From abba3a572782815b781b34714baba6facfcce482 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lucien Cartier-Tilet Date: Fri, 22 Apr 2022 17:16:37 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] [Eittlandic] More on cases and syntax --- content/eittlandic.org | 47 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----- 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/content/eittlandic.org b/content/eittlandic.org index de055d1..7f7f332 100644 --- a/content/eittlandic.org +++ b/content/eittlandic.org @@ -69,11 +69,13 @@ to any real event, or any real people is purely coincidental. :END: - adj :: adjective - adv :: adverb -- f :: feminine noun -- m :: masculine noun -- n :: neutral noun +- f :: strong feminine noun or adjective +- m :: strong masculine noun or adjective +- n :: strong neutral noun or adjective +- N :: noun - prep :: preposition - v :: verb +- w :: weak noun or adjective * Eittland :PROPERTIES: @@ -594,7 +596,15 @@ marking makes the sentence /fisk barn etar/ much more gruesome. | fish.NOM | barn.ACC | eat-3sg | Eittlandic is now a SOV language with a much stricter word order than -it used to be. +it used to be. This is an important change since Old Eittlandic which +main word order was VSO instead. For instance, here is the same +sentence in Old Eittlandic and in Standard Eittlandic. +- Old Eittlandic :: Han bar hann til vatns nákkurs + | han | bar | han-n | til | vatn-s | nákkur-s | + | he.NOM | carry.3sg.pret | 3sg.m-ACC | to | lake-DAT | some-DAT | +- Standard Eittlandic :: Han til vatn nákkur hann bar + | han | til | vatn | nákkur | hann | bar | + | he.NOM | to | lake | some | he.ACC | carry.3sg.pret | Loss of case marking also affected adjectives which share most of their declensions with nouns. The parts where Eittlandic retains its @@ -1338,6 +1348,33 @@ On the other hand, Southern Eittlandic tends to front its {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into # - Do nouns exhibit morphological case? # - If so, what are the cases? (The functions of the cases will be # elaborated in lat +**** Cases in Modern Eittlandic +:PROPERTIES: +:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Grammatical-Case-Cases-in-Modern-Eittlandic-jufb9o11mfj0 +:END: +Although seldom visible, as described in +§[[#Structural-Overview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Grammatical-Case-Case-Marking-c6jb9o11mfj0]], +cases still remain part of the Eittlandic grammar, expressed through +its syntax rather than explicit marking on its nouns and adjectives. +Four different grammatical cases exist in this language: the +*nominative*, *accusative*, *genitive*, and *dative* case. +- The *nominative* case represents the subject of a sentence, that is, + the subject of intransitive clauses and the agent of transitive + clauses. As we’ll see below, it is morphologically marked only in + dialects other than Standard Eittlandic, and only if the word is a + strong masculine word. +- On the other hand *accusative*, like Old Norse, usually marks the + object of a verb, but it can also express time-related ideas such as + a duration in time, or after some prepositions. It is also the + default case when a noun has no clear status in a clause, and it can + as such serve as a vocative. +- *Dative* usually marks indirect objects of verbs in Old Norse, though + it can also often mark direct objects depending on the verb used. + +**** Case Marking +:PROPERTIES: +:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Grammatical-Case-Case-Marking-c6jb9o11mfj0 +:END: Although present in Early Old Norse, the use of grammatical cases has been on the decline since the Great Vowel Shift (see §[[#Great-Vowel-Shift-7spk7j70uaj0]]). Due to the general loss of @@ -1663,7 +1700,7 @@ used even in this dialect. :END: - fé :: n. {{{phon(fɛ)}}} 1. wealth -- fiskr :: m. {{{phon(fiʃkr̩)}}} +- fisk :: m. {{{phon(fiʃk)}}} 1. fish ** G