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#+setupfile : ../headers
* Dictionary
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Below you will find a simple Eittlandic to English dictionary. It uses
some abbreviations you should keep in mind:
- acc :: accusative
- adj :: adjective
- adv :: adverb
- art :: article
- aux :: auxiliary
- comp :: comparative
- conj :: conjunction
- Dan :: Danish
- dat :: dative
- def :: definite
- Eng :: English
- f :: feminine
- gen :: genitive
- Ger :: German
- imp :: imperative
- ind :: indicative
- interr :: interrogative
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- iv :: irregular verb
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- m :: masculine
- ME :: Middle Eittlandic
- n :: neuter
- neg :: negative
- nom :: nominal
- Nor :: Norwegian (Nynork if no dialect is specified)
- num :: numeral
- OE :: Old Eittlandic
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- OI :: Old Icelandic
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- ON :: Old Norse
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- pas :: passive
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- pl :: plural
- prep :: preposition
- pret :: preterite
- pron :: pronoun
- sc :: strong common
- sg :: singular
- sn :: strong neuter
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- stg :: strong
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- sv :: strong verb
- Swe :: Swedish
- wk :: weak
- wn :: weak noun
- wv :: weak verb
Note that when a word is marked solely as /masculine/ , /feminine/ or
/neutral/ , it is a noun. Otherwise, another marker such as /adj./ should
be added, for instance /f.adj./ for a feminine adjective.
All words are indexed by their spelling as determined by Standard
Eittlandic, which roughly corresponds to the accusative of other
dialects. Each noun has its declension presented to the reader as a
guide to how it might generally look in dialects other than Standard
Eittlandic, however variations may exist from one dialect to another.
For instance, while most Eittlandic dialects lost the /ru/ part of the
dat.pl. declention, going from /férum/ to /fém/ , some dialects in East
Northern Eittland still retain the former form.
Letters in parenthesis are no longer used when writing Eittlandic but
are still underlying vowels that can still affect the pronunciation of
the word and its surroundings. For instance, /dag/ can represent two
forms of the word /dag(r)/ , /dag/ and /dag(a)/ . The former is pronounced
{{{phon(daɣ )}}} while the latter is pronounced {{{phon(daj)}}} . They can also
represent grammatical cases which are no longer used in Standard
Eittlandic, such as /dag(r)/ shown above which doesn’ t exist as /dagr/ in
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Standard Eittlandic, only as /dag/ . The underlying vowel also reappears
when the word is used in its definite form. For instance, /dagr/ becomes
/dagann/ due to the underlying «a» in its accusative form /dag(a)/ while
/fiskr/ becomes /fiskinn/ (the «i» is added when no other vowel can
replace it). To symbolize which definite article is used with nouns,
it is indicated between parenthesis in the accusative case, preceeded
by a dash, as in /dag(a-n)/ .
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** A
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*** ikkí
interj. {{{phon(iχe)}}}
1. How cold! Brr!
From an unkwnown Greenlandic language, compare with modern Greenlandic /ikkii/ .
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** Á
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*** áng
interj. {{{phon(ɛŋ)}}}
1. positive counter-factual, see the [[file:./grammar.md#questions ][questions ]] section of the grammar
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This word does not have a clear origin, however it is supposed it was
borrowed early on from an Eskaleut language that may have been spoken
by the island’ s initial inhabitants. Compare modern-day Aleut /aang/ and
Proto-Eskimoan /*aa/ or /*ii/ .
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** B
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*** bræðr
sm. {{{phon(brɛð)}}}
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See [[file:dictionary.md#broð ][/bróð/ ]]
*** bróð
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sm. {{{phon(brɔ̀ð)}}} , from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/b.php#br%C3%B3%C3%B0ir ][bróðir ]]
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1. brother, plural /bræð/
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Re-analysis of ON /bródir/ decomposed into /bróð/ + /-ir/ by popular
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etymology. Same goes for its former plural /bræðir/ which got
re-analyzed into /bræð/ + /-ir/ .
| / | <r> | | |
| | | Singular | Plural |
|---+------+----------+--------|
| | Nom. | bróðr | bræðr |
| | Acc. | bróð | bræð |
| | Gen. | bróðir | bræðir |
| | Dat. | bróð | bræðum |
*** bók
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sf. {{{phon(bɔ̀k)}}} , from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/b.php#b%C3%B3k2 ][bók ]]
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1. book, plural /bøk/
| / | <r> | | |
| | | Singular | Plural |
|---+------+----------+--------|
| | Nom. | bókr | bøkr |
| | Acc. | bók | bøk |
| | Gen. | bókar | bøkar |
| | Dat. | bók | bøkum |
*** bøk
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sf. {{{phon(bø̀k)}}}
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See [[file:dictionary.md#bok(r) ][/bók/ ]]
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** C
** D
*** djúp
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adj. {{{phon(dʒòp)}}} , from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/d.php#dj%C3%BApr ][djúpr ]]
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1. deep
2. profound (figuratively)
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*** djúplig / djúpleg
adv. {{{phon(dʒòpleɣ )}}} , from OE djúpr (see [[file:dictionary.md#djúp ][djúp ]]) with OE suffix /-ligr/ (see
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ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ligr#Old_Norse ][-ligr ]])
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1. deeply
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2. inherently
*** dótt
sf. {{{phon(dɔtʃ)}}} , from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/d.php#d%C3%B3ttir ][dóttir ]]
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1. daughter
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| / | <r> | | |
| | | Singular | Plural |
|---+------+----------+--------|
| | Nom. | dóttr | dœttr |
| | Acc. | dótt | dœtt |
| | Gen. | dóttr | dœtr |
| | Dat. | dótt | dœttum |
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** E
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*** edd(a-t)
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wf. {{{phon(e:d)}}} , from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/e.php#edda ][edda ]]
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1. great grandmother
2. female ancestor, beyond the grandmother
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| / | <r> | | |
| | | Singular | Plural |
|---+------+----------+--------|
| | Nom. | edd | eddr |
| | Acc. | edd | edd |
| | Gen. | eddas | eddas |
| | Dat. | edd | eddam |
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*** Eittland
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wn. {{{phon(ɑ ɪ ʔ lɑ nd)}}} , from OE neutral /einn/ (/alone/ , /lonely/ ), itself from
ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/e.php#einn ][einn ]], and ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/l.php#land ][land ]]
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1. High Kingdom of Eittland
2. island of Eittland
| / | <r> | |
| | | Singular |
|---+------+-----------|
| | Nom. | eittland |
| | Acc. | eittland |
| | Gen. | eittlands |
| | Dat. | eittland |
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*** ell
{{{phon(elː )}}} , from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ella#Old_Norse ][ella ]]
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1. (adv.) else, or, otherwise
2. (conj.) or
** É
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** F
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*** fað
m. {{{phon(fað)}}} , from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#fa%C3%B0ir ][faðir ]]
1. father, plural /feð/
Re-analysis of sg. /fadir/ and pl. /feðir/ as /fað/ and /feð/ respectively,
each appended with a grammatical /-r/ or /-ir/ (which later got reduced to
/-r/ ).
| | Singular | Plural |
|------+----------+--------|
| Nom. | faðr | feðr |
| Acc. | fað | feð |
| Gen. | faðar | feðar |
| Dat. | fað | feðum |
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*** feð
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sm. {{{phon(feð)}}}
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See [[file:dictionary.md#fað ][/fað/ ]]
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*** fé
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wn. {{{phon(fɛ̀)}}} , from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#f%C3%A9 ][fé ]] (cattle)
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1. wealth
| | Singular | Plural |
|------+----------+--------|
| Nom. | fé | fé |
| Acc. | fé | fé |
| Gen. | fés | fés |
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| Dat. | fé | fém |
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*** fisk
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sm. {{{phon(fiʃk)}}} , from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#fiskr ][fiskr ]]
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1. fish
| | Singular | Plural |
|------+----------+--------|
| Nom. | fiskr | fiskr |
| Acc. | fisk | fisk |
| Gen. | fiskar | fiskar |
| Dat. | fisk | fiskum |
** G
*** gauð
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n. {{{phon(jɔʊð)}}} , from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/g.php#gau%C3%B0 ][gauð ]] (/a barking/ )
1. a quarrel
2. a heated debate /(informal)/
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*** gef
f. {{{phon(jev)}}} , from Early Old Norse [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gj%C7%ABf#Old_Norse ][gef ]]
1. gift, present
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*** gegn
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adv. {{{phon(jeɡ n̩)}}} , from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gegn#Old_Norse ][gegn ]]
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1. against, opposing
** H
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*** hav(a)
iv. {{{phon(haβ)}}} , from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hafa#Old_Norse ][hafa ]]
1. to have
2. stative auxilliary
**** Inflexions
- infinitive :: hav
- imperative :: hav (except 2p /haft/ )
- imperative passive voice :: hafsk (except 1p /havumsk/ )
- present participle :: havand
- past participle :: hafr
| | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Indicative Past | Subjunctive Past |
|----+--------------------+---------------------+-----------------+------------------|
| 1s | hav | hav | haft | haft |
| 2s | havir | havir | haftir | haftir |
| 3s | havir | hav | haft | haft |
| 1p | havum | havim | haft | haft |
| 2p | haft | haft | haftuð | haftið |
| 3p | hav | hav | haft | haft |
Note that there is no difference between singular and plural when using hav(a) in the passive voice.
| | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Indicative Past | Subjunctive Past |
|---+---------------------+---------------------+-----------------+------------------|
| 1 | havumk | havumk | havumk | heðumk |
| 2 | hafsk | havisk | havisk | heðisk |
| 3 | hafsk | havisk | havisk | heðisk |
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*** heils(a-t)
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wn.f. {{{phon(hɑ :ɪ ls)}}} , from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heilsa#Old_Norse ][heilsa ]]
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1. health
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*** hjól
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n. {{{phon(çɔl)}}} , from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hj%C3%B3l#Old_Norse ][hjól ]]
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1. wheel
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*** hlóð
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n. {{{phon(l̥ɔð)}}} , from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hl%C3%B3%C3%B0 ][hlóð ]]
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1. hearth
2. living room
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*** hneis(a-t)
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wn.f. {{{phon(n̥ɑ :ɪ s)}}} , from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hneisa ][hneisa ]]
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1. shame, disgrace, fear
2. reclusion (out of shame or out of fear)
3. social isolation
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*** hneising
n. {{{phon(n̥ɑ ɪ sinɡ )}}}
1. hermit
2. (modern) shut-in, hikikomori
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*** hnjós(a)
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v. {{{phon(ɲ̥ɔ̀ː s)}}} , from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hnj%C3%B3sa ][hnjósa ]]
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1. to sneeze
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*** hrifs
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n. {{{phon(r̥ivs)}}} , from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hrifs ][hrifs ]]
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1. assault, mugging
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*** hvar
pron. {{{phon(ʍar)}}} , from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hvar#Old_Norse ][hvar ]]
1. who
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*** hvat
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adv. {{{phon(ʍɑ t)}}} , from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hvat#Old_Norse ][hvat ]]
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1. what
*** hví
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adv. {{{phon(ʍè)}}} , from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hv%C3%AD#Old_Norse ][hví ]]
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1. why
** I
** Í
** J
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*** já
{{{phon(jɛ)}}} , from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/j%C3%A1#Old_Norse ][já ]]
1. (adv) yes
2. (interj) yes (as an exclamation of joy)
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** K
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*** kaup(a)
n. {{{phon(kɔp)}}} , from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kaupa#Old_Norse ][kaupa ]]
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1. commerce
2. bargain, barter
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*** kék
adj. {{{phon(kɛk)}}}
1. gray (hair colour)
Probably from a Greenlandic dialect, compare to West Greenlandic /qeeq/
*** kom(a)
sv. {{{phon(kom)}}} , from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/koma#Old_Norse ][koma ]]
1. to come
*** konungr
sn.m. {{{phon(ˈ konoŋ)}}} , from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/konungr#Old_Norse ][konungr ]]
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1. king
*** konunɡ liɡ
{{{phon(konoŋleɣ )}}} , from [[file:./dictionary.md#konung ][konung ]] and suffix /-lig/ .
1. adv. royaly
2. adj. royal
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** L
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*** land
n. {{{phon(land)}}} , from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/land#Old_Norse ][land ]]
1. land
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** M
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*** myrɡ unn
m. {{{phon(ˈ myrɡ unː )}}} , from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myrginn#Old_Norse ][myrgunn ]]
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1. morning, aurora
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*** metr(o)
wn.n. {{{phon(metr)}}} , from French “métro”
1. subway, underground
- definitive form: /metrot/
See also [[file:./dictionary.md#undirland ][undirland ]]
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** N
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*** ná
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adv. {{{phon(nɛ̀)}}} , from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/n%C3%A1#Old_Norse ][ná ]]
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1. now
#+html: ::: tip Example
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Ná kom ek frá universitetit.
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I come from the university now.
#+html: :::
2. intensifier, used at the end of sentences
#+html: ::: tip Example
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Ek kom frá universitetit ná!
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- I come from the university (you know)
or
- (I’ ll have you know) I come from the university!
#+html: :::
3. progressive marker when placed right after the verb
#+html: ::: tip Example
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Ek kom ná frá universitetit.
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I’ m coming from the university.
#+html: :::
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*** náng
interj. {{{phon(nɛŋ)}}}
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1. negative counter-factual, see the [[file:./grammar.md#questions ][questions ]] section of the grammar
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This word does not have a clear origin, however it is supposed it was
borrowed early on from an Eskaleut language that may have been spoken
by the island’ s initial inhabitants. Compare Aleut /nangaa/ and
Proto-Eskimoan /*nanka/ , and Western Greenlandic /naagga/ .
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*** nei
{{{phon(nɑ ɪ )}}} , from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nei#Old_Norse ][nei ]]
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1. (adv.) no
2. (interj) no, as an exclamation of panic, regret
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*** norvegsúlf(r)
m. {{{phon(ˈ norβejsˌòlv)}}} , from ON /Noregs/ (genitive of ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/n.php#noregr ][Noregr ]]) and ON
[[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ulfr#Old_Norse ][úlfr ]]
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1. wolf, litt. Norway’ s wolf.
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Wolves do not naturally live in Eittland. Their only relatives
introduced to the island were dogs and wolf-dogs, and the latter
inherited the simpler /úlfr/ term. Noun composed by Old Norse /noregs/
(genitive of /Noregr/ , /Norway/ ) and /úlfr/ .
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** O
** Ó
*** óglað(r)
adj. {{{phon(ˈɔ̀ɡʲœð)}}} , from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/oo.php#%C3%B3gla%C3%B0r ][óglaðr ]]
1. very sad, depressed, miserable
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** P
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*** pengvin
n. {{{phon(ˈ peŋβen)}}} , from French [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pingouin#French ][pingouin ]] through Danish [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pingvin#Danish ][pingvin ]]
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1. penguin
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** R
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*** ráðuneyt(i)
wn.m. {{{phon(ˈ rɛ̀ðoˌnœʏ t)}}} , from OI [[https://old-norse.net/html/r.php#r%C3%A1%C3%B0uneyti ][ráðuneyti ]]
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1. Ministry
2. department
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** S
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*** sitj(a)
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v. {{{phon(siː tʃ)}}} , from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sitja#Old_Norse ][sitja ]]
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1. to sit
2. to represent (politics)
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*** sjá
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v. {{{phon(ʃɛ̀)}}} , from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sj%C3%A1#Old_Norse ][sjá ]]
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1. to see
2. to understand
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*** skilj(a)
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v. {{{phon(ʃkiː ʎ)}}} , from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skilja#Old_Norse ][skilja ]]
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1. to differenciate
2. to segregate, to separate
3. to understand a difference
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*** snjór
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m. {{{phon(sɲɔ̀r)}}} , from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/snj%C3%B3r#Old_Norse ][snjór ]]
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1. snow
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*** styrsamhald(i)
n. {{{phon(ˈ ʃtyrˌsamhald)}}} , from Old Norse [[https://old-norse.net/html/s.php#styrr ][styrr ]] (stir, battle) and
[[https://old-norse.net/html/s.php#samheldi ][samhaldi ]] (a holding together, unity).
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1. military batallion
2. mitilary unit, group
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** T
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*** tal(a)
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wn.f. {{{phon(tal)}}} , from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tala#Old_Norse ][tala ]]
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1. numbers
*** tren
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wn.n. {{{phon(tren)}}} , from English [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/train#English ][train ]]
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1. train
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** U
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*** undir
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adj. {{{phon(undir)}}} , from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/undir#Old_Norse ][undir ]]
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1. under, underneath
Can only be used with accusative or dative
*** undirland
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wn.n. {{{phon(ˈ undirˌland)}}} , calque of English “underground” using [[file:./dictionary.md#undir ][undir ]] and [[file:./dictionary.md#land ][land ]]
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1. underground, subway
See also [[file:./dictionary.md#metr-o ][metr(o) ]]
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*** universitet
wn.n. {{{phon(oneˈ βersetet)}}} , from German [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t#German ][Universität ]]
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1. university
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*** uppá
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prep. {{{phon(ˈ uɸə̀)}}} , from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/u.php#upp%C3%A1 ][uppá ]]
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1. upon
** Ú
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*** úlf(r)
m. {{{phon(òlv)}}} , from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ulfr ][úlfr ]]
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1. wolf-dog. See also /noregsúlfr/ .
** V
*** veisheit
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wn.f. {{{phon(ˈ βɑ ɪ shɑ ɪ t)}}} , from German [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Weisheit#German ][Weisheit ]], see also [[file:./dictionary.md#visk-a ][visk(a) ]]
1. knowledge or wisdom
2. insight
*** ver(a)
iv. {{{phon(βer)}}} , from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vera#Old_Norse ][vera ]]
1. to be
2. active auxilliary
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**** Inflexions
- infinitive :: ver
- imperative :: ver
- present participle :: verand
- past participle :: vert
| | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Indicative Past | Subjunctive Past |
|----+--------------------+---------------------+-----------------+------------------|
| 1s | em | sé | var | vár |
| 2s | ert | sér | vart | vár |
| 3s | er | sé | var | vár |
| 1p | er | sé | var | vár |
| 2p | eruð | séð | varð | várið |
| 3p | er | sé | var | vár |
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*** vél
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sc.f. {{{phon(βɛl)}}} , from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/v%C3%A9l#Old_Norse ][vél ]]
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1. machine, craft
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*** vétal(a)
wn.f. {{{phon(ˈ βɛ̀tal)}}} , portemanteau of [[file:./dictionary.md#vel ][vél ]] and [[file:./dictionary.md#tal-a ][tal(a) ]]
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1. computer
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*** vit
interj. {{{phon(βit)}}}
1. question marker, see [[file:./grammar.md#yes-no-questions ][yes/no questions ]], probably from a Greenlandic
dialect, see [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlandic_language#Indicative_and_interrogative_moods ][Greenlandic interrogative moods ]].
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*** visk(a)
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f. {{{phon(βiʃk)}}} , from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/v.php#vizka ][vizka ]]
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1. practical knowledge or wisdom, acquired from experience
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See [[file:./dictionary.md#veisheit ][veisheit ]] for a more general term for /wisdow/
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** Y
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** Ý
** Z
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** Ø
** Œ
*** Œgir / Œger
m. {{{phon(ˈ œjer)}}}
1. A mythical beast residing in the forests of the western
Eittlandic fjords.
** Đ
** Þ