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docs(eittland): verbs, pronouns, questions
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Lucien Cartier-Tilet
2023-12-17 21:32:23 +01:00
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@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ some abbreviations you should keep in mind:
- imp :: imperative
- ind :: indicative
- interr :: interrogative
- iv :: irregular verb
- m :: masculine
- ME :: Middle Eittlandic
- n :: neuter
@@ -28,7 +29,9 @@ some abbreviations you should keep in mind:
- Nor :: Norwegian (Nynork if no dialect is specified)
- num :: numeral
- OE :: Old Eittlandic
- OI :: Old Icelandic
- ON :: Old Norse
- pas :: passive
- pl :: plural
- prep :: preposition
- pret :: preterite
@@ -36,6 +39,7 @@ some abbreviations you should keep in mind:
- sc :: strong common
- sg :: singular
- sn :: strong neuter
- stg :: strong
- sv :: strong verb
- Swe :: Swedish
- wk :: weak
@@ -71,10 +75,23 @@ it is indicated between parenthesis in the accusative case, preceeded
by a dash, as in /dag(a-n)/.
** A
*** ikkí
interj. {{{phon(iχe)}}}
1. How cold! Brr!
From an unkwnown Greenlandic language, compare with modern Greenlandic /ikkii/.
** Á
*** áng
interj. {{{phon(ɛŋ)}}}
** Æ
1. positive counter-factual, see the [[file:./grammar.md#questions][questions]] section of the grammar
This word does not have a clear origin, however it is supposed it was
borrowed early on from an Eskaleut language that may have been spoken
by the island’s initial inhabitants. Compare modern-day Aleut /aang/ and
Proto-Eskimoan /*aa/ or /*ii/.
** B
*** bræðr
@@ -118,7 +135,6 @@ sf. {{{phon(bø̀k)}}}
See [[file:dictionary.md#bok(r)][/bók/]]
** C
** D
*** djúp
adj. {{{phon(dʒòp)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/d.php#dj%C3%BApr][djúpr]]
@@ -146,8 +162,6 @@ sf. {{{phon(dɔtʃ)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/d.php#d%C3%B3ttir][
| | Gen. | dóttr | dœtr |
| | Dat. | dótt | dœttum |
** Đ
** E
*** edd(a-t)
wf. {{{phon(e:d)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/e.php#edda][edda]]
@@ -178,8 +192,13 @@ ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/e.php#einn][einn]], and ON [[https://old-norse.n
| | Gen. | eittlands |
| | Dat. | eittland |
** É
*** ell
{{{phon(elː)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ella#Old_Norse][ella]]
1. (adv.) else, or, otherwise
2. (conj.) or
** É
** F
*** fað
m. {{{phon(fað)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#fa%C3%B0ir][faðir]]
@@ -233,37 +252,68 @@ n. {{{phon(jɔʊð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/g.php#gau%C3%B0][ga
1. a quarrel
2. a heated debate /(informal)/
*** gegn
adv. {{{phon(jeɡn̩)}}}
1. against, opposing
*** gjøf
f. {{{phon(jøv)}}}
*** gef
f. {{{phon(jev)}}}, from Early Old Norse [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gj%C7%ABf#Old_Norse][gef]]
1. gift, present
*** gegn
adv. {{{phon(jeɡn̩)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gegn#Old_Norse][gegn]]
1. against, opposing
** H
*** hav(a)
iv. {{{phon(haβ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hafa#Old_Norse][hafa]]
1. to have
2. stative auxilliary
**** Inflexions
- infinitive :: hav
- imperative :: hav (except 2p /haft/)
- imperative passive voice :: hafsk (except 1p /havumsk/)
- present participle :: havand
- past participle :: hafr
| | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Indicative Past | Subjunctive Past |
|----+--------------------+---------------------+-----------------+------------------|
| 1s | hav | hav | haft | haft |
| 2s | havir | havir | haftir | haftir |
| 3s | havir | hav | haft | haft |
| 1p | havum | havim | haft | haft |
| 2p | haft | haft | haftuð | haftið |
| 3p | hav | hav | haft | haft |
Note that there is no difference between singular and plural when using hav(a) in the passive voice.
| | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Indicative Past | Subjunctive Past |
|---+---------------------+---------------------+-----------------+------------------|
| 1 | havumk | havumk | havumk | heðumk |
| 2 | hafsk | havisk | havisk | heðisk |
| 3 | hafsk | havisk | havisk | heðisk |
*** heils(a-t)
wn.f. {{{phon(hɑ:ɪls)}}}
wn.f. {{{phon(hɑ:ɪls)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heilsa#Old_Norse][heilsa]]
1. health
*** hjól
n. {{{phon(çɔl)}}}
n. {{{phon(çɔl)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hj%C3%B3l#Old_Norse][hjól]]
1. wheel
*** hlóð
n. {{{phon(l̥ɔð)}}}
n. {{{phon(l̥ɔð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hl%C3%B3%C3%B0][hlóð]]
1. hearth
2. living room
*** hneis(a-t)
wn.f. {{{phon(n̥ɑ:ɪs)}}}
wn.f. {{{phon(n̥ɑ:ɪs)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hneisa][hneisa]]
1. shame, disgrace
2. social isolation
1. shame, disgrace, fear
2. reclusion (out of shame or out of fear)
3. social isolation
*** hneising
n. {{{phon(n̥ɑɪsinɡ)}}}
@@ -272,38 +322,59 @@ n. {{{phon(n̥ɑɪsinɡ)}}}
2. (modern) shut-in, hikikomori
*** hnjós(a)
v. {{{phon(ɲ̥ɔ̀ːs)}}}
v. {{{phon(ɲ̥ɔ̀ːs)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hnj%C3%B3sa][hnjósa]]
1. to sneeze
*** hrifs
n. {{{phon(r̥ivs)}}}
n. {{{phon(r̥ivs)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hrifs][hrifs]]
1. assault, mugging
*** hvar
pron. {{{phon(ʍar)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hvar#Old_Norse][hvar]]
1. who
*** hvat
adv. {{{phon(ʍɑt)}}}
adv. {{{phon(ʍɑt)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hvat#Old_Norse][hvat]]
1. what
*** hví
adv. {{{phon(ʍè)}}}
adv. {{{phon(ʍè)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hv%C3%AD#Old_Norse][hví]]
1. why
** I
** Í
** J
*** já
{{{phon(jɛ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/j%C3%A1#Old_Norse][já]]
1. (adv) yes
2. (interj) yes (as an exclamation of joy)
** K
*** kaup
n. {{{phon(kɔp)}}}
*** kaup(a)
n. {{{phon(kɔp)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kaupa#Old_Norse][kaupa]]
1. commerce
2. bargain, barter
*** konung
sn.m. {{{phon(ˈkonoŋ)}}}
*** kék
adj. {{{phon(kɛk)}}}
1. gray (hair colour)
Probably from a Greenlandic dialect, compare to West Greenlandic /qeeq/
*** kom(a)
sv. {{{phon(kom)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/koma#Old_Norse][koma]]
1. to come
*** konungr
sn.m. {{{phon(ˈkonoŋ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/konungr#Old_Norse][konungr]]
1. king
@@ -314,10 +385,14 @@ sn.m. {{{phon(ˈkonoŋ)}}}
2. adj. royal
** L
*** land
n. {{{phon(land)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/land#Old_Norse][land]]
1. land
** M
*** myrɡun
m. {{{phon(ˈmyrɡun)}}}
*** myrɡunn
m. {{{phon(ˈmyrɡunː)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myrginn#Old_Norse][myrgunn]]
1. morning, aurora
@@ -332,17 +407,17 @@ See also [[file:./dictionary.md#undirland][undirland]]
** N
*** ná
adv. {{{phon(nɛ̀)}}}
adv. {{{phon(nɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/n%C3%A1#Old_Norse][ná]]
1. now
#+html: ::: tip Example
Ná kom ek frá universitatit.
Ná kom ek frá universitetit.
I come from the university now.
#+html: :::
2. intensifier, used at the end of sentences
#+html: ::: tip Example
Ek kom frá universitatit ná!
Ek kom frá universitetit ná!
- I come from the university (you know)
or
@@ -350,31 +425,187 @@ adv. {{{phon(nɛ̀)}}}
#+html: :::
3. progressive marker when placed right after the verb
#+html: ::: tip Example
Ek kom ná frá universitatit.
Ek kom ná frá universitetit.
I’m coming from the university.
#+html: :::
*** noregsúlf
m. {{{phon(ˈnorejsˌòlv)}}}
*** náng
interj. {{{phon(nɛŋ)}}}
1. negative counter-factual, see the [[file:./grammar.md#questions][questions]] section of the grammar
This word does not have a clear origin, however it is supposed it was
borrowed early on from an Eskaleut language that may have been spoken
by the island’s initial inhabitants. Compare Aleut /nangaa/ and
Proto-Eskimoan /*nanka/, and Western Greenlandic /naagga/.
*** nei
{{{phon(nɑɪ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nei#Old_Norse][nei]]
1. (adv.) no
2. (interj) no, as an exclamation of panic, regret
*** norvegsúlf(r)
m. {{{phon(ˈnorβejsˌòlv)}}}, from ON /Noregs/ (genitive of ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/n.php#noregr][Noregr]]) and ON
[[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ulfr#Old_Norse][úlfr]]
1. wolf, litt. Norway’s wolf.
Wolves do not naturally live in Eittland. Their only relatives
introduced to the island were dogs and wolf-dogs, and the latter
inherited the simpler /úlfr/ term. Noun composed by Old Norse /noregs/
(genitive of /Noregr/, /Norway/) and /úlfr/.
Wolves do not naturally live in Eittland. Their only relatives
introduced to the island were dogs and wolf-dogs, and the latter
inherited the simpler /úlfr/ term. Noun composed by Old Norse /noregs/
(genitive of /Noregr/, /Norway/) and /úlfr/.
** O
** Ó
*** óglaðr / óglœðr
adj. {{{phon(ˈɔ̀ɡʲœðr̩)}}}
*** óglað(r)
adj. {{{phon(ˈɔ̀ɡʲœð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/oo.php#%C3%B3gla%C3%B0r][óglaðr]]
1. very sad, depressed, miserable
** Ø
** P
*** pengvin
n. {{{phon(ˈpeŋβen)}}}, from French [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pingouin#French][pingouin]] through Danish [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pingvin#Danish][pingvin]]
1. penguin
** R
*** ráðuneyt(i)
wn.m. {{{phon(ˈrɛ̀ðoˌnœʏt)}}}, from OI [[https://old-norse.net/html/r.php#r%C3%A1%C3%B0uneyti][ráðuneyti]]
1. Ministry
2. department
** S
*** sitj(a)
v. {{{phon(siːtʃ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sitja#Old_Norse][sitja]]
1. to sit
2. to represent (politics)
*** sjá
v. {{{phon(ʃɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sj%C3%A1#Old_Norse][sjá]]
1. to see
2. to understand
*** skilj(a)
v. {{{phon(ʃkiːʎ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skilja#Old_Norse][skilja]]
1. to differenciate
2. to segregate, to separate
3. to understand a difference
*** snjór
m. {{{phon(sɲɔ̀r)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/snj%C3%B3r#Old_Norse][snjór]]
1. snow
*** styrsamhald(i)
n. {{{phon(ˈʃtyrˌsamhald)}}}, from Old Norse [[https://old-norse.net/html/s.php#styrr][styrr]] (stir, battle) and
[[https://old-norse.net/html/s.php#samheldi][samhaldi]] (a holding together, unity).
1. military batallion
2. mitilary unit, group
** T
*** tal(a)
wn.f. {{{phon(tal)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tala#Old_Norse][tala]]
1. numbers
*** tren
wn.n. {{{phon(tren)}}}, from English [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/train#English][train]]
1. train
** U
*** undir
adj. {{{phon(undir)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/undir#Old_Norse][undir]]
1. under, underneath
Can only be used with accusative or dative
*** undirland
wn.n. {{{phon(ˈundirˌland)}}}, calque of English “underground” using [[file:./dictionary.md#undir][undir]] and [[file:./dictionary.md#land][land]]
1. underground, subway
See also [[file:./dictionary.md#metr-o][metr(o)]]
*** universitet
wn.n. {{{phon(oneˈβersetet)}}}, from German [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t#German][Universität]]
1. university
*** uppá
prep. {{{phon(ˈuɸə̀)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/u.php#upp%C3%A1][uppá]]
1. upon
** Ú
*** úlf(r)
m. {{{phon(òlv)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ulfr][úlfr]]
1. wolf-dog. See also /noregsúlfr/.
** V
*** veisheit
wn.f. {{{phon(ˈβɑɪshɑɪt)}}}, from German [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Weisheit#German][Weisheit]], see also [[file:./dictionary.md#visk-a][visk(a)]]
1. knowledge or wisdom
2. insight
*** ver(a)
iv. {{{phon(βer)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vera#Old_Norse][vera]]
1. to be
2. active auxilliary
**** Inflexions
- infinitive :: ver
- imperative :: ver
- present participle :: verand
- past participle :: vert
| | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Indicative Past | Subjunctive Past |
|----+--------------------+---------------------+-----------------+------------------|
| 1s | em | sé | var | vár |
| 2s | ert | sér | vart | vár |
| 3s | er | sé | var | vár |
| 1p | er | sé | var | vár |
| 2p | eruð | séð | varð | várið |
| 3p | er | sé | var | vár |
*** vél
sc.f. {{{phon(βɛl)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/v%C3%A9l#Old_Norse][vél]]
1. machine, craft
*** vétal(a)
wn.f. {{{phon(ˈβɛ̀tal)}}}, portemanteau of [[file:./dictionary.md#vel][vél]] and [[file:./dictionary.md#tal-a][tal(a)]]
1. computer
*** vit
interj. {{{phon(βit)}}}
1. question marker, see [[file:./grammar.md#yes-no-questions][yes/no questions]], probably from a Greenlandic
dialect, see [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlandic_language#Indicative_and_interrogative_moods][Greenlandic interrogative moods]].
*** visk(a)
f. {{{phon(βiʃk)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/v.php#vizka][vizka]]
1. practical knowledge or wisdom, acquired from experience
See [[file:./dictionary.md#veisheit][veisheit]] for a more general term for /wisdow/
** Y
** Ý
** Z
** Ø
** Œ
*** Œgir / Œger
m. {{{phon(ˈœjer)}}}
@@ -382,126 +613,5 @@ m. {{{phon(ˈœjer)}}}
1. A mythical beast residing in the forests of the western
Eittlandic fjords.
** P
*** pengvin / pengven
n. {{{phon(ˈpeŋβen)}}}
1. penguin
From English *penguin*
** Q
** R
*** ráðuneyt
wn.m. {{{phon(ˈrɛ̀ðoˌnœʏt)}}}
1. Ministry
2. department
** S
*** sitj(a)
v. {{{phon(siːtʃ)}}}
1. to sit
2. to represent (politics)
*** sjá
v. {{{phon(ʃɛ̀)}}}
1. to see
2. to understand
*** skilj(a)
v. {{{phon(ʃkiːʎ)}}}
1. to differenciate
2. to segregate, to separate
3. to understand a difference
*** snjór
m. {{{phon(sɲɔ̀r)}}}
1. snow
*** styrsamhald
n. {{{phon(ˈʃtyrˌsamhald)}}}
1. military batallion
2. mitilary unit, group
From Old Norse *styrr* (stir, battle) and *samhald* (a holding together,
unity).
** T
*** tal(a)
wn.f. {{{phon(tal)}}}
1. numbers
*** tren
wn.n. {{{phon(tren)}}}
1. train
** Đ
** Þ
** U
*** undir
adj. {{{phon(undir)}}}
1. under, underneath
Can only be used with accusative or dative
*** undirland
wn.n. {{{phon(ˈundirˌland)}}}, calque of English “underground”
1. underground, subway
See also [[file:./dictionary.md#metr-o][metr(o)]]
*** universitat
wn.n. {{{phon(oneˈβersetat)}}}
1. university
*** uppá
prep. {{{phon(ˈupɸə̀)}}}
1. upon
** Ú
*** úlf
m. {{{phon(òlv)}}}
1. wolf-dog. See also /noregsúlfr/.
** V
*** veisheit
wn.f. {{{phon(ˈβɑɪshɑɪt)}}}
1. knowledge or wisdom. From German /Weisheit/. See also /vizka/
*** vél
sc.f.
1. machine, craft
*** vétal
wn.f. {{{phon(ˈβɛ̀tal)}}}
1. computer
*** visk(a)
f. {{{phon(βiːʃk)}}}
1. practical knowledge or wisdom, acquired from experience
See /veisheit/ for a more general term for /wisdow/
** Y
** Ý
** Z