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[Eittlandic] More on cases and syntax

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Lucien Cartier-Tilet 2022-04-22 17:16:37 +02:00
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@ -69,11 +69,13 @@ to any real event, or any real people is purely coincidental.
:END:
- adj :: adjective
- adv :: adverb
- f :: feminine noun
- m :: masculine noun
- n :: neutral noun
- f :: strong feminine noun or adjective
- m :: strong masculine noun or adjective
- n :: strong neutral noun or adjective
- N :: noun
- prep :: preposition
- v :: verb
- w :: weak noun or adjective
* Eittland
:PROPERTIES:
@ -594,7 +596,15 @@ marking makes the sentence /fisk barn etar/ much more gruesome.
| fish.NOM | barn.ACC | eat-3sg |
Eittlandic is now a SOV language with a much stricter word order than
it used to be.
it used to be. This is an important change since Old Eittlandic which
main word order was VSO instead. For instance, here is the same
sentence in Old Eittlandic and in Standard Eittlandic.
- Old Eittlandic :: Han bar hann til vatns nákkurs
| han | bar | han-n | til | vatn-s | nákkur-s |
| he.NOM | carry.3sg.pret | 3sg.m-ACC | to | lake-DAT | some-DAT |
- Standard Eittlandic :: Han til vatn nákkur hann bar
| han | til | vatn | nákkur | hann | bar |
| he.NOM | to | lake | some | he.ACC | carry.3sg.pret |
Loss of case marking also affected adjectives which share most of
their declensions with nouns. The parts where Eittlandic retains its
@ -1338,6 +1348,33 @@ On the other hand, Southern Eittlandic tends to front its {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into
# - Do nouns exhibit morphological case?
# - If so, what are the cases? (The functions of the cases will be
# elaborated in lat
**** Cases in Modern Eittlandic
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Grammatical-Case-Cases-in-Modern-Eittlandic-jufb9o11mfj0
:END:
Although seldom visible, as described in
§[[#Structural-Overview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Grammatical-Case-Case-Marking-c6jb9o11mfj0]],
cases still remain part of the Eittlandic grammar, expressed through
its syntax rather than explicit marking on its nouns and adjectives.
Four different grammatical cases exist in this language: the
*nominative*, *accusative*, *genitive*, and *dative* case.
- The *nominative* case represents the subject of a sentence, that is,
the subject of intransitive clauses and the agent of transitive
clauses. As we’ll see below, it is morphologically marked only in
dialects other than Standard Eittlandic, and only if the word is a
strong masculine word.
- On the other hand *accusative*, like Old Norse, usually marks the
object of a verb, but it can also express time-related ideas such as
a duration in time, or after some prepositions. It is also the
default case when a noun has no clear status in a clause, and it can
as such serve as a vocative.
- *Dative* usually marks indirect objects of verbs in Old Norse, though
it can also often mark direct objects depending on the verb used.
**** Case Marking
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Grammatical-Case-Case-Marking-c6jb9o11mfj0
:END:
Although present in Early Old Norse, the use of grammatical cases has
been on the decline since the Great Vowel Shift (see
§[[#Great-Vowel-Shift-7spk7j70uaj0]]). Due to the general loss of
@ -1663,7 +1700,7 @@ used even in this dialect.
:END:
- fé :: n. {{{phon(fɛ)}}}
1. wealth
- fiskr :: m. {{{phon(fiʃkr̩)}}}
- fisk :: m. {{{phon(fiʃk)}}}
1. fish
** G