[Eittlandic] Articles!

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Lucien Cartier-Tilet 2022-12-09 12:34:03 +01:00
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@ -1675,22 +1675,76 @@ irregularities. These words are marked as irregular in the dictionary.
# - How many degrees of distance are there in the system of # - How many degrees of distance are there in the system of
# demontsratives? # demontsratives?
# - Are there other distinctions beside distances? # - Are there other distinctions beside distances?
When the noun of a nominal group is not a mass noun or a proper noun, When the noun of a nominal group is not a mass noun or a proper noun,
an article must accompany it, except for indefinite plural nouns. The an article must accompany it, except for indefinite plural nouns.
indefinite article is /einn/, the same term as /one/ in Eittlandic. It
partially agrees in gender, being /einn/ for strong masculine and
feminine nouns and /eitt/ for strong neutral and weak nouns.
Definite articles are affixes to the noun and are inserted between the **** Indefinite Article
noun itself and its declension if it has one. For instance, the :PROPERTIES:
definite singular genitive of /vatn/ (/water/, strong neutral) is /vatnits/, :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Articles-and-Demonstratives-Indefinite-Article-w90dz6o0uij0
using /-it/ as the definite marker. Like the indefinite article, the :END:
suffix agrees in gender with /-in/ as the suffix for strong masculine The indefinite article is /einn/, the same term as /one/ in Eittlandic. It
and feminine words while /-it/ prefixes strong neutral and weak nouns. agrees in declension with its noun, though it is to be noted its
Just like with noun endings, if the case marking is an /-r/ following an declension is irregular, as seen in table [[tbl:declension-einn]].
/-in/, the latter will become an /-n/ as in /hundinn/ (/the dog/, sg.nom.m). Similarly, other numerals have declensions as discussed in
[[#Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-Numerals-4gvelau058j0]].
#+name: tbl:declension-einn
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|------+-----------+----------+--------|
| Nom. | einn | ein | eit |
| Acc. | ein | ein | eit |
| Dat. | ein | einn | eits |
| Gen. | einn | ein | eit |
*** Possessives :noexport: **** Definite articles
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Articles-and-Demonstratives-Definite-articles-jt0hlco0uij0
:END:
As in other scandinavian languages, definite articles in Eittlandic
act as suffixes to the noun and fully replace its declension as it has
case marking itself. The full declension table of definite articles
can be found in the table [[tbl:definite-articles]]. As we can see, the
definite articles underwent an important regularization as well as
merging strong neuter and weak nouns together.
#+name: tbl:definite-articles
| / | <r> | | |
| | | Strong Common | Strong Neuter and Weak Nouns |
|---+------------+---------------+------------------------------|
| | Sing. Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)t |
| | Acc. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
| | Gen. | -(i)ns | -(i)ts |
| | Dat. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
| | Plur. Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)tr |
| | Acc. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
| | Gen. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
| | Dat. | -(i)num | -(i)tum |
The initial /i/ is only used when using the definite articles as a
suffix would cause a consonant cluster forbidden by Eittlandic
phonology, otherwise it is omitted. An example of the former case is
with /vatn/ (/water/) which becomes /vatnits/ when in its definite singular
genitive form, while /øy/ (/island/) becomes /øyns/ in the same form. Like
the indefinite article, the suffix agrees in gender, agreeing either
with strong masculine or feminine words (or as established before,
strong common) or with strong neuter and weak nouns.
The use of definite articles with nouns is further discussed in
§[[#Structural-Overview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Definiteness-ubpcy4i0mgj0]].
*** Definiteness
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Definiteness-ubpcy4i0mgj0
:END:
Definiteness in Eittlandic serves multiple purposes. Its most obvious
one is to distinguish between an indefinite and a definite entity, as
in English /a dog/ or /the dog/, respectively /einn hundr/ and /hundinn/, as
discussed in
§[[#Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Articles-and-Demonstratives-owb6umu058j0]].
However, definiteness is also necessary with suffixed possessives and
demonstrative.
*** Possessives
:PROPERTIES: :PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Possessives-8xc6umu058j0 :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Possessives-8xc6umu058j0
:END: :END:
@ -1715,20 +1769,30 @@ Just like with noun endings, if the case marking is an /-r/ following an
# - Do the classifiers occur with numerals? Adjectives? Verbs? # - Do the classifiers occur with numerals? Adjectives? Verbs?
# - What is their function in these contexts? # - What is their function in these contexts?
Eittlandic inherited from Old Norse a gender system divided into three Eittlandic inherited from Old Norse a gender system divided into three
genders: male, female, and neuter. Due to the presence of declensions genders: male, female, and neuter. Although the number of elements
with strong nouns and adjectives, its pronouns, and to a certain marking it declined during its evolution, Eittlandic still marks
degree different articles, it can still be said Eittlandic is a gender in its strong nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and to a certain
gendered language although it doesnt hold much importance in its degree in its articles. However, as mentioned in
grammar anymore. Since strong nouns arent productive anymore and weak [[#Structural-Overview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Grammatical-Case-Case-Marking-c6jb9o11mfj0]],
nouns lost all obvious gender differences, we can even consider gender case marking and by extensions gender marking is slowly disappearing
as not productive anymore in Eittlandic and bound to eventually in Modern Eittlandic nouns and adjectives.
disappear.
Due to the presence of declensions with strong nouns and
adjectives, its pronouns, and to a certain degree different articles,
it can still be said Eittlandic is a gendered language although it
doesnt hold much importance in its grammar anymore. Since strong
nouns arent productive anymore and weak nouns lost all obvious gender
differences, we can even consider gender as not productive anymore in
Eittlandic and bound to eventually disappear. In fact, the loss of
gender is even stronger in Standard Eittlandic due to the theoretical
absence of declensions in this dialect.
In case a strong noun is used with a strong adjective, both will agree In case a strong noun is used with a strong adjective, both will agree
in number and gender. in number and gender.
+ Examples: + Examples:
- - hvítr hundr / white.m.sg.acc dog.m.sg.acc
- langir tungir / long.f.pl.acc tongues.f.pl.acc
*** Diminution/Augmentation :noexport: *** Diminution/Augmentation :noexport:
:PROPERTIES: :PROPERTIES: