[Eittlandic] Articles!

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Lucien Cartier-Tilet 2022-12-09 12:34:03 +01:00
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@ -1675,22 +1675,76 @@ irregularities. These words are marked as irregular in the dictionary.
# - How many degrees of distance are there in the system of
# demontsratives?
# - Are there other distinctions beside distances?
When the noun of a nominal group is not a mass noun or a proper noun,
an article must accompany it, except for indefinite plural nouns. The
indefinite article is /einn/, the same term as /one/ in Eittlandic. It
partially agrees in gender, being /einn/ for strong masculine and
feminine nouns and /eitt/ for strong neutral and weak nouns.
an article must accompany it, except for indefinite plural nouns.
Definite articles are affixes to the noun and are inserted between the
noun itself and its declension if it has one. For instance, the
definite singular genitive of /vatn/ (/water/, strong neutral) is /vatnits/,
using /-it/ as the definite marker. Like the indefinite article, the
suffix agrees in gender with /-in/ as the suffix for strong masculine
and feminine words while /-it/ prefixes strong neutral and weak nouns.
Just like with noun endings, if the case marking is an /-r/ following an
/-in/, the latter will become an /-n/ as in /hundinn/ (/the dog/, sg.nom.m).
**** Indefinite Article
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Articles-and-Demonstratives-Indefinite-Article-w90dz6o0uij0
:END:
The indefinite article is /einn/, the same term as /one/ in Eittlandic. It
agrees in declension with its noun, though it is to be noted its
declension is irregular, as seen in table [[tbl:declension-einn]].
Similarly, other numerals have declensions as discussed in
[[#Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-Numerals-4gvelau058j0]].
#+name: tbl:declension-einn
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|------+-----------+----------+--------|
| Nom. | einn | ein | eit |
| Acc. | ein | ein | eit |
| Dat. | ein | einn | eits |
| Gen. | einn | ein | eit |
*** Possessives :noexport:
**** Definite articles
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Articles-and-Demonstratives-Definite-articles-jt0hlco0uij0
:END:
As in other scandinavian languages, definite articles in Eittlandic
act as suffixes to the noun and fully replace its declension as it has
case marking itself. The full declension table of definite articles
can be found in the table [[tbl:definite-articles]]. As we can see, the
definite articles underwent an important regularization as well as
merging strong neuter and weak nouns together.
#+name: tbl:definite-articles
| / | <r> | | |
| | | Strong Common | Strong Neuter and Weak Nouns |
|---+------------+---------------+------------------------------|
| | Sing. Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)t |
| | Acc. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
| | Gen. | -(i)ns | -(i)ts |
| | Dat. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
| | Plur. Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)tr |
| | Acc. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
| | Gen. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
| | Dat. | -(i)num | -(i)tum |
The initial /i/ is only used when using the definite articles as a
suffix would cause a consonant cluster forbidden by Eittlandic
phonology, otherwise it is omitted. An example of the former case is
with /vatn/ (/water/) which becomes /vatnits/ when in its definite singular
genitive form, while /øy/ (/island/) becomes /øyns/ in the same form. Like
the indefinite article, the suffix agrees in gender, agreeing either
with strong masculine or feminine words (or as established before,
strong common) or with strong neuter and weak nouns.
The use of definite articles with nouns is further discussed in
§[[#Structural-Overview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Definiteness-ubpcy4i0mgj0]].
*** Definiteness
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Definiteness-ubpcy4i0mgj0
:END:
Definiteness in Eittlandic serves multiple purposes. Its most obvious
one is to distinguish between an indefinite and a definite entity, as
in English /a dog/ or /the dog/, respectively /einn hundr/ and /hundinn/, as
discussed in
§[[#Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Articles-and-Demonstratives-owb6umu058j0]].
However, definiteness is also necessary with suffixed possessives and
demonstrative.
*** Possessives
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Possessives-8xc6umu058j0
:END:
@ -1715,20 +1769,30 @@ Just like with noun endings, if the case marking is an /-r/ following an
# - Do the classifiers occur with numerals? Adjectives? Verbs?
# - What is their function in these contexts?
Eittlandic inherited from Old Norse a gender system divided into three
genders: male, female, and neuter. Due to the presence of declensions
with strong nouns and adjectives, its pronouns, and to a certain
degree different articles, it can still be said Eittlandic is a
gendered language although it doesnt hold much importance in its
grammar anymore. Since strong nouns arent productive anymore and weak
nouns lost all obvious gender differences, we can even consider gender
as not productive anymore in Eittlandic and bound to eventually
disappear.
genders: male, female, and neuter. Although the number of elements
marking it declined during its evolution, Eittlandic still marks
gender in its strong nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and to a certain
degree in its articles. However, as mentioned in
[[#Structural-Overview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Grammatical-Case-Case-Marking-c6jb9o11mfj0]],
case marking and by extensions gender marking is slowly disappearing
in Modern Eittlandic nouns and adjectives.
Due to the presence of declensions with strong nouns and
adjectives, its pronouns, and to a certain degree different articles,
it can still be said Eittlandic is a gendered language although it
doesnt hold much importance in its grammar anymore. Since strong
nouns arent productive anymore and weak nouns lost all obvious gender
differences, we can even consider gender as not productive anymore in
Eittlandic and bound to eventually disappear. In fact, the loss of
gender is even stronger in Standard Eittlandic due to the theoretical
absence of declensions in this dialect.
In case a strong noun is used with a strong adjective, both will agree
in number and gender.
+ Examples:
-
- hvítr hundr / white.m.sg.acc dog.m.sg.acc
- langir tungir / long.f.pl.acc tongues.f.pl.acc
*** Diminution/Augmentation :noexport:
:PROPERTIES: