docs(eittland): verbs, pronouns, questions

docs/eittlandic/country.org

@@ -402,17 +402,17 @@ commerce between Europe and Northern America with its two major ports,
 Kóparvall and Tvinnár.
 
 **** Women’s right to vote
-On August 22nd 1902, a billed written by the House of the People led
+On August 22nd 1902, a bill written by the House of the People led by
-by the Labourer’s Party is ratified by the High King. It gives women
+the Labourer’s Party is ratified by the High King. It gives women the
-the right to vote in any election open to the Eittlandic people. On
+right to vote in any election open to the Eittlandic people. On March
-March 15th 1915, a second law written by the Labourer’s Party is
+15th 1915, a second law written by the Labourer’s Party is ratified by
-ratified by the High King, giving women the right to be elected at the
+the High King, giving women the right to be elected at the House of
-House of the People while noblewomen got the right to inherit the
+the People while noblewomen got the right to inherit the title of
-title of Jarl, making them eligible to the House of the Land. Quickly
+Jarl, making them eligible to the House of the Land. Quickly after,
-after, Kari Niallsdóttr became the first woman ever elected to the
+Kari Niallsdóttr became the first woman ever elected to the House of
-House of the People during the general election of September 1905,
+the People during the general election of September 1905, while Ása
-while Ása Sigríðsdóttr became the first woman to enter the House of
+Sigríðsdóttr became the first woman to enter the House of the Land
-the Land in 1934.
+in 1934.
 
 **** World War One
 When World War I started, Eittland stated their neutrality regarding
@@ -510,11 +510,11 @@ April 1983.
 **** Computer Sciences Pioneering
 Out of personal interest, the then Co-King of Ðeberget Ragnarr
 Sigurðsbróðr asked the Dean of the Royal University of Eittland
-(/Konunglig Eittlandsuniversitat/) to open as quickly as possible a lab
+(/Konunglig Eittlandsuniversitet/) to open as quickly as possible a lab
 focused on the development of computers and computer sciences. While
 the Co-King holds no power and is purely a ceremonial title, the Dean
 obliged and founded the first Eittlandic computer science laboratory,
-the /Konunglig Eittlandsuniversitatitsvétalsráðuneyt/ (litt. “Royal
+the /Konunglig Eittlandsuniversitetitsvétalsráðuneyt/ (litt. “Royal
 Eittland’s University’s Computer Department”), or /Vétalsráðuneyt/ for
 short. This accompanied a new law raising the annual budget allocated
 to universities in Eittland to 9% of the nation’s GDP. As the first
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ even becoming one of the leading laboratories along with MIT, Bell
 Labs and CERN, numerous other laboratories both public and private
 appeared in Eittland. Nowadays, the /Vétalsráðuneyt/ is still regarded
 as one of the top research laboratories and university department in
-Eittland, and the /Konunglig Eittlandsuniversitat/ often ranks in the
+Eittland, and the /Konunglig Eittlandsuniversitet/ often ranks in the
 top five universities in the world regarding computer science.
 
 What is now known as the Internet is born of a mix of ARPANET, the

docs/eittlandic/dictionary.org

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ some abbreviations you should keep in mind:
 - imp :: imperative
 - ind :: indicative
 - interr :: interrogative
+- iv :: irregular verb
 - m :: masculine
 - ME :: Middle Eittlandic
 - n :: neuter
@@ -28,7 +29,9 @@ some abbreviations you should keep in mind:
 - Nor :: Norwegian (Nynork if no dialect is specified)
 - num :: numeral
 - OE :: Old Eittlandic
+- OI :: Old Icelandic
 - ON :: Old Norse
+- pas :: passive
 - pl :: plural
 - prep :: preposition
 - pret :: preterite
@@ -36,6 +39,7 @@ some abbreviations you should keep in mind:
 - sc :: strong common
 - sg :: singular
 - sn :: strong neuter
+- stg :: strong
 - sv :: strong verb
 - Swe :: Swedish
 - wk :: weak
@@ -71,10 +75,23 @@ it is indicated between parenthesis in the accusative case, preceeded
 by a dash, as in /dag(a-n)/.
 
 ** A
+*** ikkí
+interj. {{{phon(iχe)}}}
+
+1. How cold! Brr!
+
+From an unkwnown Greenlandic language, compare with modern Greenlandic /ikkii/.
 
 ** Á
+*** áng
+interj. {{{phon(ɛŋ)}}}
 
-** Æ
+1. positive counter-factual, see the [[file:./grammar.md#questions][questions]] section of the grammar
+
+This word does not have a clear origin, however it is supposed it was
+borrowed early on from an Eskaleut language that may have been spoken
+by the island’s initial inhabitants. Compare modern-day Aleut /aang/ and
+Proto-Eskimoan /*aa/ or /*ii/.
 
 ** B
 *** bræðr
@@ -118,7 +135,6 @@ sf. {{{phon(bø̀k)}}}
 See [[file:dictionary.md#bok(r)][/bók/]]
 
 ** C
-
 ** D
 *** djúp
 adj. {{{phon(dʒòp)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/d.php#dj%C3%BApr][djúpr]]
@@ -146,8 +162,6 @@ sf. {{{phon(dɔtʃ)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/d.php#d%C3%B3ttir][
 |   | Gen. | dóttr    | dœtr   |
 |   | Dat. | dótt     | dœttum |
 
-** Đ
-
 ** E
 *** edd(a-t)
 wf. {{{phon(e:d)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/e.php#edda][edda]]
@@ -178,8 +192,13 @@ ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/e.php#einn][einn]], and ON [[https://old-norse.n
 |   | Gen. | eittlands |
 |   | Dat. | eittland  |
 
-** É
+*** ell
+{{{phon(elː)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ella#Old_Norse][ella]]
 
+1. (adv.) else, or, otherwise
+2. (conj.) or
+
+** É
 ** F
 *** fað
 m. {{{phon(fað)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#fa%C3%B0ir][faðir]]
@@ -233,37 +252,68 @@ n. {{{phon(jɔʊð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/g.php#gau%C3%B0][ga
 1. a quarrel
 2. a heated debate /(informal)/
 
-*** gegn
+*** gef
-adv. {{{phon(jeɡn̩)}}}
+f. {{{phon(jev)}}}, from Early Old Norse [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gj%C7%ABf#Old_Norse][gef]]
-
-1. against, opposing
-*** gjøf
-f. {{{phon(jøv)}}}
 
 1. gift, present
 
+*** gegn
+adv. {{{phon(jeɡn̩)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gegn#Old_Norse][gegn]]
+
+1. against, opposing
+
 ** H
+*** hav(a)
+iv. {{{phon(haβ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hafa#Old_Norse][hafa]]
+
+1. to have
+2. stative auxilliary
+
+**** Inflexions
+- infinitive :: hav
+- imperative :: hav (except 2p /haft/)
+- imperative passive voice :: hafsk (except 1p /havumsk/)
+- present participle :: havand
+- past participle :: hafr
+
+|    | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Indicative Past | Subjunctive Past |
+|----+--------------------+---------------------+-----------------+------------------|
+| 1s | hav                | hav                 | haft            | haft             |
+| 2s | havir              | havir               | haftir          | haftir           |
+| 3s | havir              | hav                 | haft            | haft             |
+| 1p | havum              | havim               | haft            | haft             |
+| 2p | haft               | haft                | haftuð          | haftið           |
+| 3p | hav                | hav                 | haft            | haft             |
+
+Note that there is no difference between singular and plural when using hav(a) in the passive voice.
+|   | Indicative  Present | Subjunctive Present | Indicative Past | Subjunctive Past |
+|---+---------------------+---------------------+-----------------+------------------|
+| 1 | havumk              | havumk              | havumk          | heðumk           |
+| 2 | hafsk               | havisk              | havisk          | heðisk           |
+| 3 | hafsk               | havisk              | havisk          | heðisk           |
+
 *** heils(a-t)
-wn.f. {{{phon(hɑ:ɪls)}}}
+wn.f. {{{phon(hɑ:ɪls)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heilsa#Old_Norse][heilsa]]
 
 1. health
 
 *** hjól
-n. {{{phon(çɔl)}}}
+n. {{{phon(çɔl)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hj%C3%B3l#Old_Norse][hjól]]
 
 1. wheel
 
 *** hlóð
-n. {{{phon(l̥ɔð)}}}
+n. {{{phon(l̥ɔð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hl%C3%B3%C3%B0][hlóð]]
 
 1. hearth
 2. living room
 
 *** hneis(a-t)
-wn.f. {{{phon(n̥ɑ:ɪs)}}}
+wn.f. {{{phon(n̥ɑ:ɪs)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hneisa][hneisa]]
 
-1. shame, disgrace
+1. shame, disgrace, fear
-2. social isolation
+2. reclusion (out of shame or out of fear)
+3. social isolation
 
 *** hneising
 n. {{{phon(n̥ɑɪsinɡ)}}}
@@ -272,38 +322,59 @@ n. {{{phon(n̥ɑɪsinɡ)}}}
 2. (modern) shut-in, hikikomori
 
 *** hnjós(a)
-v. {{{phon(ɲ̥ɔ̀ːs)}}}
+v. {{{phon(ɲ̥ɔ̀ːs)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hnj%C3%B3sa][hnjósa]]
 
 1. to sneeze
 
 *** hrifs
-n. {{{phon(r̥ivs)}}}
+n. {{{phon(r̥ivs)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hrifs][hrifs]]
 
 1. assault, mugging
+
+*** hvar
+pron. {{{phon(ʍar)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hvar#Old_Norse][hvar]]
+
+1. who
+
 *** hvat
-adv. {{{phon(ʍɑt)}}}
+adv. {{{phon(ʍɑt)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hvat#Old_Norse][hvat]]
 
 1. what
 *** hví
-adv. {{{phon(ʍè)}}}
+adv. {{{phon(ʍè)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hv%C3%AD#Old_Norse][hví]]
 
 1. why
 
 ** I
-
 ** Í
-
 ** J
+*** já
+{{{phon(jɛ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/j%C3%A1#Old_Norse][já]]
+
+1. (adv) yes
+2. (interj) yes (as an exclamation of joy)
 
 ** K
-*** kaup
+*** kaup(a)
-n. {{{phon(kɔp)}}}
+n. {{{phon(kɔp)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kaupa#Old_Norse][kaupa]]
 
 1. commerce
 2. bargain, barter
 
-*** konung
+*** kék
-sn.m. {{{phon(ˈkonoŋ)}}}
+adj. {{{phon(kɛk)}}}
+
+1. gray (hair colour)
+
+Probably from a Greenlandic dialect, compare to West Greenlandic /qeeq/
+
+*** kom(a)
+sv. {{{phon(kom)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/koma#Old_Norse][koma]]
+
+1. to come
+
+*** konungr
+sn.m. {{{phon(ˈkonoŋ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/konungr#Old_Norse][konungr]]
 
 1. king
 
@@ -314,10 +385,14 @@ sn.m. {{{phon(ˈkonoŋ)}}}
 2. adj. royal
 
 ** L
+*** land
+n. {{{phon(land)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/land#Old_Norse][land]]
+
+1. land
 
 ** M
-*** myrɡun
+*** myrɡunn
-m. {{{phon(ˈmyrɡun)}}}
+m. {{{phon(ˈmyrɡunː)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myrginn#Old_Norse][myrgunn]]
 
 1. morning, aurora
 
@@ -332,17 +407,17 @@ See also [[file:./dictionary.md#undirland][undirland]]
 
 ** N
 *** ná
-adv. {{{phon(nɛ̀)}}}
+adv. {{{phon(nɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/n%C3%A1#Old_Norse][ná]]
 
 1. now
    #+html: ::: tip Example
-   Ná kom ek frá universitatit.
+   Ná kom ek frá universitetit.
 
    I come from the university now.
    #+html: :::
 2. intensifier, used at the end of sentences
    #+html: ::: tip Example
-   Ek kom frá universitatit ná!
+   Ek kom frá universitetit ná!
 
    - I come from the university (you know)
    or
@@ -350,31 +425,187 @@ adv. {{{phon(nɛ̀)}}}
    #+html: :::
 3. progressive marker when placed right after the verb
    #+html: ::: tip Example
-   Ek kom ná frá universitatit.
+   Ek kom ná frá universitetit.
 
    I’m coming from the university.
    #+html: :::
 
-*** noregsúlf
+*** náng
-m. {{{phon(ˈnorejsˌòlv)}}}
+interj. {{{phon(nɛŋ)}}}
+
+1. negative counter-factual, see the [[file:./grammar.md#questions][questions]] section of the grammar
+
+This word does not have a clear origin, however it is supposed it was
+borrowed early on from an Eskaleut language that may have been spoken
+by the island’s initial inhabitants. Compare Aleut /nangaa/ and
+Proto-Eskimoan /*nanka/, and Western Greenlandic /naagga/.
+
+*** nei
+{{{phon(nɑɪ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nei#Old_Norse][nei]]
+
+1. (adv.) no
+2. (interj) no, as an exclamation of panic, regret
+
+*** norvegsúlf(r)
+m. {{{phon(ˈnorβejsˌòlv)}}}, from ON /Noregs/ (genitive of ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/n.php#noregr][Noregr]]) and ON
+[[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ulfr#Old_Norse][úlfr]]
 
 1. wolf, litt. Norway’s wolf.
 
-   Wolves do not naturally live in Eittland. Their only relatives
+Wolves do not naturally live in Eittland. Their only relatives
-   introduced to the island were dogs and wolf-dogs, and the latter
+introduced to the island were dogs and wolf-dogs, and the latter
-   inherited the simpler /úlfr/ term. Noun composed by Old Norse /noregs/
+inherited the simpler /úlfr/ term. Noun composed by Old Norse /noregs/
-   (genitive of /Noregr/, /Norway/) and /úlfr/.
+(genitive of /Noregr/, /Norway/) and /úlfr/.
 
 ** O
-
 ** Ó
-*** óglaðr / óglœðr
+*** óglað(r)
-adj. {{{phon(ˈɔ̀ɡʲœðr̩)}}}
+adj. {{{phon(ˈɔ̀ɡʲœð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/oo.php#%C3%B3gla%C3%B0r][óglaðr]]
 
 1. very sad, depressed, miserable
 
-** Ø
+** P
+*** pengvin
+n. {{{phon(ˈpeŋβen)}}}, from French [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pingouin#French][pingouin]] through Danish [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pingvin#Danish][pingvin]]
 
+1. penguin
+
+** R
+*** ráðuneyt(i)
+wn.m. {{{phon(ˈrɛ̀ðoˌnœʏt)}}}, from OI [[https://old-norse.net/html/r.php#r%C3%A1%C3%B0uneyti][ráðuneyti]]
+
+1. Ministry
+2. department
+
+** S
+*** sitj(a)
+v. {{{phon(siːtʃ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sitja#Old_Norse][sitja]]
+
+1. to sit
+2. to represent (politics)
+
+*** sjá
+v. {{{phon(ʃɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sj%C3%A1#Old_Norse][sjá]]
+
+1. to see
+2. to understand
+
+*** skilj(a)
+v. {{{phon(ʃkiːʎ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skilja#Old_Norse][skilja]]
+
+1. to differenciate
+2. to segregate, to separate
+3. to understand a difference
+
+*** snjór
+m. {{{phon(sɲɔ̀r)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/snj%C3%B3r#Old_Norse][snjór]]
+
+1. snow
+
+*** styrsamhald(i)
+n. {{{phon(ˈʃtyrˌsamhald)}}}, from Old Norse [[https://old-norse.net/html/s.php#styrr][styrr]] (stir, battle) and
+[[https://old-norse.net/html/s.php#samheldi][samhaldi]] (a holding together, unity).
+
+1. military batallion
+2. mitilary unit, group
+
+** T
+*** tal(a)
+wn.f. {{{phon(tal)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tala#Old_Norse][tala]]
+
+1. numbers
+
+*** tren
+wn.n. {{{phon(tren)}}}, from English [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/train#English][train]]
+
+1. train
+
+** U
+*** undir
+adj. {{{phon(undir)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/undir#Old_Norse][undir]]
+
+1. under, underneath
+
+Can only be used with accusative or dative
+
+*** undirland
+wn.n. {{{phon(ˈundirˌland)}}}, calque of English “underground” using [[file:./dictionary.md#undir][undir]] and [[file:./dictionary.md#land][land]]
+
+1. underground, subway
+
+See also [[file:./dictionary.md#metr-o][metr(o)]]
+
+*** universitet
+wn.n. {{{phon(oneˈβersetet)}}}, from German [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t#German][Universität]]
+
+1. university
+
+*** uppá
+prep. {{{phon(ˈuɸə̀)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/u.php#upp%C3%A1][uppá]]
+
+1. upon
+
+** Ú
+*** úlf(r)
+m. {{{phon(òlv)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ulfr][úlfr]]
+
+1. wolf-dog. See also /noregsúlfr/.
+
+** V
+*** veisheit
+wn.f. {{{phon(ˈβɑɪshɑɪt)}}}, from German [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Weisheit#German][Weisheit]], see also [[file:./dictionary.md#visk-a][visk(a)]]
+
+1. knowledge or wisdom
+2. insight
+
+*** ver(a)
+iv. {{{phon(βer)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vera#Old_Norse][vera]]
+
+1. to be
+2. active auxilliary
+
+**** Inflexions
+- infinitive :: ver
+- imperative :: ver
+- present participle :: verand
+- past participle :: vert
+
+|    | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Indicative Past | Subjunctive Past |
+|----+--------------------+---------------------+-----------------+------------------|
+| 1s | em                 | sé                  | var             | vár              |
+| 2s | ert                | sér                 | vart            | vár              |
+| 3s | er                 | sé                  | var             | vár              |
+| 1p | er                 | sé                  | var             | vár              |
+| 2p | eruð               | séð                 | varð            | várið            |
+| 3p | er                 | sé                  | var             | vár              |
+
+*** vél
+sc.f. {{{phon(βɛl)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/v%C3%A9l#Old_Norse][vél]]
+
+1. machine, craft
+
+*** vétal(a)
+wn.f. {{{phon(ˈβɛ̀tal)}}}, portemanteau of [[file:./dictionary.md#vel][vél]] and [[file:./dictionary.md#tal-a][tal(a)]]
+
+1. computer
+
+*** vit
+interj. {{{phon(βit)}}}
+
+1. question marker, see [[file:./grammar.md#yes-no-questions][yes/no questions]], probably from a Greenlandic
+   dialect, see [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlandic_language#Indicative_and_interrogative_moods][Greenlandic interrogative moods]].
+
+*** visk(a)
+f. {{{phon(βiʃk)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/v.php#vizka][vizka]]
+
+1. practical knowledge or wisdom, acquired from experience
+
+See [[file:./dictionary.md#veisheit][veisheit]] for a more general term for /wisdow/
+
+** Y
+** Ý
+** Z
+** Ø
 ** Œ
 *** Œgir / Œger
 m. {{{phon(ˈœjer)}}}
@@ -382,126 +613,5 @@ m. {{{phon(ˈœjer)}}}
 1. A mythical beast residing in the forests of the western
 Eittlandic fjords.
 
-** P
+** Đ
-*** pengvin / pengven
-n. {{{phon(ˈpeŋβen)}}}
-
-1. penguin
-
-From English *penguin*
-
-** Q
-
-** R
-*** ráðuneyt
-wn.m. {{{phon(ˈrɛ̀ðoˌnœʏt)}}}
-
-1. Ministry
-2. department
-
-** S
-*** sitj(a)
-v. {{{phon(siːtʃ)}}}
-
-1. to sit
-2. to represent (politics)
-
-*** sjá
-v. {{{phon(ʃɛ̀)}}}
-
-1. to see
-2. to understand
-
-*** skilj(a)
-v. {{{phon(ʃkiːʎ)}}}
-
-1. to differenciate
-2. to segregate, to separate
-3. to understand a difference
-
-*** snjór
-m. {{{phon(sɲɔ̀r)}}}
-
-1. snow
-
-*** styrsamhald
-n. {{{phon(ˈʃtyrˌsamhald)}}}
-
-1. military batallion
-2. mitilary unit, group
-
-From Old Norse *styrr* (stir, battle) and *samhald* (a holding together,
-unity).
-
-** T
-*** tal(a)
-wn.f. {{{phon(tal)}}}
-
-1. numbers
-
-*** tren
-wn.n. {{{phon(tren)}}}
-
-1. train
-
 ** Þ
-
-** U
-
-*** undir
-adj. {{{phon(undir)}}}
-
-1. under, underneath
-
-Can only be used with accusative or dative
-
-*** undirland
-wn.n. {{{phon(ˈundirˌland)}}}, calque of English “underground”
-
-1. underground, subway
-
-See also [[file:./dictionary.md#metr-o][metr(o)]]
-
-*** universitat
-wn.n. {{{phon(oneˈβersetat)}}}
-
-1. university
-
-*** uppá
-prep. {{{phon(ˈupɸə̀)}}}
-
-1. upon
-
-** Ú
-*** úlf
-m. {{{phon(òlv)}}}
-
-1. wolf-dog. See also /noregsúlfr/.
-
-** V
-*** veisheit
-wn.f. {{{phon(ˈβɑɪshɑɪt)}}}
-
-1. knowledge or wisdom. From German /Weisheit/. See also /vizka/
-
-*** vél
-sc.f.
-
-1. machine, craft
-
-*** vétal
-wn.f. {{{phon(ˈβɛ̀tal)}}}
-
-1. computer
-
-*** visk(a)
-f. {{{phon(βiːʃk)}}}
-
-1. practical knowledge or wisdom, acquired from experience
-See /veisheit/ for a more general term for /wisdow/
-
-** Y
-
-** Ý
-
-** Z

docs/eittlandic/grammar.org

@@ -12,21 +12,80 @@
 
 **** Countables and Uncountables                                      :noexport:
 **** Proper Nouns                                                     :noexport:
-*** Pronouns and Anaphoric Clitics                                    :noexport:
+*** Pronouns and Anaphoric Clitics
 # - Does the language have free pronouns and/or anaphoric clitics?
 #   (These are distinct from grammatical agreement.)
 # - Give a chart of the free pronouns and/or anaphoric clitics.
+
 **** Personal Pronouns
+
+|            | 1s  | 2s  | 1p  | 2s  |
+|------------+-----+-----+-----+-----|
+| Nominative | ek  | þú  | vér | ér  |
+| Accusative | mik | þik | oss | yðr |
+| Dative     | mín | þín | vár | yðr |
+| Genitive   | mér | þér | oss | yðr |
+#+begin_center
+First and second person pronouns in Eittlandic
+#+end_center
+
+The only notable change in written form from their Early Old Norse
+version is the regularization of the genitive plural second person
+/yðar/ into /yðr/. Otherwise, most changes only happened regarding their
+phonology as explained in [[file:./phonology.md#evolution-from-early-old-norse-to-eittlandic][the evolution from Early Old Norse to
+Eittlandic]].
+
+|                     | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
+|---------------------+-----------+----------+--------|
+| Singular Nominative | hann      | han      | þat    |
+| Singular Accusative | han       | han      | þat    |
+| Singular Dative     | hans      | hennar   | þass   |
+| Singular Genitive   | hanum     | henn     | því    |
+|---------------------+-----------+----------+--------|
+| Plural Nominative   | þeir      | þér      | þau    |
+| Plural Accusative   | þá        | þér      | þau    |
+| Plural Dative       | þeir      | þeir     | þeir   |
+| Plural Genitive     | þeim      | þeim     | þeim   |
+#+begin_center
+Third person pronouns in Eittlandic
+#+end_center
+
+Here we also have few changes from the Early Old Norse pronouns for
+the third persons, singular and plural.
+
 **** Demonstrative Pronouns
 **** Possessive Pronouns
-*** Verbs                                                             :noexport:
+Possessive pronouns in Eittlandic simply are the genitive form of the
+personal pronouns shown [[file:./grammar.md#personal-pronouns][above]]. The pronoun agrees with the owner in
+person and number, and in gender when the third person is used, as in
+English. They have two different usage.
+
+The first and more formal usage, inherited from Old Norse, is to
+precede the noun phrase owned by the owner with the genitive pronoun.
+For instance, /mín katt/ means /my cat/ while /þeim katt/ means /their cat/
+(as shown in [[file:./grammar.md#case-marking][Case Marking]], we have no way to know if /katt/, a strong
+common word, is singular or plural accusative).
+
+The second and more casual way to express possession is using the
+definite form of a word and placing the possessive pronoun after it.
+We can adapt the previous examples of /my cat/ and /their cat/ as /kattin
+mín/ and /kattin þeim/.
+
+While these two forms provide a difference in tone, the second form is
+more limited as it only allows single word noun phrases to be the
+possessed element while the first allows more complex noun phrases.
+The sentence /mín kattrinn komand frá heim/ (/my cat coming from home/)
+would need to be modified in order to fit the second structure, such
+as /kattrinn mín, hvar komr frá heim/ (/my cat, who is coming from home/).
+
+*** Verbs
 # - What are the distributional properties of verbs?
 # - What are the structural properties of verbs?
 # - What are the major subclasses of verbs?
 # - Describe the order of various verbal operators within the verbal
 # - word or verb phrase.
-# - Give charts of th
+# - Give charts of the tense/aspect/mode, etc. Indicate major
-# - tense/aspect/mode, etc. Indicate major allomorphic variants.
+#    allomorphic variants.
 # - Are directional and/or locational notions expressed in the verb or
 # - verb phrase at all?
 #   - Is this operation obligatory, i.e. does one member of the
@@ -39,10 +98,172 @@
 #     or lexically? Are there any exceptions to the general case?
 #   - Where in the verb phrase or verbal word is this operation likely
 #     to appear? Can it occur in more than one place?
-**** Verbal Structure
+Eittlandic, as most if not all North Germanic language, is a V2
-**** Verbal Derivations
+language. This implies that in most cases, the verb in sentences will
+come at the second position, possibly moving its subject right between
+the verb itself and the rest of the verb phrase. The only exception to
+this are questions and the use of imperative. More on that later.
+
+Since Early Old Norse, Eittlandic evolved its verb both towards
+simplification on one hand, making the verb endings a lot more regular
+and predictable, and complexification with the addition of new moods
+and tenses.
+
+**** Verbal Structure                                              :noexport:
+
+**** Verbal Derivations                                            :noexport:
+
 **** Verbal Inflexions
-*** Modifiers
+Verbs in Eittlandic agree with their subject in person and number,
+though it lost a lot of its diversity Old Norse had. It also varies
+depending on the tense, mood, and aspect of the verbal sentence. The
+examples are given using the verbs /far(a)/ (/to go/, a former strong
+verb), and /berja/ (/to beat/, a former weak verb).
+
+|  <c>   |   |                    |                     |                                 |
+| person |   | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Indicative and Subjunctive Past |
+|--------+---+--------------------+---------------------+---------------------------------|
+|   1s   |   | -r                 | -ir                 | -t                              |
+|   2s   |   | -r                 | -ir                 | -t                              |
+|   3s   |   | -r                 | -ir                 | -t                              |
+|   1p   |   | -um                | -im                 | -um                             |
+|   2p   |   | -ið                | -ið                 | -uð                             |
+|   3p   |   | -ið                | -ið                 | -uð                             |
+#+begin_center
+/Typical Verb Inflexion/
+#+end_center
+
+| person |   | far   | berja  |
+|--------+---+-------+--------|
+| 1s     |   | ferr  | berjar |
+| 2s     |   | ferr  | berjar |
+| 3s     |   | ferr  | berjar |
+| 1p     |   | farum | berjum |
+| 2p     |   | farið | berið  |
+| 3p     |   | farið | berið  |
+#+begin_center
+Indicative present inflexion of /far(a)/ and /berja/
+#+end_center
+
+Note that the final vowel of /berja/ gets replaced with the vowel from
+the inflexion, and the final /j/ also disappears when it is immediately
+followed by an /i/.
+
+Present subjunctive has similar declensions to present indicative.
+
+| person |   | far   | berja |
+|--------+---+-------+-------|
+| 1s     |   | ferir | berir |
+| 2s     |   | ferir | berir |
+| 3s     |   | ferir | berir |
+| 1p     |   | farim | berim |
+| 2p     |   | farið | berið |
+| 3p     |   | farið | berið |
+#+begin_center
+Subjunctive present inflexion of /far(a)/ and /berja/
+#+end_center
+
+We can see again how the /ja/ at the end of infinitive /berja/ got
+replaced by the ending of subjunctive present verbs.
+
+The past declension is simpler as there is no difference between
+indicative and subjunctive past.
+
+| person |   | far   | berja  |
+|--------+---+-------+--------|
+| 1s     |   | fert  | berjat |
+| 2s     |   | fert  | berjat |
+| 3s     |   | fert  | berjat |
+| 1p     |   | farum | berjum |
+| 2p     |   | faruð | berjuð |
+| 3p     |   | faruð | berjuð |
+#+begin_center
+Indicative and subjunctive past inflexion of /far(a)/ and /berja/
+#+end_center
+
+The infinitive and imperative merged due to the final vowel loss,
+making /far/ and /berja/ not only the infinitive form of /to go/ and /to
+beat/, but also their imperative form. Present and past participles are
+on the other hand made by appending /-and/ and /-it/ respectively.
+
+| infinitive / imperative | far    | berja   |
+| present participle      | farand | berjand |
+| past participle         | farit  | berit   |
+
+When it comes to the passive voice, inherited from the /-sk/ form in Old
+Norse, its declension is a lot more regular. However, we’ll see the
+remaining difference between strong and weak verbs.
+
+|  <c>   |   |          |             |
+| person |   | Strong   | Weak        |
+|--------+---+----------+-------------|
+|   1s   |   | -umk     | -umk        |
+|   2s   |   | -(a/i)sk | -(ð/d/t)isk |
+|   3s   |   | -(a/i)sk | -(ð/d/t)isk |
+|   1p   |   | -umk     | -umk        |
+|   2p   |   | -(a/i)sk | -(ð/d/t)isk |
+|   3p   |   | -(a/i)sk | -(ð/d/t)isk |
+#+begin_center
+/Strong and Weak Verb Inflexion for the Indicative Present and Past in Passive Voice/
+#+end_center
+
+| person |   | far    | berja     |
+|--------+---+--------+-----------|
+| 1s     |   | ferumk | berjumk   |
+| 2s     |   | ferisk | berjaðisk |
+| 3s     |   | ferisk | berjaðisk |
+| 1p     |   | farask | berjaðisk |
+| 2p     |   | farask | berjaðisk |
+| 3p     |   | farask | berjaðisk |
+
+There is only one minor difference for the subjunctive mood: both the
+first person singular and plural change to /-imk/ instead of /-umk/.
+Imperative, on the other hand, only works with the second person in
+the present tense by appending an /-sk/ at the end of the infinitive of
+the verb.
+
+Due to this uniformisation of the passive voice in Eittlandic,
+Eittlanders began using the verbs /ver(a)/ and /hav(a)/ (respectively /to
+be/ and /to have/) as auxilliaries preceeding the verb in order to convey
+the subject, tense, and mood agreement. The verb /ver(a)/ is most often
+used in active verbs, while the verb /hav(a)/ is generally used with
+stative verbs. While all verbs have a default auxilliary, such as
+/ver(a)/ for a verb like /et(a)/ (/to eat/), the speaker may choose to use
+the other auxilliary in order to increase or decrease the agency of
+the semantic agent (not the syntactic agent), even if it is not
+present in the sentence.
+#+html: ::: tip Example
+- Ek var brennumk mik
+  | ek     | var           | brenn-umk   | mik    |
+  | 1s.NOM | be.1s.IND.PST | burn-1s.PAS | 1s.ACC |
+ /I burnt myself/
+- Ek hav brennumk mik
+  | ek     | hav             | brenn-umk   | mik    |
+  | 1s.NOM | have.1s.IND.PST | burn-1s.PAS | 1s.ACC |
+ /I got burnt/
+#+html: :::
+
+The verbs /var(a)/ and /hav(a)/ are irregular verbs that do not follow the
+same inflexion rules. For a list of their inflexion, see their
+dictionary entry ([[file:./dictionary.md#ver-a][ver(a)]] and [[file:./dictionary.md#hav-a][hav(a)]]).
+
+The passive voice inherits from the Old Norse mediopassive voice. It
+is often used to promote a semantic patient to a syntactic agent and
+to demote a semantic agent to a syntactic oblique, sometimes even
+completely removing it from the sentence.
+
+#+html: ::: tip Example
+- Maðrinn dragt fiskin frá vatnin
+  | maðr-inn        | drag-t       | fisk-in      | frá  | vatn-in       |
+  | man.NOM-DEF.NOM | drag-IND.PST | fish-DEF.ACC | from | water-DEF.DAT |
+  The man fished the fish from the water
+- Fiskinn var dragask frá vatnin
+  | Fiskr-inn        | var           | drag-ask     | frá  | vatn-in       |
+  | fish.NOM-DEF.NOM | be.3s.IND.PST | drag-STG.PAS | from | water-DEF.DAT |
+  The fish was fished from the water
+#+html: :::
+
+*** Modifiers                                                      :noexport:
 # - If you posit a morphosyntactic category of adjectives, give
 #   evidence for not grouping theseforms with the verbs or nouns. What
 #   characterizes a form as being an adjective in this language?
@@ -58,7 +279,7 @@
 #   class, ...)?
 **** Descriptive Adjectives                                           :noexport:
 **** Non-Numeral Quantifiers                                          :noexport:
-**** Numerals
+**** Numerals                                                      :noexport:
 
 *** Adverbs                                                           :noexport:
 # - What characterikes a form as being an adverb in this language? If
@@ -72,26 +293,26 @@
 #   complement-taking (matrix) verbs?
 *** Adpositions                                                       :noexport:
 *** Grammatical Particules                                            :noexport:
-** Constituants Order Typology                                    :noexport:
+** Constituants Order Typology
-*** Constituants Order in Main Clauses
+*** Constituants Order in Main Clauses                             :noexport:
 # - What is the neutral order of free elements in the unit?
 # - Are there variations?
 # - How do the variant orders function?
 # - Specific to the main clause constituent order: What is the
 #   pragmatically neutral order of constituents (A/S, P, and V) in
 #   basic clauses of the language?
-*** Constituants Order in Nominal Clauses
+*** Constituants Order in Nominal Clauses :noexport:
 # - Describe the order(s) of elements in the noun phrase.
-*** Constituants Order in Verbal Clauses
+*** Constituants Order in Verbal Clauses                           :noexport:
 # - Where do auxliari
 #   verb?
 # - Where do verb-phrase adverbs occur with respect to the verb and
 #   auxiliaries?
-*** Adpositional Phrases
+*** Adpositional Phrases                                           :noexport:
 # - Is the language dominantly prepositional or post-positional? Give
 #   examples.
 # - Do many adpositions come from nouns or verbs?
-*** Comparatives
+*** Comparatives                                                   :noexport:
 # - Does the language have one or more grammaticalized comparative
 #   constructions? If so, what is the order of the standard, the
 #   marker and the quality by which an item is compared to the
@@ -100,6 +321,100 @@
 # - In yes/no questions, if there is a question particle, where does
 #   it occur?
 # - In information qu
+Questions in Eittlandic are formed by inverting the syntactic subject
+with its verb in a normal sentence. For example, the sentence /han komr
+í dag með faðin hans/ (/he’s coming today with his father/) becomes a
+question when inverting /han/ and /komr/.
+
+**** Yes/No questions
+Yes/no questions are generally answered by /já/ or /nei/ (/yes/ or /no/
+respectively), sometimes with a repeat of the core of the sentence to
+confirm the anwser.
+
+#+html: ::: tip Example
+- Komr han í dag með faðin hans?
+
+  Is he coming today with his father?
+
+- Nei, han komr eig
+
+  No, he’s not coming
+or
+- Já, han komr
+
+  Yes, he’s coming
+#+html: :::
+
+The interjections /já/ and /nei/ are often ambiguous when replying to a
+question employing a negative verb and are often avoided; Eittlanders
+will prefer to reply with part of or the entirety of the question with
+either a negative marker or not to confirm or deny the assumption of
+the question.
+
+#+html: ::: tip Example
+- Komr han eig í dag?
+
+  Is he not coming today?
+
+- Han komr eig
+
+  He’s not coming
+or
+- Han komr
+#+html: :::
+
+Another strategy, a lot more common when replying to negative
+questions, is to reply using counter-factual interjection /eng/ meaning
+/yes/, while speakers will consider a simple /nei/ as an approbation of
+the assumption of the question.
+
+#+html: ::: tip Example
+- Komr han eig í dag?
+
+  Is he not coming today?
+
+- Nei (han komr eig)
+
+  No (he’s not coming)
+or
+- Áng (han komr)
+
+  Yes he is coming
+#+html: :::
+
+Similarly, when a question with a positive assumption is asked,
+Eittlandic speakers can answer with a counter-factual /náng/ to insist
+on its erroneous nature.
+
+#+html: ::: tip Example
+- Komr han eig í dag?
+
+  Is he not coming today?
+
+- Náng (han komr eig)
+
+  Of course not (he’s not coming)
+#+html: :::
+
+Some yes/no questions are sometimes asked in a very reduced form,
+without a full verbal sentence and only consisting of a noun phrase.
+Think of questions like /Coffe?/ or /Another cookie?/ in English. Such
+questions in Eittlandic require the final word /vit/.
+
+#+html: ::: tip Example
+- Té ell kafé vit?
+
+  Tea or coffe?
+- Té, þakk.
+
+  Tea, please/thanks.
+#+html: :::
+
+**** General questions
+General questions that are not yes/no questions will most of the time
+begin with a question word such as /hvar/ (/who/), the equivalent of WH
+words in English.
+
 ** Structure of a Nominal Group
 *** Composed Words                                               :noexport:
 # - Is there noun-noun compounding that results in a noun (e.g.
@@ -165,12 +480,12 @@ simplified to the table following it.
 |---+------------+------------------+-----------------+---------------+----------------|
 |   | Sing. Nom. | heim-r           | tíð             | skip          | tím-i          |
 |   |       Acc. | heim             | tíð             | skip          | tím-a          |
-|   |       Gen. | heim-s           | tíð-ar          | skip-s        | tím-a          |
 |   |       Dat. | heim-i           | tíð             | skip-i        | tím-a          |
+|   |       Gen. | heim-s           | tíð-ar          | skip-s        | tím-a          |
 |   | Plur. Nom. | heim-ar          | tíð-ir          | skip          | tím-ar         |
 |   |       Acc. | heim-a           | tíð-ir          | skip          | tím-a          |
-|   |       Gen. | heim-a           | tíð-a           | skip-a        | tím-a          |
 |   |       Dat. | heim-um          | tíð-um          | skip-um       | tím-um         |
+|   |       Gen. | heim-a           | tíð-a           | skip-a        | tím-a          |
 
 #+name: tbl:eittlandic-example-noun-inflexions
 #+caption: Declensions for strong and weak nouns in Modern Eittlandic
@@ -179,12 +494,12 @@ simplified to the table following it.
 |---+------------+---------------+---------------+------------|
 |   | Sing. Nom. | heim-r        | skip          | tím        |
 |   |       Acc. | heim          | skip          | tím        |
-|   |       Gen. | heim-ar       | skip-s        | tím-s      |
 |   |       Dat. | heim          | skip          | tím        |
+|   |       Gen. | heim-ar       | skip-s        | tím-s      |
 |   | Plur. Nom. | heim-r        | skip          | tím-r      |
 |   |       Acc. | heim          | skip          | tím        |
-|   |       Gen. | heim-ar       | skip-s        | tím-s      |
 |   |       Dat. | heim-um       | skip-um       | tím-um     |
+|   |       Gen. | heim-ar       | skip-s        | tím-s      |
 
 As you can see, a good amount of declensions disappeared from nouns,
 with only four marked cases for strong common nouns and two for strong
@@ -360,17 +675,14 @@ declensions in this dialect.
 In case a strong noun is used with a strong adjective, both will agree
 in number and gender.
 
-+ Examples:
+#+html: ::: tip Example
-  - hvítr hund
+- hvítr hund
-
+  | white.m.sg.acc | dog.m.sg.acc |
-    white.m.sg.acc dog.m.sg.acc
-
   white dog
-  - langir tungir
+- langir tungir
-
+  | long.f.pl.acc | tongues.f.pl.acc |
-    long.f.pl.acc tongues.f.pl.acc
-
   long tongues
+#+html: :::
 
 *** Diminution and Augmentation                                    :noexport:
 # - Does the language employ diminutive and/or augmentative operators

docs/eittlandic/phonology.org

@@ -317,8 +317,19 @@ when written in Standard Eittlandic due to the spelling dropping the
 final vowels affected here.
 
 #+html: ::: tip Example
-Middle Eittlandic (to understand, to distinguish) {{{phon(ʃkiʎə)}}} > Late
+Middle Eittlandic (to understand, to distinguish) {{{phon(ʃkiʎə)}}} > Modern
-Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiːʎ)}}}
+Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiːʎ)}}}
+#+html: :::
+
+*** C[+plos +fric] > C[-plos]
+During the late 19th century to early 20th century, Eittlandic lost
+its affricate consonants as they morphed into simple fricatives.
+Therefore, some Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(pː)}}} became in Modern
+Eittlandic {{{phon(ɸ)}}} through {{{phon(pɸ)}}}.
+
+#+html: ::: tip Example
+Old Norse /uppá/ (/upon/) {{{phon(upːɑː)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(upɸə)}}}
+> Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(uɸə)}}}
 #+html: :::
 
 *** t / _C > ʔ ! _ʃ