[Eittlandic] Articles!
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@ -1675,22 +1675,76 @@ irregularities. These words are marked as irregular in the dictionary.
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# - How many degrees of distance are there in the system of
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# demontsratives?
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# - Are there other distinctions beside distances?
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When the noun of a nominal group is not a mass noun or a proper noun,
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an article must accompany it, except for indefinite plural nouns. The
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indefinite article is /einn/, the same term as /one/ in Eittlandic. It
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partially agrees in gender, being /einn/ for strong masculine and
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feminine nouns and /eitt/ for strong neutral and weak nouns.
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an article must accompany it, except for indefinite plural nouns.
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Definite articles are affixes to the noun and are inserted between the
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noun itself and its declension if it has one. For instance, the
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definite singular genitive of /vatn/ (/water/, strong neutral) is /vatnits/,
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using /-it/ as the definite marker. Like the indefinite article, the
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suffix agrees in gender with /-in/ as the suffix for strong masculine
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and feminine words while /-it/ prefixes strong neutral and weak nouns.
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Just like with noun endings, if the case marking is an /-r/ following an
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/-in/, the latter will become an /-n/ as in /hundinn/ (/the dog/, sg.nom.m).
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**** Indefinite Article
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Articles-and-Demonstratives-Indefinite-Article-w90dz6o0uij0
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:END:
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The indefinite article is /einn/, the same term as /one/ in Eittlandic. It
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agrees in declension with its noun, though it is to be noted its
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declension is irregular, as seen in table [[tbl:declension-einn]].
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Similarly, other numerals have declensions as discussed in
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[[#Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-Numerals-4gvelau058j0]].
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#+name: tbl:declension-einn
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| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
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|------+-----------+----------+--------|
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| Nom. | einn | ein | eit |
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| Acc. | ein | ein | eit |
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| Dat. | ein | einn | eits |
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| Gen. | einn | ein | eit |
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*** Possessives :noexport:
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**** Definite articles
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Articles-and-Demonstratives-Definite-articles-jt0hlco0uij0
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:END:
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As in other scandinavian languages, definite articles in Eittlandic
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act as suffixes to the noun and fully replace its declension as it has
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case marking itself. The full declension table of definite articles
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can be found in the table [[tbl:definite-articles]]. As we can see, the
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definite articles underwent an important regularization as well as
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merging strong neuter and weak nouns together.
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#+name: tbl:definite-articles
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| / | <r> | | |
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| | | Strong Common | Strong Neuter and Weak Nouns |
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|---+------------+---------------+------------------------------|
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| | Sing. Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)t |
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| | Acc. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
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| | Gen. | -(i)ns | -(i)ts |
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| | Dat. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
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| | Plur. Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)tr |
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| | Acc. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
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| | Gen. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
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| | Dat. | -(i)num | -(i)tum |
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The initial /i/ is only used when using the definite articles as a
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suffix would cause a consonant cluster forbidden by Eittlandic
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phonology, otherwise it is omitted. An example of the former case is
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with /vatn/ (/water/) which becomes /vatnits/ when in its definite singular
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genitive form, while /øy/ (/island/) becomes /øyns/ in the same form. Like
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the indefinite article, the suffix agrees in gender, agreeing either
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with strong masculine or feminine words (or as established before,
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strong common) or with strong neuter and weak nouns.
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The use of definite articles with nouns is further discussed in
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§[[#Structural-Overview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Definiteness-ubpcy4i0mgj0]].
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*** Definiteness
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Definiteness-ubpcy4i0mgj0
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:END:
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Definiteness in Eittlandic serves multiple purposes. Its most obvious
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one is to distinguish between an indefinite and a definite entity, as
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in English /a dog/ or /the dog/, respectively /einn hundr/ and /hundinn/, as
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discussed in
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§[[#Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Articles-and-Demonstratives-owb6umu058j0]].
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However, definiteness is also necessary with suffixed possessives and
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demonstrative.
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*** Possessives
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Possessives-8xc6umu058j0
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:END:
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@ -1715,20 +1769,30 @@ Just like with noun endings, if the case marking is an /-r/ following an
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# - Do the classifiers occur with numerals? Adjectives? Verbs?
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# - What is their function in these contexts?
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Eittlandic inherited from Old Norse a gender system divided into three
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genders: male, female, and neuter. Due to the presence of declensions
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with strong nouns and adjectives, its pronouns, and to a certain
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degree different articles, it can still be said Eittlandic is a
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gendered language although it doesn’t hold much importance in its
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grammar anymore. Since strong nouns aren’t productive anymore and weak
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nouns lost all obvious gender differences, we can even consider gender
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as not productive anymore in Eittlandic and bound to eventually
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disappear.
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genders: male, female, and neuter. Although the number of elements
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marking it declined during its evolution, Eittlandic still marks
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gender in its strong nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and to a certain
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degree in its articles. However, as mentioned in
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[[#Structural-Overview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Grammatical-Case-Case-Marking-c6jb9o11mfj0]],
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case marking and by extensions gender marking is slowly disappearing
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in Modern Eittlandic nouns and adjectives.
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Due to the presence of declensions with strong nouns and
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adjectives, its pronouns, and to a certain degree different articles,
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it can still be said Eittlandic is a gendered language although it
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doesn’t hold much importance in its grammar anymore. Since strong
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nouns aren’t productive anymore and weak nouns lost all obvious gender
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differences, we can even consider gender as not productive anymore in
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Eittlandic and bound to eventually disappear. In fact, the loss of
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gender is even stronger in Standard Eittlandic due to the theoretical
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absence of declensions in this dialect.
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In case a strong noun is used with a strong adjective, both will agree
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in number and gender.
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+ Examples:
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-
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- hvítr hundr / white.m.sg.acc dog.m.sg.acc
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- langir tungir / long.f.pl.acc tongues.f.pl.acc
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*** Diminution/Augmentation :noexport:
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:PROPERTIES:
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