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Orthography fix, some more translation

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Phuntsok Drak-pa 2019-09-25 03:50:54 +02:00
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# -*- org-confirm-babel-evaluate: nil -*- # -*- org-confirm-babel-evaluate: nil -*-
#+TITLE: Grammar of Ñyqy #+TITLE: Grammar of Ñyqy
#+include: ../headers/head-lvl1.org #+include: ../headers/head-lvl1.org
#+HTML_HEAD_EXTRA: <meta name="description" content="Detailed grammar of the Ňyqy constructed language" /> #+language: en
#+HTML_HEAD_EXTRA: <meta property="og:title" content="Grammar of Ňyqy" /> #+HTML_HEAD_EXTRA: <meta name="description" content="Detailed grammar of the Ñyqy constructed language" />
#+HTML_HEAD_EXTRA: <meta property="og:description" content="Detailed grammar of the Ňyqy constructed language" /> #+HTML_HEAD_EXTRA: <meta property="og:title" content="Grammar of Ñyqy" />
#+HTML_HEAD_EXTRA: <meta property="og:description" content="Detailed grammar of the Ñyqy constructed language" />
#+HTML_HEAD_EXTRA: <link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/nyqy.css"/> #+HTML_HEAD_EXTRA: <link rel="stylesheet" href="../css/nyqy.css"/>
#+OPTIONS: auto-id:t #+OPTIONS: auto-id:t
#+MACRO: nyqy (eval (conlanging/nyqy-to-phonetics "$1")) #+MACRO: nyqy (eval (conlanging/nyqy-to-phonetics "$1"))
@ -90,19 +91,19 @@
are the only chapters that have not been written as if this were an in-world are the only chapters that have not been written as if this were an in-world
document. document.
** Introduction to Ňyqy as a conlang ** Introduction to Ñyqy as a conlang
:PROPERTIES: :PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-8aa14ca5-6a1c-4e03-b30a-75bd90452308 :CUSTOM_ID: h-8aa14ca5-6a1c-4e03-b30a-75bd90452308
:END: :END:
The {{{nyqy(Ñyqy)}}} language is a very simple language I created with the aim of The {{{nyqy(Ñyqy)}}} language is a very simple language I created with the aim of
creating a prototype language, or /proto-lang/. Although some features you creating a prototype language, or /protolang/. Although some features you
will encounter later can be surprising, I do not aim for it to become as will encounter later can be surprising, I do not aim for it to become as
natural as other naturalistic languages, or /natlangs/. Rather, this one is natural as other naturalistic languages, or /natlangs/. Rather, this one is
simple enough to quickly learn its grammar, syntax, morphology and phonology, simple enough to quickly learn its grammar, syntax, morphology and phonology,
but it is also complex enough for people to be able to actually the language but it is also complex enough for people to be able to actually the language
for simple sentences. However, don’t expect it to be developed too in-depth. for simple sentences. However, don’t expect it to be developed too in-depth.
** Introduction to Ňyqy as a real language ** Introduction to Ñyqy as a real language
:PROPERTIES: :PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-ad4d6a0c-e05b-4c28-98c6-baec9e843e96 :CUSTOM_ID: h-ad4d6a0c-e05b-4c28-98c6-baec9e843e96
:END: :END:
@ -117,8 +118,8 @@
However, although we cannot go back that far in time to discover this unknown However, although we cannot go back that far in time to discover this unknown
part of our history, we are able to somewhat go back in time for a few part of our history, we are able to somewhat go back in time for a few
milleniums, and discover languages that were spoken then. This time machine millennia, and discover languages that were spoken then. This time machine we
we call linguistics is fueled by our contemporary languages and old, dead call linguistics is fueled by our contemporary languages and old, dead
languages we know about thanks to various documentation, both from our languages we know about thanks to various documentation, both from our
current era and from the Old Era. Thanks to comparative linguistics, a great current era and from the Old Era. Thanks to comparative linguistics, a great
number of my colleagues and predecessors were able, by comparing languages number of my colleagues and predecessors were able, by comparing languages
@ -133,7 +134,7 @@
idea of what these languages were like, and through these languages we have a idea of what these languages were like, and through these languages we have a
tiny window through which we can guess what civilisations were like during tiny window through which we can guess what civilisations were like during
this period. And the furthest we ever went, the oldest language we know about this period. And the furthest we ever went, the oldest language we know about
is {{{nyqy(Ňyqy)}}}. This language is between eight and eleven thousand years old, is {{{nyqy(Ñyqy)}}}. This language is between eight and eleven thousand years old,
it was spoken in one of the birthplaces of civilisation, and it is the mother it was spoken in one of the birthplaces of civilisation, and it is the mother
of about half the languages spoken throughout the world. Several of my of about half the languages spoken throughout the world. Several of my
colleagues both from the past or from the present have already made some colleagues both from the past or from the present have already made some
@ -141,21 +142,21 @@
colleagues in their works, and this has been a great honor. colleagues in their works, and this has been a great honor.
However, working on this topic made me face a reality I was not aware of only However, working on this topic made me face a reality I was not aware of only
a few years ago which might be critical for anyone studying the Ňyqy a few years ago which might be critical for anyone studying the Ñyqy
language: there are no book in which we can find everything ever known, that language: there are no book in which we can find everything ever known, that
was ever discovered about the language, all in one single work. If anyone is was ever discovered about the language, all in one single work. If anyone is
interested in the Ňyqy language, they currently have to go through hundreds interested in the Ñyqy language, they currently have to go through hundreds
if not thousands of books, papers and other media in order to find the if not thousands of books, papers and other media in order to find the
information they are searching for, and this lack of centralization of the information they are searching for, and this lack of centralization of the
information about this language sometimes turns out as a nightmare for information about this language sometimes turns out as a nightmare for
students and professors alike. I think I even might be safe saying most of students and professors alike. I think I even might be safe saying most of
the work we do as Ňyqy specialists is not dedicated to the language or its the work we do as Ñyqy specialists is not dedicated to the language or its
culture, but just finding the right information. culture, but just finding the right information.
When I realized that, I shared my thoughts with my friend and colleague When I realized that, I shared my thoughts with my friend and colleague
Q. Rhȩte about this, and we came to an agreement: we would spend as much time Q. Rhete about this, and we came to an agreement: we would spend as much time
as necessary to make a compendium of all the knowledge we currently have on as necessary to make a compendium of all the knowledge we currently have on
the Ňyqy people. While she will work on the cultural aspect, I will be the Ñyqy people. While she will work on the cultural aspect, I will be
working on the language itself. And of course, as both subjects are closely working on the language itself. And of course, as both subjects are closely
tied together, we will be helping each other. While I will be including a tied together, we will be helping each other. While I will be including a
very short version of her work in the following chapters, she will do the very short version of her work in the following chapters, she will do the
@ -166,89 +167,96 @@
their quest for knowledge as much as it helped us during the time we wrote their quest for knowledge as much as it helped us during the time we wrote
this. /né_{4}Hje_{2}lpel/ this. /né_{4}Hje_{2}lpel/
** Conventions typographiques ** Conventions
:PROPERTIES: :PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-410ccf5a-d5eb-436b-b3f4-a0a4bb4249e9 :CUSTOM_ID: h-410ccf5a-d5eb-436b-b3f4-a0a4bb4249e9
:END: :END:
Dans ce document seront utilisé certaines conventions typographiques, dont In this document, I will make use of some conventions you can usually find in
des gloses grammaticales inter-lignes[fn:4], une étoile ~*~ précédant des other linguistic books, such as interlinear grammatical glosses, preceding
éléments linguistiques considérés comme erronés, un point d’interrogation ~?~ stars =*= indicating erroneous or theoretical but unattested linguistic
afin de marquer des éléments linguistiques questionnables, ou bien dans les elements, a preceding question mark =?= to mark questionable elements, or the
gloses une utilisation du chiffre zéro ~0~ afin de marquer une absence d’un zero number =0= to indicate the absence of one or several elements.
ou plusieurs éléments.
** Liste d’abbréviations ** Abbreviation list
:PROPERTIES: :PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-a5c14a00-99bb-48f9-8441-2b7624ccb1f0 :CUSTOM_ID: h-a5c14a00-99bb-48f9-8441-2b7624ccb1f0
:END: :END:
* La culture, l’histoire, le contexte sociolinguistique du Ñyqy * The Cultural, Ecological and Sociolinguistic Context of Ñyqy
:PROPERTIES: :PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-362fe960-94ae-42e2-8db3-54d52c7de175 :CUSTOM_ID: h-362fe960-94ae-42e2-8db3-54d52c7de175
:END: :END:
** Le peuple, son regard sur lui-même This part will be an (rather long) abstract from /The Ñyqy People/ from my
colleague Q. Rhęte, a book about the culture of this people compiling all
knowledge available at that time on the subject. I strongly encourage you to
read it if you intend to study Ñyqy in order to know in which context this
language was use. Below you will only have a short version of this work which
is the absolute minimum any Ñyqy student should know, but again, you should
definitively get the book itself.
** The people, its self image
:PROPERTIES: :PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-6b729f0a-7131-443b-8ef3-ddfbaa23c65d :CUSTOM_ID: h-6b729f0a-7131-443b-8ef3-ddfbaa23c65d
:END: :END:
Peu de choses sont connues sur le peuple, du fait de sa distance avec nous, Few things are known about the Ñyqy people due to how distant it is from us,
et du fait du peu d’éléments dont nous disposons directement ou and due to how little amount of elements we have as direct knowledge from
indirectement. Beaucoup de nos connaissances actuelles nous parviennent soit them if any. Most of our knowledge comes from works from scholars from the
des écrits survivants de l’Ère précédente, soit de recherches archéologiques, Old Era, and most of the knowledge from our era comes from analyzing even
soit de recherches linguistiques. further the various pieces of evidence we could get from the Old Era and
archaeological researches.
Le nom de la langue fut choisi par des linguistes de l’Ère ancienne, très The name of the language has been chosen by linguists of the Old Era, most
probablement du fait de la signification du mot : « nous ». Il semblerait likely due to its meaning: “us”. It seems like this term could have been used
également que le terme ait été utilisé par le peuple {{{nyqy(Ñyqy)}}} pour se by the {{{nyqy(Ñyqy)}}} people to designate themselves, but we have too little
désigner lui-même, mais nous disposons de trop peu de preuve afin de pouvoir proofs of this to say it with certainty. This words can be analyzed as two
affirmer cela avec certitude. Le terme s’analyse en deux morphèmes basiques, basic morphemes, {{{nyqy(ñy)}}} and {{{nyqy(qy)}}}. The former is the first person
{{{nyqy(ñy)}}} et {{{nyqy(qy)}}}. Le terme {{{nyqy(ñy)}}} est le pronom personel du singulier, singular personal pronoun, and the latter is the Ñyqy term for “six”[fn:5]
et {{{nyqy(qy)}}} qui le suit a plusieurs utilisations, le chiffre /6/ (le which is used here to mark plurality, and hence the first person plural
{{{nyqy(Ñyqy)}}} est une langue dont le système numérique est un système hybride personal pronoun.
entre une base six et une base treize) ou bien la pluralité, ici
infléchissant le {{{nyqy(ñy)}}} afin de former la première personne du pluriel.
Il est à noter que le nom de cette langue est traditionellement écrite en un It should be reminded the name of this language, /Ñyqy/, is traditionally
seul mot, cependant et comme nous le verrons plus tard, il s’agit d’une written as a single word; however, this should be labeled as a bad habit.
mauvaise habitude : chaque élément peut être analysé individuellement et peut Indeed, each of its components can and should be considered as individual
donc être considéré comme mots séparés, d’où la néographie « Ñy Qy » que words, hence the neography /Ňy Qy/ which is already in use by some of my
certains de mes collègues utilisent, tentant de corriger cette erreur colleagues. Although I appreciate their initiative, I will keep using the
maintenant multi-centenaire. Bien que je salue leur initiative je continuerai spelling /Ñyqy/ in this work in order to follow the norm most of us follow
de nommer cette langue « Ñyqy » dans cet ouvrage afin de suivre la norme et and have followed for centuries in order not to confuse potential readers who
afin de ne pas rendre confus certaines personnes n’ayant jamais rencontré do not know about this rather new spelling. Some people also refer to /Ñyqy/
cette néographie, et je présente mes excuses à ces collègues. as /proto-Ñyqy/, but I find this naming redundant, is rare overall, and is
used only if one wants to insist on the nature of the language as a
prototypical one.
Parfois, d’autres personnes s’y référeront en tant que « proto-Ñyqy », ou ** Previous research
« proto Ñy Qy », mais cette dénomination est plutôt rare étant donné
l’abscence totale d’autres langues nommées « Ñyqy ». Elle n’est généralement
utilisée que si le locuteur souhaite insister sur la nature de la langue
comme langue mère de sa famille.
** Recherches précédentes
:PROPERTIES: :PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-15a213ff-d8f9-479b-a426-08d65de30d5d :CUSTOM_ID: h-15a213ff-d8f9-479b-a426-08d65de30d5d
:END: :END:
Comme mentionné plus tôt, le Ñyqy est l’objet depuis fort longtemps de As mentioned earlier, Ñyqy is the subject of constant linguistic research,
recherches linguistiques, tout d’abord par des linguistes hélas aujourd’hui first by linguists from the Old Era, most of them who unfortunately are
anonymes ayant vécus lors de l’Ère précédente. Leurs connaissances étaient nameless today. Their knowledge of Ñyqy was undoubtedly vastly more important
sans doute beaucoup plus vastes que ce que nous avons pu récupérer, than the knowledge we have about it today, but we should consider it a
probablement similaires à celles dont nous disposons aujourd’hui, mais comme miracle so much of their knowledge survived and was saved from the ruins of
tout le monde le sait, seul peu de témoignages de cette époque ont pu nous their past universities discovered two hundred years ago.
parvenir, et les restes de l’Université de Ðbńo relève du miracle
archéologique.
Ces premières recherches, une fois traduites, ont servi de base aux deux This knowledge, once translated, served as the base knowledge for our
derniers siècles de recherche en direction du Ñyqy, avec notamment les research for the last two centuries, including our knowledge about the Ñyqy
recherches du Pr Loqbrekh (3489) le siècle dernier qui a réalisé d’importants language. Our contemporary colleague we have to thank the most is
progrès sur l’étude de cette langue grâce à l’addition de l’analyse du Pr. Loqbrekh with his thesis from 3489 and who dedicated his life to the
Énanonn, ainsi que les études du Pr Khorlan (3598) qui, il y a cinq ans, a restoration of the lost knowledge of this language. Officially, the last
également énormément fait progresser les recherches grâce à ses travaux sur segment about this topic was translated in 3524, and to this day, 3664,
le Tãso. Je me reposerai principalement sur leurs recherches afin de rédiger linguists use comparative linguistics to study further Ñyqy. We also have to
cet ouvrage, ainsi que leurs références diverses. thank Pr. Khorlan (3598) who made a great deal of discoveries by linking the
Énanonn language to Ñyqy, and Pr. Lero who compared the evolution of Ñyqy
with the evolution of Tãso (3601). This work will mostly rely on their
papers, although many more will be used, mainly from the University of Ðbńo
and the General Study Assembly of Lormel.
** Ethnologie ** Ethnology
:PROPERTIES: :PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-dec628cc-50e8-4370-889d-e54b2a2e2280 :CUSTOM_ID: h-dec628cc-50e8-4370-889d-e54b2a2e2280
:END: :END:
It is good to remind the reader that we have very little knowledge about the
Ñyqy people that come from direct proof and
Ce qui suit est un résumé de ce que l’on sait sur le peuple Ñyqy. Pour plus Ce qui suit est un résumé de ce que l’on sait sur le peuple Ñyqy. Pour plus
de détails, vous pouvez vous référer à l’ouvrage /Le peuple Ñyqy/ de de détails, vous pouvez vous référer à l’ouvrage /Le peuple Ñyqy/ de
K. Yerth, 3404. Un avertissement est tout de même nécessaire : K. Yerth, 3404. Un avertissement est tout de même nécessaire :
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:CUSTOM_ID: h-defe47b2-686b-4d1c-ba9b-c84e6c482478 :CUSTOM_ID: h-defe47b2-686b-4d1c-ba9b-c84e6c482478
:END: :END:
[fn:5] It is to be noted the Ñyqy people used a hybrid number system, with which
units were counted with a base 6 system, and higher numbers than 6 were counted
with a base 12 system, except for its units.
[fn:4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlinear_gloss [fn:4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlinear_gloss
[fn:3] [[https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart]] [fn:3] [[https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart]]
@ -1279,3 +1291,5 @@
[fn:2] [[https://phundrak.fr]] [fn:2] [[https://phundrak.fr]]
[fn:1] https://langue.phundrak.fr [fn:1] https://langue.phundrak.fr
# LocalWords: Rhete né Hje lpel neography Ňy Qy proto

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|-------------+-------------+-----------+--------------| |-------------+-------------+-----------+--------------|
| fermées | í ý | ì | | | fermées | í ý | ì | |
| pré-fermées | i y | | u | | pré-fermées | i y | | u |
| mi-fermées | é ȩ | | o õ | | mi-fermées | é ę | | o õ |
| mi-ouverte | e ẽ | | | | mi-ouverte | e ẽ | | |
| ouvertes | a | | ã | | ouvertes | a | | ã |