  et  l’interaction de  ces  derniers  entre  eux. Cela  a  des
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								   conséquences importantes,  comme la  caractéristique esthétique sonore  de la
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								   langue, ou  bien les  variations possible dans  la prononciation  de certains
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								   sons qui peuvent paraître naturelles pour  les locuteurs natifs de la langue,
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								   mais  pas nécessairement  pour nous.  Même si  plus personne  ne parle  cette
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								   langue actuellement,  il me  semble important pour  les étudiants  de langues
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								   anciennes  de pouvoir  associer  des sons  aux divers  mots  et aux  diverses
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								   phrases qu’ils rencontreront ;  il s’agit d’une langue, après  tout ! Dans ce
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								   chapitre, j’essaierai de présenter ce qui  est connu de la phonologie du Ñyqy
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								   afin que l’on puisse se faire une  idée de ce à quoi ressemblait cette langue
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								   lorsqu’elle était parlée il y a plusieurs millénaires.
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								*** Voyelles
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-bd23520b-500c-4131-aa1c-8431cbe097df
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								    :END:
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								    #+NAME: table:vowels:ipa
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								    #+CAPTION: Voyelles du Ñyqy (IPA)
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								    #+ATTR_LATEX: :placement [htb]
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								    |           / |      <      |      <       |
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								    |         <r> |     <c>     |     <c>      |
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								    |             | antérieures | postérieures |
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								    |-------------+-------------+--------------|
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								    |     fermées |      y      |      u       |
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								    | pré-fermées |      ɪ      |      ʊ       |
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								    |  mi-fermées |      ø      |      ɤ       |
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								    | mi-ouvertes |      ɛ      |      ɔ       |
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								    #+NAME: table:vowels:trans
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								    #+CAPTION: Voyelles du Ñyqy (translittération)
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								    #+ATTR_LATEX: :placement [htb]
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								    |         <r> |     <c>     |     <c>      |
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								    |           / |      <      |      <       |
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								    |             | antérieures | postérieures |
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								    |-------------+-------------+--------------|
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								    |     fermées |      y      |      ú       |
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								    | pré-fermées |      i      |      u       |
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								    |  mi-fermées |      é      |      ó       |
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								    | mi-ouvertes |      e      |      o       |
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								    #+NAME: vow-tree
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											2020-09-12 16:08:41 +02:00
										 
									 
								 
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								    #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
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											2019-09-23 15:12:47 +02:00
										 
									 
								 
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								      (setq-local nyqy-vowels
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								        '("[vowel]"
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								 | 
							
							
								          ("[back]"
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								           ("[tense]"
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								            ("[high]" ("ú"))
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								            ("{high}" ("ó")))
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								           ("{tense}"
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								            ("[high]" ("u"))
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								            ("{high}" ("o"))))
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								          ("{back}"
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								           ("[tense]"
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								 | 
							
							
								            ("[high]" ("y"))
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								            ("{high}" ("é")))
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								           ("{tense}"
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								            ("[high]" ("i"))
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								            ("{high}" ("e"))))))
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								      (conlanging/tree-to-dot nyqy-vowels)
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								    #+END_SRC
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											2020-09-12 16:08:41 +02:00
										 
									 
								 
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								    #+BEGIN_SRC dot :file nyqy/vowel-feature-tree.png :var input=vow-tree
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											2019-09-23 15:12:47 +02:00
										 
									 
								 
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								      $input
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								    #+END_SRC
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								    #+NAME: arbre:vowels
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											2020-05-05 12:35:19 +02:00
										 
									 
								 
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								    #+ATTR_HTML: :alt Arbre des voyelles du Ñyqy :class gentree
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											2019-09-23 15:12:47 +02:00
										 
									 
								 
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								    #+ATTR_LATEX: :float sideways
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								    #+CAPTION: Arbre des caractéristiques des voyelles du Ñyqy
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								    #+RESULTS[e1f2ca12b3da614823629b888c369ed0ddf3e4a5]:
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								    [[file:img/nyqy/vowel-feature-tree.png]]
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								*** Consonnes
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-49ab3d74-6565-4f88-835c-f88425493d3f
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								    :END:
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								    #+NAME: cons-tree
							 | 
						
					
						
							
								
									
										
										
										
											2020-09-12 16:08:41 +02:00
										 
									 
								 
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								    #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
							 | 
						
					
						
							
								
									
										
										
										
											2019-09-23 15:12:47 +02:00
										 
									 
								 
							 | 
							
								
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								      (setq-local nyqy-consonants
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								        '("[cons]"
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								 | 
							
							
								          ("[son]"
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								 | 
							
							
								           ("[dor]"
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								 | 
							
							
								            ("[high]")
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								 | 
							
							
								            ("{high}"))
							 | 
						
					
						
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								 | 
							
							
								           ("{dor}"
							 | 
						
					
						
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								 | 
							
							
								            ("[cor]")
							 | 
						
					
						
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								 | 
							
							
								            ("{cor}")))
							 | 
						
					
						
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								 | 
							
							
								          ("{son}"
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								           ("[dor]"
							 | 
						
					
						
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								 | 
							
							
								            ("[voice]"
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								             ("[high]")
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								             ("{high}"))
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								            ("{voice}"
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								             ("[high]")
							 | 
						
					
						
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								             ("{high}")))
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								           ("{dor}"
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								            ("[voice]"
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								             ("[cor]")
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								             ("{cor}"))
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								            ("{voice}"
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								             ("[cor]")
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								             ("{cor}"))))))
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								      (conlanging/tree-to-dot nyqy-consonants)
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								    #+END_SRC
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											2020-09-12 16:08:41 +02:00
										 
									 
								 
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								    #+BEGIN_SRC dot :file nyqy/consonant-feature-tree.png :var input=cons-tree
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											2019-09-23 15:12:47 +02:00
										 
									 
								 
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								      $input
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								    #+END_SRC
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								    #+NAME: arbre:cons
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											2020-05-05 12:35:19 +02:00
										 
									 
								 
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								    #+ATTR_HTML: :alt Arbre des consonnes du Ñyqy :class gentree
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											2019-09-23 15:12:47 +02:00
										 
									 
								 
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								    #+ATTR_LATEX: :float sideways
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								    #+CAPTION: Arbre des caractéristiques des consonnes du Ñyqy
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								    #+RESULTS[ea6462370981c1a011d17d703545ec6e6f38f4de]:
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								    [[file:img/nyqy/consonant-feature-tree.png]]
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								    #+NAME: table:cons:ipa
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								    #+CAPTION: Consonnes du Ñyqy (IPA)
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								    |              <r5> |        <c5>        |        <c5>         |          <c5>           |       <c5>       |       <c5>        |       <c5>        |
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								    |                 / |         <          |          <          |            <            |        <         |         <         |         <         |
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								    |                   | {{{v(bilablial)}}} | {{{v(alvéolaire)}}} | {{{v(labial-velaire)}}} | {{{v(palatal)}}} | {{{v(uvulaire)}}} | {{{v(pharygal)}}} |
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								    |-------------------+--------------------+---------------------+-------------------------+------------------+-------------------+-------------------|
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								    |            plosif |        p b         |                     |                         |                  |        q ɢ        |                   |
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								    |             nasal |         m          |          n          |                         |                  |         ɴ         |                   |
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								    |              tapé |                    |                     |                         |                  |        (ʀ)        |                   |
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								    |          fricatif |                    |         s z         |                         |     (x) (ɣ)      |      (χ) (ʁ)      |      (ħ) (ʕ)      |
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								    |          affriqué |                    |        t͡ʃ d͡ʒ        |                         |                  |                   |                   |
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								    | latérale affriqué |                    |       (ɬ) (ɮ)       |                         |                  |                   |                   |
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								    |  latérale spirant |                    |         (l)         |                         |                  |                   |                   |
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								    |       approximant |                    |                     |                         |       (j)        |                   |                   |
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								    |           spirant |                    |                     |            w            |                  |                   |                   |
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								    #+NAME: table:cons:trans
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								    #+CAPTION: Consonnes du Ñyqy (translittération)
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								    |      <r> |        <c5>        |        <c5>         |          <c5>           |       <c5>        |
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								    |        / |         <          |          <          |            <            |         <         |
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								    |          | {{{v(bilablial)}}} | {{{v(alvéolaire)}}} | {{{v(labial-velaire)}}} | {{{v(uvulaire)}}} |
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								    |----------+--------------------+---------------------+-------------------------+-------------------|
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								    |   plosif |        p b         |                     |                         |        q g        |
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								    |    nasal |         m          |          n          |                         |         ñ         |
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								    | fricatif |                    |         s z         |                         |                   |
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								    | affriqué |                    |         c j         |                         |                   |
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								    |  spirant |                    |                     |            w            |                   |
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								*** Tons et accentuation
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-69fc0d1e-1375-4048-9775-8aacc4860eb4
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								    :END:
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								*** Translittération
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-62862440-965c-48c5-affb-25323f466c6b
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								    :END:
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								    Le Ñyqy étant une langue orale, aucune transcription historique n’en existe.
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								    Ainsi, seule  la translittération  présentée ici fait  office d’orthographe,
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								    suivant de près  la prononciation. La transcription phonétique  de la langue
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								    utilisant l’IPA[fn:3]  est également possible,  mais moins lisible  je pense
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								    pour le  lecteur, alors  que la  translittération lui  laissera le  choix de
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								    l’accent avec lequel il souhaite lire le Ñyqy.
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								** Phonotaxes
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-fec68fe1-478e-46fa-8093-175ad3546347
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								   :END:
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								*** Structure syllabique
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-1058e08a-b109-43fa-8371-305685fda023
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								   :END:
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								    Une syllabe  typique en Mattér se  présente sous la forme  (C)V(CC), avec au
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								    moins  une consonne  obligatoire  soit  dans l’attaque  soit  dans le  coda,
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								    suivant les règles présentées ci-dessous.
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								    Une     règle      universelle     fut     déjà      présentée     ci-dessus
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								    (§[[#h-19816428-bd33-40a2-a682-acc2d0afe668]]) : deux consonnes  de même qualité
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								    dorsale ne  peuvent se suivre, qu’elles  soient séparées par aucune,  une ou
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								    plusieurs  voyelles. Ainsi,  les  termes {{{phon(qʊn)}}}  ou  {{{phon(nɔsq)}}} sont  des
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								    termes valides selon cette règle, mais  *{{{phon(t͡ʃɔq)}}} ne l’est pas, ce dernier
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								    se prononcera {{{phon(t͡ʃɔħ)}}}.
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								    Si, dû à la mutation des  consonnes, deux consonnes se retrouvent adjacentes
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								    sans suivre les règles indiquées ci-dessous, alors un schwa est inséré entre
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								    ces  deux  consonnes.  Exemple :  /cójm/ est  prononcé  {{{phon(t͡ʃɤɮəʀ)}}}  si  la
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								    première consonne n’est pas mutée, sinon le mot est prononcé {{{phon(ɬɤd͡ʒm)}}}.
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								    L’attaque peut être  composée de n’importe quelle consonne,  tout comme elle
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								    ne peut en comporter aucune.
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								    Le  noyau de  la  syllabe peut  être composé  de  n’importe quelle  voyelle,
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								    exceptée  une  voyelle haute  si  la  consonne  précédente est  une  dorsale
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								    sonorante haute.
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								    Les règles du coda sont également simples :
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								    - Les consonnes coronales ou hautes  non sonorantes peuvent être suivies par
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								      des consonnes non coronales ou non hautes.
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								    - Les consonnes  sonorantes, dorsales et  hautes ne peuvent  s’associer avec
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								      d’autres consonnes dans le coda.
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								    Quelques règles  se rajoutent aux  règles précédentes pour les  consonnes se
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								    trouvent entre deux syllabes différentes :
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								    - Les  consonnes sonorantes  et  non-dorsales peuvent  précéder toute  autre
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								      consonne à  la condition que  ces premières fassent  partie du coda  de la
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								      première syllabe.
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								    - Si deux consonnes coronales non-dorsales se suivent, la seconde prendra le
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								      voisement de la  première. Si après cela, la seconde  consonne se retrouve
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								      identique  à la  première,  alors  la seconde  devient  silencieuse et  la
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								      première devient géminée.
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								    - Dans les autres cas, si une règle du coda est applicable entre la dernière
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								      consonne de  la première  syllabe et  la première  consonne de  la seconde
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								      syllabe, la prononciation est conservée.
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								    - Si les règles précédentes ne s’appliquent  pas, il est supposé qu’un schwa
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								      est ajouté afin de pouvoir rendre la syllabe prononçable.
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								*** Allophonie
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-19816428-bd33-40a2-a682-acc2d0afe668
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								   :END:
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								    Il  existe  relativement  peu  de  règles  allophoniques  connues  en  Ñyqy,
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								    cependant quelques unes sont à peu près certaines :
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								    - C[+dor] / C[+dor]_ > [-dor]
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								    - C[-dor] / C[-dor]_ > [+dor]
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								    Les  deux dernières  règles  reflètent  une règle  générale  du Nyqy :  deux
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								    consonnes  ne peuvent  se  suivre si  elles sont  toutes  deux dorsales,  la
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								    seconde devant alors changer sa qualité afin  de se soumettre à la règle. Sa
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								    qualité haute ou coronale se reflète également lors du changement de qualité
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								    dorsale de la  consonne, la qualité /haute/ ou  /coronale/ étant considérées
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								    comme    équivalentes    en    Ñyqy.    Vous   pouvez    voir    la    table
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								    [[table:mutation:consonants]] qui récapitule les  mutation des consonnes du Ñyqy
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								    dû à cette règle.
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								    #+NAME: table:mutation:consonants
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								    #+CAPTION: Table de mutation des consonnes du Ñyqy
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								    |        /         |              |   | < |                  |              |
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								    |       <c>        |     <c>      |   |   |       <c>        |     <c>      |
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								    | [+dor] originale | [-dor] mutée |   |   | [-dor] originale | [+dor] mutée |
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								    |------------------+--------------+---+---+------------------+--------------|
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								    |        q         |      ħ       |   |   |        p         |      χ       |
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								    |        ɢ         |      ʕ       |   |   |        b         |      ʁ       |
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								    |        ɴ         |      m       |   |   |        m         |      ʀ       |
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								    |        t͡ʃ        |      ɬ       |   |   |        n         |      j       |
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								    |        d͡ʒ        |      ɮ       |   |   |        s         |      x       |
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								    |        w         |      l       |   |   |        z         |      ɣ       |
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								    Ainsi, la phrase {{{nyqy(ñe pom qy)}}} ne  se prononce pas *{{{phon(ɴɛ pɔm qy)}}}, et la
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								    phrase {{{nyqy(qi bú pim mo coq)}}} se ne prononce pas *{{{phon(qɪ bʊ pɪm mɔ t͡ʃɔq)}}}.
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								** Structure des mots
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-3a8e9769-9aca-4ada-b127-6386742d5b32
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								   :END:
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								** Processus phonologiques et morphophonémiques principaux
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-477abbdc-eab0-4bd4-9d27-c39d9219d1d7
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								   :END:
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								*** Harmonie des consonnes
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-441266e7-313b-4dc0-8da8-31a385eea81b
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								    :END:
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								** Classes de mots
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-ca9ceb49-d27e-4f67-bd53-37762ea4f797
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								   :END:
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								*** Noms
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-a0195f74-9ac1-417c-8af7-cc329e0efc04
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								    :END:
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								    Les noms en Ñyqy se réfèrent généralement à des entités définies, comme des
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								    objets, des personnes, des concepts ou événements. Contrairement à beaucoup
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								    d’autres langues, et du fait de la nature très analytique de la langue, les
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								    noms ne supportent aucune caractéristique morphosyntaxique ; ils peuvent
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								    cependant s’associer à d’autres éléments du fait de leur nature, notamment
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								    grâce à des particules grammaticales.
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								**** La structure d’un nom
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								     :PROPERTIES:
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								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-59a8a234-a3d0-4a8b-85f2-66abe231cbe6
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								     :END:
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								**** Dérivations
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								     :PROPERTIES:
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								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-3609d30d-2c4a-4cc9-9693-80ee16a0292e
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								     :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								**** Inflections
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								     :PROPERTIES:
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								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-bb4f100b-4f1f-410c-9cf1-81dd86bba054
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								     :END:
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								**** Noms comptables et noms indénombrables
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								     :PROPERTIES:
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								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-31004fed-3cf7-4b7d-a4d2-88e38843c3d0
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								     :END:
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								**** Noms propres
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								     :PROPERTIES:
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								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-f093f96b-9501-456a-93a8-19709bd2b3cf
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								     :END:
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								*** Pronoms et clitiques anaphoriques
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-94456c13-5082-4c98-86d4-011be90cbc78
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								    :END:
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								**** Pronoms personnels
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								     :PROPERTIES:
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								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-7c2642e5-e813-4b7e-ad82-933c997914bc
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								     :END:
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								**** Pronoms démonstratifs
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								     :PROPERTIES:
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								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-d5c2c839-0ac4-4aad-9efd-5ae2635c85f2
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								     :END:
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								*** Verbes
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-26aa65ba-2694-4c63-bf91-258dad3b0430
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								    :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								**** Structure verbale
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								 | 
							
							
								     :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-adfce8d6-1a7a-4cb8-b6cb-97ea1c1c448b
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								 | 
							
							
								     :END:
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								**** Dérivations verbales
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								 | 
							
							
								     :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-d24313ab-d25e-4057-92fc-539a35148646
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								 | 
							
							
								     :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								**** Inflections verbales
							 | 
						
					
						
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								 | 
							
							
								     :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-a93f1630-eeff-4e33-aa34-7c75b4b83e0e
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								     :END:
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								*** Modifieurs
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-28acd155-bd9c-4eeb-9a2d-367f70b164b2
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								    :END:
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								**** Adjectifs descriptifs
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								     :PROPERTIES:
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								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-e8c91c51-ccd6-4f05-9948-454f3154e297
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								     :END:
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								**** Quantifieurs non-numéraux
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								     :PROPERTIES:
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								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-782d5ae9-c047-4f53-b20c-7b7f732e4e8a
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								     :END:
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								**** Numéraux
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								     :PROPERTIES:
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								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-8b121d9f-4e6f-4e82-b50b-835fd94feb5c
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								     :END:
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								**** Adverbes
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								     :PROPERTIES:
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								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-863bc9c8-da03-4c1f-b80a-d4668d4c3294
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								     :END:
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								*** Adpositions
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-fc26dc39-cc85-4f94-b942-65e6cbf1d98a
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								    :END:
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								*** Particules grammaticales
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-d5d00396-a8d7-409f-a34e-d457013248d9
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								    :END:
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								** Typologie de l’ordre des constituants
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-add29401-0e7d-45bb-93de-e53286dc4a2d
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								   :END:
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								   Le Ñyqy est une langue dont sa tête de groupement grammaticaux tend à être en
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								   dernière position.
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								   #+NAME: basic-syntax-tree
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											2020-09-12 16:08:41 +02:00
										 
									 
								 
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								   #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
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											2019-09-23 15:12:47 +02:00
										 
									 
								 
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								     (setq-local nyqy-syntax-tree
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								                 '("S"
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								                   ("Obl")
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								                   ("S'"
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								                    ("NPerg"
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								                     ("NP"))
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								                    ("VP"
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								                     ("NPdat"
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								                      ("NP"))
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								                     ("VP'"
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								                      ("NPabs"
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								                       ("NP"
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								                        ("S")
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								                        ("NP'"
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								                         ("Adj")
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								                         ("N"))))
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								                      ("V'"
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								                       ("Mood")
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								                       ("Tense")
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								                       ("V")
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								                       ("Neg")))))))
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								     (conlanging/tree-to-dot nyqy-syntax-tree)
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								   #+END_SRC
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								   #+RESULTS[24286e618306da25dc9283fdc01819e3b5d77394]: basic-syntax-tree
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								   : graph{node[shape=plaintext];graph[bgcolor="transparent"];0[label="S"];1[label="Obl"];0 -- 1;2[label="S'"];0 -- 2;21[label="NPerg"];2 -- 21;211[label="NP"];21 -- 211;22[label="VP"];2 -- 22;221[label="NPdat"];22 -- 221;2211[label="NP"];221 -- 2211;222[label="VP'"];22 -- 222;2221[label="NPabs"];222 -- 2221;22211[label="NP"];2221 -- 22211;222111[label="S"];22211 -- 222111;222112[label="NP'"];22211 -- 222112;2221121[label="Adj"];222112 -- 2221121;2221122[label="N"];222112 -- 2221122;2222[label="V'"];222 -- 2222;22221[label="Mood"];2222 -- 22221;22222[label="Tense"];2222 -- 22222;22223[label="V"];2222 -- 22223;22224[label="Neg"];2222 -- 22224;}
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											2020-09-12 16:08:41 +02:00
										 
									 
								 
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								   #+BEGIN_SRC dot :file nyqy/basic-syntax.png :var input=basic-syntax-tree
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											2019-09-23 15:12:47 +02:00
										 
									 
								 
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								     $input
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								   #+END_SRC
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								   #+NAME: arbre:syntaxe:basique
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								   #+attr_html: :alt Arbre de syntaxe basique du Ñyqy
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								   #+CAPTION: Arbre de syntaxe basique du Ñyqy
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								   #+RESULTS[f610dcdc0787e77f58af7974f394c881f032f96a]:
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								   [[file:img/nyqy-basic-syntax.png]]
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								   On voit grâce à l’arbre [[arbre:syntaxe:basique]] que la structure générale d’une
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								   phrase démarre avec  des éléments divers liés à la  clause principale, qui ne
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								   se rapportent au verbe ni par une relation ergative, ni absolutive ni dative.
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								   Ensuite  vient la  phrase nominale  ergative, suivie  par la  phrase nominale
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								   dative, puis  la phrase  verbale. Cette  dernière se  constitue de  la phrase
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								   nominale absolutive, suivie par le verbe,  lui-même composé par son mode, son
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								   temps, le verbe lui-même et sa négation.
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								*** Clauses principales
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-76ccdf86-f9b5-4cee-82cf-52254848a449
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								    :END:
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								*** Phrases verbales
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-e259aa87-569f-4ce7-8caf-05b9cbd77c1b
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								    :END:
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								*** Phrases nominales
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-90885dd9-8c81-498b-a476-dd7262b8f61a
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								    :END:
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								*** Phrases adpositionelles
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-4079ffcb-f870-401c-a229-3c2b52774650
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								    :END:
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								*** Comparatifs
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-7b89a3fd-dacc-4a7b-b6ba-7b4072261887
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								    :END:
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								*** Questions
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-2bc6bce7-960e-47ed-9c5b-fe440ff7f096
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								    :END:
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								*** Résumé
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-60bc5529-151f-44f9-8d6c-6ddea77b5b94
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								    :END:
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								** Structure d’un groupe nominal
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-925c4d09-5d24-4b49-b00d-23f989aa93a3
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								   :END:
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								** Structure d’un groupe verbal
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-3db4f84f-25d4-469f-9743-9920e0aa40e0
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								   :END:
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								** Prédicats nominaux et constructions similaires
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-af6bdf77-7bd1-462c-a9ef-80a2bc5fbf96
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								   :END:
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								*** Prédicats nominaux
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-1a0fc190-c840-46d2-8ff0-718efc003534
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								    :END:
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								*** Prédicats adjectivaux
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-2998d21d-1a0a-441d-84c2-8a03b61c3d14
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								    :END:
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								*** Prédicats locatifs
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-71c1cd9a-0431-47f9-9261-6347c37a6745
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								    :END:
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								*** Prédicats existentiels
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-90aa44ee-7cd5-4421-84de-e8b967afbe0a
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								    :END:
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								*** Clauses possessives
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-1da23469-a4c9-4ad9-a5f8-f2866548c492
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								    :END:
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								** Clauses intransitives
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-382fdfd8-fd02-4902-8c08-1f0cc3012f75
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								   :END:
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								** Clauses transitives
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-a5f60077-7709-496e-a811-e88d90a30cc7
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								   :END:
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								** Clauses ditransitives
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-852808cb-7259-4f50-b6ec-bdc7a5ae4033
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								   :END:
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								** Clauses de type dépendant
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-2fcea5e4-e67e-465d-a0b9-a44eecdabb20
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								   :END:
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								*** Non-fini
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-ca1b2ac2-26a3-45b2-bca9-ffb4fd290662
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								    :END:
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								*** Semi-fini
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-23ca6c77-b4ab-4f93-a052-cd85509e71d3
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								    :END:
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								*** Fini
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-96506f26-b92e-45e0-a1b5-0f27dae98e31
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								    :END:
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								* Système fonctionnel
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								  :PROPERTIES:
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								  :CUSTOM_ID: h-ad15e52b-bc94-4b33-8629-02848b53cee7
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								  :END:
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								** Relations grammaticales
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-ddc93b4c-8a5b-4833-82f5-bb8951d5a0b4
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								   :END:
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								   Il  existe   de  façon  universelle   deux  types  de  verbes :   les  verbes
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								   intransitifs, et les  verbes transitifs. Ces premiers ne  prennent qu’un seul
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								   argument  obligatoire, un  expérienceur –noté  « S »–, alors  que les  verbes
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								   transitifs prennent deux arguments obligatoires : l’agent –noté A– effectuant
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								   souvent l’action,  et le patient –noté  P– étant souvent l’objet  affecté par
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								   l’action. Par exemple :
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								   - Je dors.
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								     Verbe intransitif, « je » est expérienceur S.
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								   - Je mange une pomme.
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								     Verbe transitif, « je » est agent A, et « pomme » est patient P.
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								   Dans la majorité des langues du  monde, et dans la quasi-totalité des langues
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								   européennes (le Basque  étant la seule exception),  l’expérienceur et l’agent
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								   sont  traités  quasiment  tout  le   temps  à  l’identique,  formant  le  cas
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								   grammatical  (souvent non  marqué) s’opposant  au cas  accusatif marquant  le
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								   patient, traité différemment.
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								   À  la  différence des  langues  européennes,  le  Ñyqy  est une  langue  dite
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								   « ergative » ;  cela signifie  que ses  différents groupes  nominaux ont  une
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								   relation  grammaticale  envers  leurs  verbes  basée  sur  l’association  des
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								   expérienceurs et des  patients, avec l’agent traité  différemment. Ce premier
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								   regroupement S  et P est alors  appelé « cas absolutif » alors  que le second
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								   est le « cas ergatif ».
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								   Ainsi,  comme nous  le verrons  dans le  chapitre sur  la syntaxe,  l’élément
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								   absolutif restera en  permanence en contact direct avec le  verbe, tandis que
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								   l’élément  ergatif  les précédera,  et  pourra  même  être séparé  du  couple
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								   absolutif-verbe par des éléments datifs. Exemple :
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								   - {{{nyqy(qy-0 qój)}}}
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								     1sg-ABS dormir
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								     Je dors
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								   - {{{nyqy(qy-0 pim-0 coq)}}}
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								     1sg-ERG pomme-ABS manger
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								     Je mange une pomme.
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								   En  revanche,  le Ñyqy  utilise  un  pivot  nominatif entre  ses  différentes
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								   clauses. Cela signifie  que l’élément persistant entre  les phrases lorsqu’il
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								   subit  une  élision  est  l’élément  correspondant  au  cas  nominatif,  soit
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								   l’argument S ou A du verbe. Exemple :
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								   - {{{nyqy(qy-0 pim-0 coq. nócpi qój.)}}}
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								     1sg-ERG pomme-ABS manger. ensuite dormir.
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								     Je mange une pomme, puis (je) dors.
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								** Constructions liées aux voix et à la valence
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-af67335a-55e0-491c-8be1-a39e6cd80a6d
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								   :END:
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								*** Causatifs
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-2618d8eb-9c64-4308-a386-c8f426759953
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								    :END:
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								*** Applicatifs
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-827551d4-b24a-4d53-b71a-6ceb9a446e74
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								    :END:
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								*** Reflexifs et réciproquaux
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-3a6fd3ce-0ca2-4b90-8a35-b9ac2c4aa921
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								    :END:
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								*** Passif
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-5bf5bdc8-6a4b-4e45-a155-04abfc32645f
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								    :END:
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								*** Inverses
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-672b9408-8478-43af-8663-65106be88a41
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								    :END:
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								*** Démotion et omission d’objet
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-c2176fd9-b4a7-40bb-b411-9c6d86c85561
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								    :END:
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								*** Incorporation d’objet
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-09acd58c-5c32-4426-9e67-9a01c0db01dc
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								    :END:
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								** Nominalisation
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-fe28b97b-5298-4558-ac69-141a96c87827
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								   :END:
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								*** Nominalisation d’action
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-cb2ecaf9-7bef-4583-8bfd-d6f58a315b1d
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								    :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								*** Nominalisation de participants
							 | 
						
					
						
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-b684c923-a567-4e31-b752-bceeeb0ff202
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								    :END:
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								**** Nominalisation d’agent
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								     :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-ff6d145d-fd8d-4423-b9f5-064cf9e1a1ac
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								     :END:
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								**** Nominalisation de patient
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								 | 
							
							
								     :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-d0d91161-3748-4768-8990-b2d545fb397b
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								     :END:
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								**** Nominalisation d’instrument
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								 | 
							
							
								     :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-033007d8-05a7-4a0e-a8da-ce922ac46f13
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								     :END:
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								**** Nominalisation de lieux
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								 | 
							
							
								     :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-68161483-4469-43c3-b84c-24f50db51ffe
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								     :END:
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								**** Nominalisation de produit
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								     :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-a7454e14-0dcb-4cf0-adc7-d44080f5f848
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								     :END:
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								**** Nominalisation de façon de faire
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								     :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-11d9a04b-7fe3-4796-bc7e-fc19cd9fee7f
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								     :END:
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								** Temps, aspects, modes
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-f500dde8-de1c-41e7-bcfa-2f35353dd1fb
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								   :END:
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								*** Temps
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-d6c519b5-30fd-4812-a9fc-7a32feafa28f
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								    :END:
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								*** Aspects
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-c59c6a50-d662-4fc1-954f-3cf3cff38c4f
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								    :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								*** Modes
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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							 | 
							
								
									
								 | 
							
							
								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-a2e5515b-ea84-446b-99a7-d3924624925a
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								 | 
							
							
								    :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								
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								 | 
							
							
								** Structures marquées pragmaticallement
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								   :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-53119c8d-f658-4d25-ba99-b83c2f7b1141
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							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								   :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								
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							 | 
							
								
									
										
									
								 | 
							
							
								*** Variation d’ordre des constituents
							 | 
						
					
						
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								 | 
							
							
								    :PROPERTIES:
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							 | 
							
								
									
								 | 
							
							
								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-96b5098a-1978-4c3f-80a4-701c092094b7
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							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								    :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								
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								 | 
							
							
								*** Particules contrastives ou emphatiques
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								    :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-89e9cd31-86ed-48bf-a008-602430bcf0ce
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								    :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								
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							 | 
							
								
									
										
									
								 | 
							
							
								*** Modèle d’intonations contrastives ou emphatiques
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								    :PROPERTIES:
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							| 
								
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							 | 
							
								
									
								 | 
							
							
								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-c0e68a68-7310-461d-976d-93347cf8b73e
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							| 
								
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							 | 
							
								
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								 | 
							
							
								    :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								
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								 | 
							
							
								*** Négation
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-6a646498-d723-45b2-9e6b-2504130ea1ad
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							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								    :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								
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							| 
								
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							 | 
							
								
							 | 
							
								
									
								 | 
							
							
								*** Questions
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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							 | 
							
								
							 | 
							
								
									
								 | 
							
							
								    :PROPERTIES:
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							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-67bd057c-f2cb-4cd0-8421-9188ed37b443
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								    :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								
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							 | 
							
								
									
								 | 
							
							
								**** Questions absolues
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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							 | 
							
								
									
								 | 
							
							
								     :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-51d5c4b8-3530-4f48-9d84-95cac67df00d
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								     :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								
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							 | 
							
								
									
								 | 
							
							
								**** Questions relatives
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								     :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-0b88c67d-3dc2-4b7c-9e10-41fedff292c1
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								     :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								*** Impératif
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								    :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-38810677-b444-48fb-9d2a-3a83b482eb50
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								 | 
							
							
								    :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								
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							 | 
							
								
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								 | 
							
							
								** Combinaison de clauses
							 | 
						
					
						
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-750f8ccc-c3aa-4e6d-b553-344645ad14fb
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								   :END:
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								*** Verbes de série
							 | 
						
					
						
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-197ca667-84c4-4701-8b84-e12498940db8
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							| 
								
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								    :END:
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								*** Clauses complémentaires
							 | 
						
					
						
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								 | 
							
							
								    :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-39f3fd70-aff6-4bbf-99d9-e84d720afe6c
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								    :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								*** Clauses adverbiales
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-c05e3ae9-2880-4454-9027-53ad1cfb3975
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								    :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								*** Enchaînement de clauses
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-375bb375-7848-4da8-910f-25679b447bc0
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								    :END:
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								*** Clauses relatives
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								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-bf2f8f43-92b4-486f-8e0a-24694ba445c1
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								    :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								*** Coordination
							 | 
						
					
						
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								 | 
							
							
								    :PROPERTIES:
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								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-b8957545-ba37-47eb-a548-2a17968b290b
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								 | 
							
							
								    :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								
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								 | 
							
							
								** Utilisation de la langue
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								   :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-14a41a5a-efa4-492e-967b-35011ea0628c
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							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								   :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								*** Typologie lexicale
							 | 
						
					
						
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								 | 
							
							
								    :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-285839a4-cc7c-435d-ba58-1600ca3f48f0
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							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								    :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								
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								 | 
							
							
								**** Espace, direction et mouvement
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								     :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-78bafe65-0cf5-49a4-aab5-fb5deb266015
							 | 
						
					
						
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								 | 
							
							
								     :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								
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								 | 
							
							
								**** Causation
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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							 | 
							
								
									
								 | 
							
							
								     :PROPERTIES:
							 | 
						
					
						
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								 | 
							
							
								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-84a756d2-ba4f-41a9-9496-40fa88259f9e
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								     :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								
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								 | 
							
							
								**** Perspective
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								     :PROPERTIES:
							 | 
						
					
						
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								 | 
							
							
								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-f32373d9-9208-4f8c-a79c-b9a2cf1afce9
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								     :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								
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								 | 
							
							
								*** Continuité et discontinuité
							 | 
						
					
						
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								 | 
							
							
								    :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								    :CUSTOM_ID: h-89cae237-f281-4796-95a0-e0a48c368d01
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								    :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								
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								 | 
							
							
								**** Continuité de sujet référenciel
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								     :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-3a6784ba-3b39-4539-aeeb-a56d298649cd
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								     :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								
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								 | 
							
							
								**** Continuité thématique
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								     :PROPERTIES:
							 | 
						
					
						
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								 | 
							
							
								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-621fd045-3082-4574-853b-89885f6a3b69
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								     :END:
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							 | 
							
								
									
										
									
								 | 
							
							
								**** Continuité d’action
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								     :PROPERTIES:
							 | 
						
					
						
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								 | 
							
							
								     :CUSTOM_ID: h-0b6b8ce5-367e-4502-af63-80ff14a10e4c
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								 | 
							
							
								     :END:
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								 | 
							
							
								
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							 | 
							
								
									
								 | 
							
							
								* Annexes
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								  :PROPERTIES:
							 | 
						
					
						
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								 | 
							
							
								  :CUSTOM_ID: h-59ac4fcd-251d-492e-a73d-e33376457058
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								  :END:
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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							 | 
							
								
									
								 | 
							
							
								** Textes avec traduction interlinéaire
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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							 | 
							
								
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								 | 
							
							
								   :PROPERTIES:
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								 | 
							
							
								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-a0d083dc-a30f-47eb-8d24-cde1c259d9d9
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								   :END:
							 | 
						
					
						
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								 | 
							
							
								
							 | 
						
					
						
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							 | 
							
								
							 | 
							
								
									
								 | 
							
							
								** Dictionnaire
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
							 | 
							
								
							 | 
							
								
							 | 
							
								
									
								 | 
							
							
								   :PROPERTIES:
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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							 | 
							
								
									
								 | 
							
							
								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-33a20978-20d6-4a26-8286-016d6c64b654
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								   :END:
							 | 
						
					
						
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								 | 
							
							
								
							 | 
						
					
						
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							 | 
							
								
							 | 
							
								
									
								 | 
							
							
								** Nombres
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
							 | 
							
								
							 | 
							
								
							 | 
							
								
									
								 | 
							
							
								   :PROPERTIES:
							 | 
						
					
						
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								 | 
							
							
								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-397983ed-28e5-44c3-afb9-04403aa52e2a
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								   :END:
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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							 | 
							
								
									
								 | 
							
							
								   Les locuteurs du Ñyqy comptaient dans un mélange de base 6 pour les unités et
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
							 | 
							
								
							 | 
							
								
							 | 
							
								
									
								 | 
							
							
								   de base 13 pour le reste.
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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								 | 
							
							
								   |  <c5>  |             <c5>             |          <c5>           |
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
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							 | 
							
								
									
								 | 
							
							
								   |   /    |              <>              |           <>            |
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
							 | 
							
								
							 | 
							
								
							 | 
							
								
									
								 | 
							
							
								   | nombre | nombre (représentation ñyqy) |          ñyqy           |
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
							 | 
							
								
							 | 
							
								
							 | 
							
								
									
								 | 
							
							
								   |--------+------------------------------+-------------------------|
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
							 | 
							
								
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							 | 
							
								
									
								 | 
							
							
								   |   0    |              0               |        {{{nyqy(pe)}}}         |
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
							 | 
							
								
							 | 
							
								
							 | 
							
								
									
								 | 
							
							
								   |   1    |              1               |        {{{nyqy(mi)}}}         |
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
							 | 
							
								
							 | 
							
								
							 | 
							
								
									
								 | 
							
							
								   |   2    |              2               |        {{{nyqy(qi)}}}         |
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
							 | 
							
								
							 | 
							
								
							 | 
							
								
									
								 | 
							
							
								   |   3    |              3               |        {{{nyqy(né)}}}         |
							 | 
						
					
						
							| 
								
							 | 
							
								
							 | 
							
								
							 | 
							
								
									
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								   |   4    |              4               |        {{{nyqy(gé)}}}         |
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								   |   5    |              5               |        {{{nyqy(co)}}}         |
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								   |   6    |             1-0              | {{{nyqy(mi ñy)}}} ou {{{nyqy(ñy)}}} |
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								   |   7    |             1-1              |       {{{nyqy(ñy mi)}}}       |
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								   |   8    |             1-2              |       {{{nyqy(ñy qi)}}}       |
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								   |   9    |             1-3              |       {{{nyqy(ñy né)}}}       |
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								   |   10   |             1-4              |       {{{nyqy(ñy gé)}}}       |
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								   |   11   |             1-5              |       {{{nyqy(ñy co)}}}       |
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								   |   12   |             2-0              |       {{{nyqy(qi ñy)}}}       |
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								   |   18   |             3-0              |       {{{nyqy(né ñy)}}}       |
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								   |   24   |             4-0              |       {{{nyqy(gé ñy)}}}       |
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								   |   30   |             5-0              |       {{{nyqy(co ñy)}}}       |
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								   |   36   |             6-0              |     {{{nyqy(pe ñy ñy)}}}      |
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								   |   42   |             7-0              |     {{{nyqy(mi ñy ñy)}}}      |
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								   |   48   |             8-0              |     {{{nyqy(qi ñy ñy)}}}      |
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								   |   54   |             9-0              |     {{{nyqy(né ñy ñy)}}}      |
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								   |   60   |             a-0              |     {{{nyqy(gé ñy ñy)}}}      |
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								   |   66   |             b-0              |     {{{nyqy(co ñy ñy)}}}      |
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								   |   72   |            1-0-0             | {{{nyqy(mi mó)}}} ou {{{nyqy(mó)}}} |
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								   |  216   |            6-0-0             |     {{{nyqy(pe mó mó)}}}      |
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								   |  864   |           1-0-0-0            | {{{nyqy(mi si)}}} ou {{{nyqy(si)}}} |
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								   |  1296  |          1-0-0-0-0           |        {{{nyqy(gec)}}}        |
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								   |  7776  |         1-0-0-0-0-0          |       {{{nyqy(cójm)}}}        |
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								   | 46656  |        1-0-0-0-0-0-0         |        {{{nyqy(ñuñ)}}}        |
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								   Comme vous pouvez le voir, afin d’exprimer des bases plus élevées, l’ordre de
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								   grandeur est répété  afin d’ajouter cinq au  multiplicateur, permettant ainsi
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								   une base treize pour ce qui n’est pas des unités.
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								   Pour convertir en base dix un  chiffre Ñyqy, voici comment faire : les unités
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								   sont conservées  telles quelles, et  pour chaque équivalent de  dizaines, que
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								   j’appellerai sixaines, les multiplier par six  à la puissance de son décalage
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								   par rapport aux unités. Par exemple le nombre <gé si co mó mó ñy qi> ({{{phon(ɢe
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								   sɪ t͡ʃɔ mɤ ʀɤ my qɪ)}}}) se décompose ainsi :
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								   |     <c>     |      <c>       |   <c>    |   <c>    |
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								   | {{{nyqy(gé si)}}} | {{{nyqy(co mó mó)}}} | {{{nyqy(ñy)}}} | {{{nyqy(qi)}}} |
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								   |   4×6^{3}   |    5×6^{2}     | 1×6^{1}  | 2×6^{0}  |
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								   |    4×216    |      5*36      |   1×6    |   2×1    |
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								   |     864     |      180       |    6     |    2     |
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								   Ce qui donne donc 1052.
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								** Références
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								   :PROPERTIES:
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								   :CUSTOM_ID: h-39866d3e-b4f9-4885-8581-53f7342ddf0c
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								   :END:
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								* Footnotes
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								  :PROPERTIES:
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								  :CUSTOM_ID: h-defe47b2-686b-4d1c-ba9b-c84e6c482478
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								  :END:
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											2019-09-25 03:50:54 +02:00
										 
									 
								 
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								[fn:5] It is to be noted the Ñyqy people used a hybrid number system, with which
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								units were counted with a base 6  system, and higher numbers than 6 were counted
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								with a base 12 system, except for its units.
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											2019-09-23 15:12:47 +02:00
										 
									 
								 
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								[fn:4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlinear_gloss
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								[fn:3] [[https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart]]
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											2020-07-18 15:39:00 +02:00
										 
									 
								 
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								[fn:2] [[https://phundrak.com]]
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											2019-09-23 15:12:47 +02:00
										 
									 
								 
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											2020-07-18 15:39:00 +02:00
										 
									 
								 
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								[fn:1] https://langue.phundrak.com
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											2019-09-25 03:50:54 +02:00
										 
									 
								 
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								#  LocalWords:  Rhete né Hje lpel neography Ňy Qy proto
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