[Eittlandic, en] Add vocabulary, rework phonology, new info
Add new vocabulary in the dictionary Dictionary has now two columns in LaTeX export Replace phoneme /a/ with /ɑ/ Rework the examples given to illustrate the sound changes of Eittlandic Add vowel and consonants inventory Add notes on regional dialects and accents Additional information on Standard Eittlandic
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@ -11,6 +11,9 @@
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#+latex_header: \usepackage{allrunes}
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#+macro: rune (eval (conlanging-to-org-runes $1 'eittlandic))
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#+latex_header: \linespread{1.15}
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#+latex_header: \usepackage{multicol}
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#+latex_header: \setlength{\columnsep}{2cm}
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#+latex_header: \setlength{\columnseprule}{1pt}
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#+latex_header: \usepackage{glossaries}
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#+latex_header: \makeglossaries
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#+latex: \printglossaries
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@ -20,7 +23,6 @@
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:CUSTOM_ID: Introduction-Foreword-d22hjv20e5j0
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:UNNUMBERED: t
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:END:
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** On This Document
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Foreword-On-This-Document-drs3x130rbj0
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@ -70,11 +72,23 @@ for some stuff written here is “bullshit”.
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This is a work of fiction. Any resemblance to persons living or dead,
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to any real event, or any real people is purely coincidental.
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** List of abbreviations
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Foreword-List-of-abbreviations-0h6jg050rbj0
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:END:
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- adj :: adjective
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- adv :: adverb
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- f :: feminine noun
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- m :: masculine noun
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- n :: neutral noun
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- prep :: preposition
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- v :: verb
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* Eittland
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Eittland-iz98ngl0jaj0
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:END:
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Eittland (Eittlandic: Eittland {{{rune(eittland)}}} {{{phon(aɪtlãd)}}}) is part of
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Eittland (Eittlandic: Eittland {{{rune(eittland)}}} {{{phon(ɑɪtlɑ̃d)}}}) is part of
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the family of Nordic countries, with a population of 31.5 millions as
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per the 2019 national census. It has a superficy of 121 km^{2}, making it
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the second largest island in Europe after Great Britain. Its capital
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@ -157,18 +171,18 @@ set style histogram rowstacked
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set style fill solid border -1
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set boxwidth 1
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plot data u 2:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 lw 3 title 'Norse Faith', \
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data u 3:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 lw 3 title 'Atheism', \
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data u 4:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 lw 3 title 'Church of Eittland', \
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data u 5:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 lw 3 title 'Christianity', \
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data u 6:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 lw 3 title 'Buddhism', \
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data u 7:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 lw 3 title 'Other'
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plot data u 2:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 title 'Norse Faith', \
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data u 3:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 title 'Atheism', \
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data u 4:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 title 'Church of Eittland', \
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data u 5:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 title 'Christianity', \
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data u 6:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 title 'Buddhism', \
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data u 7:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 title 'Other'
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#+end_src
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#+name: chart:religions
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#+caption: Religious Evolution of Eittland Since 1900
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#+attr_html: :loading lazy
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#+RESULTS[3b10b0ef95c6a0d04471ef81330c2b0c065c9344]:
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#+RESULTS[706a2c4928c3c4c8979c0ce62acab59f9eb1bebf]:
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[[file:img/eittland/religions.png]]
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#+attr_html: :loading lazy
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@ -189,6 +203,37 @@ repartition of the different eittlandic cultures is shown in the map
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#+attr_latex: :float sideways
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[[file:./img/eittland/map-cultural.png]]
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Standard Eittlandic is a relatively young language, created in the
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1960s by the government in order to create a standard dialect to
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facilitate communications between Eittlanders and make learning the
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language easier. Standard Eittlandic is now enforced as the /de facto/
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legal language of the High Kingdom of Eittland, used by its
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government, schools, and universities, but the local dialects are
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still widely spoken privately and in business which remains regional.
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They still have a strong presence in popular media and are still
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spoken by younger generations, but a decline has been registered since
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the 90s among young people living in cities, speaking more and more in
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Standard Eittlandic instead. Dialects are also rarely used on the
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internet outside of private conversation. An estimate of 17% of the
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Eittlandic population younger than 25 in 2017 do not speak any
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dialectal Eittlandic outside of Standard Eittlandic, although only 2%
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of them do not understand their family’s dialectal Eittlandic.
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Standard Eittlandic also became the default dialect for Eittlandic
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communities living outside of Eittland --- in these communities the
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inability of speaking other dialects rise to 61% while the ability to
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understand them rises to 25% among Eittlanders younger than 25 in 2018
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and who still have Eittlandic as their mother tongue.
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It is estimated only 0.05% of people living in Eittland do not speak
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any Eittlandic dialect, all of them being immigrants or children of
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immigrants. It is therefore safe to say Eittlandic is still going
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strong and does not face any risk of disappearing anytime soon,
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although we might be at the start of the decline of the historical
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dialects of Eittland in favor of Standard Eittlandic.
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In this document, we will mostly address Standard Eittlandic, although
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some dialectal variation will be mentioned.
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** Name of the Country
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Eittland-Name-of-the-Country-hun23je06bj0
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@ -516,7 +561,7 @@ mainly due to the original phoneme {{{phon(hʷ)}}} which could be inherited
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from Proto-Norse instead.
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+ Example :: Early Old Norse or Late Proto-Norse /hvat/ (what)
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{{{phon(hʷat)}}} > Eittlandic /hvat/ (what) {{{phon(ʍat)}}}
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{{{phon(hʷɑt)}}} > Eittlandic /hvat/ (what) {{{phon(ʍɑt)}}}
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**** C / #h_ > C[-voice]
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:PROPERTIES:
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@ -529,12 +574,12 @@ When preceded by a {{{phon(h)}}}, word-initial consonants such as <l>, <r>,
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+ Example ::
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- Early Old Norse /hlóð/ (/hearth/) {{{phon(hloːð)}}} > Old Eittlandic /hlóð/
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{{{phon(l̥oːð)}}}
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- Early Old-Norse /hneisa/ (/shame, disgrace/) {{{phon(hneisa)}}} > Early Old
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Eittlandic {{{phon(n̥eisa)}}}
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- Early Old-Norse /hneisa/ (/shame, disgrace/) {{{phon(hneisɑ)}}} > Early Old
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Eittlandic {{{phon(n̥eisɑ)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /hrifs/ (/robbery/) {{{phon(hrifs)}}} > Old Norse {{{phon(r̥ifs)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /hjól/ (wheel) {{{phon(hjoːl)}}} > Old Eittlandic {{{phon(çoːl)}}}
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**** g / {#,V}_V > ɣ
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**** g / {#,V}_{V,#} > ɣ
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-g-V-V-ɣ-9mlkdpi08bj0
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:END:
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@ -554,7 +599,7 @@ into a {{{phon(ə)}}}, but they eventually disappeared before long vowels got
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affected by the first part of the rule. However, it did not apply to
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final vowels following a <j>.
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+ Example :: Old Norse /heilsa/ (/health/) {{{phon(heilsa)}}} > Late Old
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+ Example :: Old Norse /heilsa/ (/health/) {{{phon(heilsɑ)}}} > Late Old
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Eittlandic /heils/ {{{phon(heils)}}}.
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Reflecting this change, the last vowel got lost in the Eittlandic
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@ -568,7 +613,7 @@ a good deal of people that kept them well until the [[#Great-Vowel-Shift-7spk7j7
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While the final short vowel of words did not disappear when preceded
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by a <j>, they still weakened to a schwa.
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+ Example :: Old Norse /sitja/ (/to sit/) {{{phon(sitja)}}} > Old Eittlandic
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+ Example :: Old Norse /sitja/ (/to sit/) {{{phon(sitjɑ)}}} > Old Eittlandic
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{{{phon(sitjə)}}}
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**** Vː / _# > ə
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@ -595,8 +640,8 @@ when beginning or preceding a vowel transformed it from {{{phon(g)}}} in
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Proto-Norse to {{{phon(ɣ)}}} in Old Eittlandic to {{{phon(j)}}} in Early Modern
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Eittlandic.
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+ Example :: Old Norse /gauð/ (a barking) {{{phon(gauð)}}} > Early Middle
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Eittlandic /gauð/ (a barking, a quarrel) {{{phon(jauð)}}}.
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+ Example :: Old Norse /gauð/ (a barking) {{{phon(gɑuð)}}} > Early Middle
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Eittlandic /gauð/ (a barking, a quarrel) {{{phon(jɑuð)}}}.
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This is the first rule of the gj-shift along with the three next
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rules, marking the passage from Old Eittlandic to Middle Eittlandic.
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@ -608,8 +653,8 @@ rules, marking the passage from Old Eittlandic to Middle Eittlandic.
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The exception to the above rule is the <g> remains a hard {{{phon(g)}}} when
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followed by an <l> in which case {{{phon(gl)}}} becomes {{{phon(gʲ)}}}.
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+ Example :: Old Norse /óglaðr/ (sad, moody) {{{phon(oːɡlaðr̩)}}} > Early
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Middle Eittlandic /óglaðr/ (very sad, miserable) {{{phon(oːɡʲaðr̩)}}}
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+ Example :: Old Norse /óglaðr/ (sad, moody) {{{phon(oːɡlɑðr̩)}}} > Early
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Middle Eittlandic /óglaðr/ (very sad, miserable) {{{phon(oːɡʲɑðr̩)}}}
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**** d g n s t / _j > C[+palat]
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:PROPERTIES:
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@ -637,16 +682,16 @@ described in
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§[[#Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-C-h-voice-o4r8mvg08bj0]].
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+ Example ::
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- Early Old Norse /djúpligr/ (/deep, deeply/) {{{phon(djuːpliɡr̩)}}} > Middle
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Eittlandic /djúpligr/ (/deep, profound/) {{{phon(dʒuːpliɡr̩)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /djúp/ (/deep/) {{{phon(djuːp)}}} > Middle Eittlandic /djúp/
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(/deep, profound/) {{{phon(dʒuːp)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /gjøf/ (/gift/) {{{phon(gjøf)}}} > Early Middle Eittlandic
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{{{phon(jøf)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /snjór/ (/snow/) {{{phon(snjoːr)}}} > Middle Eittlandic
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{{{phon(sɲoːr)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /hnjósa/ (/to sneeze/) {{{phon(hnjoːsa)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ɲ̥oːs)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /sjá/ (/to see/) {{{phon(sjaː)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃaː)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /hnjósa/ (/to sneeze/) {{{phon(hnjoːsɑ)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ɲ̥oːs)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /sjá/ (/to see/) {{{phon(sjɑː)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃɑː)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /skilja/ (/to understand, to distinguish/)
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{{{phon(skilja)}}} > Early Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiljə)}}}
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{{{phon(skiljɑ)}}} > Early Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiljə)}}}
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- Old Eittlandic /sitja/ (/to sit/) {{{phon(sitjə)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(sitʃə)}}}
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**** u / V_ > ʊ
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@ -655,19 +700,21 @@ described in
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:END:
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When following another vowel, {{{phon(u)}}} becomes an {{{phon(ʊ)}}}.
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+ Example :: Old Norse /kaup/ (/bargain/) {{{phon(kaup)}}} > Early Middle
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Eittlandic {{{phon(kaʊp)}}}
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+ Example :: Old Norse /kaup/ (/bargain/) {{{phon(kɑup)}}} > Early Middle
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Eittlandic {{{phon(kɑʊp)}}}
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**** {s,z} / _C[+plos] > ʃ
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-s-z-C-plos-ʃ-ʒ-i4p0n0b0uaj0
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:END:
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If {{{phon(s)}}} or {{{phon(z)}}} precede a plosive consonant, they become
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palatalized into a {{{phon(ʃ)}}} --- the distinction between <s> and <z> is lost.
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palatalized into a {{{phon(ʃ)}}} --- the distinction between <s> and <z> is
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lost.
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+ Example ::
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- Old Norse /fisk/ (/fish/) {{{phon(fisk)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(fiʃk)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /vizka/ (/wisdom/) {{{phon(vizka)}}} > Middle Eittlandic /visk/ {{{phon(viʃk)}}}
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- Old Norse /fiskr/ (/fish/) {{{phon(fiskr̩)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(fiʃkr̩)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /vizka/ (/wisdom/) {{{phon(βizkɑ)}}} > Middle Eittlandic
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/viska/ {{{phon(βiʃk)}}}
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Note that in the Modern Eittlandic orthography, the <z> is replaced
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with an <s>.
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@ -691,7 +738,7 @@ following <j>.
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+ Example :: Early Middle Eittlandic /skilja/ (to understand, to
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distinguish) {{{phon(ʃkiljə)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiʎə)}}}
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**** ə[-long] / C[+voice]_# > ∅
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**** ə[-long] / C_# > ∅
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-ə-C-voice-ysvblnk08bj0
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:END:
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@ -706,14 +753,14 @@ to any former short vowel following a <j> in word-final position.
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+ Example :: Middle Eittlandic (to understand, to distinguish)
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{{{phon(ʃkiʎə)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiʎ)}}}
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**** aʊ > oː
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**** ɑʊ > oː
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-aʊ-oː-4w88tmg08bj0
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:END:
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Sometime in the 15th century, any occurence of <au>, pronounced by
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then {{{phon(aʊ)}}}, began shifting to {{{phon(oː)}}}.
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then {{{phon(ɑʊ)}}}, began shifting to {{{phon(oː)}}}.
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+ Example :: Early Middle Eittlandic /kaup/ (/bargain/) {{{phon(/kaʊp/)}}} > Late
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+ Example :: Early Middle Eittlandic /kaup/ (/bargain/) {{{phon(/kɑʊp/)}}} > Late
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Middle Eittlandic /kaup/ (/commerce/) {{{koːp}}}
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**** C[+long +plos -voice] > C[+fric] ! / _C > C[+long +plos] > C[-long]
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@ -725,13 +772,14 @@ consonant becomes a short affricate while other long plosives simply
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become shorter.
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+ Example ::
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- Old Norse /Edda/ (the book written by Snorri Sturuson) {{{phon(edːa)}}} > Late Eittlandic {{{phon(eda)}}}
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- Old Norse /Eittland/ {{{phon(eitːland)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(eitland)}}}
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- Old Norse /uppá/ (/upon/) {{{phon(upːaː)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(upɸə)}}}
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- Old Norse /edda/ (great grandmother) {{{phon(edːɑ)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic
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/edda/ (great grandmother, femalle ancestor) {{{phon(edɑ)}}}
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- Old Norse /Eittland/ {{{phon(eitːlɑnd)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(eitlɑnd)}}}
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- Old Norse /uppá/ (/upon/) {{{phon(upːɑː)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(upɸə)}}}
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**** r > ʁ (Eastern Eittlandic)
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-r-ʁ-Eastern-Eittlandic-b20i1pm0bbj0
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:CUSTOM_ID: Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-r-ʁ-Eastern-Eittlandic-b20i1pm0bbj0
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:END:
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From the beginning of the 16th century, the Eastern Eittlandic {{{phon(r)}}}
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began morphing into an {{{phon(ʁ)}}} in all contexts except in word-final
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@ -740,10 +788,10 @@ Eastern region of Eittland and it can be even heard in some dialects
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of Southern Eittlandic.
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+ Example ::
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- Old Norse /dratta/ (/to trail/ or /walk like a cow/) {{{phon(dratʃ)}}} > Eastern Modern
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Eittlandic /dratt/ (/act mindlessly/) {{{phon(dʁatʃ)}}}
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- Old Norse /dratta/ (/to trail/ or /walk like a cow/) {{{phon(drɑtʃ)}}} > Eastern Modern
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Eittlandic /dratt/ (/act mindlessly/) {{{phon(dʁɑtʃ)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /fjárdráttr/ (/(unfairly) making money/)
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{{{phon(fjaːdraːtːr̩)}}} > Eastern Modern Eittlandic /fjárdráttr/ (/to scam/)
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{{{phon(fjɑːdrɑːtːr̩)}}} > Eastern Modern Eittlandic /fjárdráttr/ (/to scam/)
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{{{phon(fjɛʁdʁɛtr̩)}}}
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**** Great Vowel Shift
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@ -762,7 +810,7 @@ Hence, the vowels evolved as shown in table [[vow:eittland:evolution]].
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#+caption: Evolution of Old Norse long vowels to Eittlandic short vowels
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| Orthography | Old Eittlandic vowel | Modern Eittlandic Vowel |
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|-------------+----------------------+-------------------------|
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| á | {{{phon(aː)}}} | {{{phon(ɛ)}}} |
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| á | {{{phon(ɑː)}}} | {{{phon(ɛ)}}} |
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| é | {{{phon(eː)}}} | {{{phon(ɛ)}}} |
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| í | {{{phon(iː)}}} | {{{phon(e)}}} |
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| ó | {{{phon(oː)}}} | {{{phon(ɔ)}}} |
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@ -775,28 +823,28 @@ Modern Eittlandic vowels. For instance, Eittlanders will read <e> and
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<í> both as an {{{phon(e)}}}.
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+ Examples ::
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- Middle Eittlandic /sjá/ (/to see/) {{{phon(ʃaː)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃɛ)}}}
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- Middle Eittlandic /sjá/ (/to see/) {{{phon(ʃɑː)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃɛ)}}}
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- Old Norse /fé/ (/cattle/) {{{phon(feː)}}} > Modern Eittlandic /fé/ (wealth) {{{phon(fɛ)}}}
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- Late Proto-Norse /hví/ (/why/) {{{phon(hʷiː)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ʍe)}}}
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- Old Norse /bók/ (/beech/, /book/) {{{phon(boːk)}}} > Modern Eittlandic (/book/)
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{{{phon(bɔk)}}}
|
||||
- Early Old Norse /œgir/ (/frightener/, /terrifier/) {{{phon(øːɡir)}}} > Modern
|
||||
Eittlandic /œgir/ (/barbarian/, /pirate/) {{{phon(œjir)}}}
|
||||
Eittlandic /Œgir/ (a kind of mythical beast) {{{phon(œjir)}}}
|
||||
- Middle Eittlandic /úlv/ (/wolf/) {{{phon(uːlv)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(olv)}}}
|
||||
|
||||
Diphthongs also evolved following these rules:
|
||||
- {{{phon(ei)}}} > {{{phon(ɑɪ)}}}
|
||||
- {{{phon(ou)}}} > {{{phon(ɑʊ)}}}
|
||||
- {{{phon(ou)}}} > {{{phon(ɔʊ)}}}
|
||||
- {{{phon(øy)}}} > {{{phon(œʏ)}}}
|
||||
|
||||
**** V / _N > Ṽ[-tense] ! V[+high] (Southern Eittlandic)
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-V-N-Ṽ-V-high-ulb1ey80uaj0
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-V-N-Ṽ-V-high-ulb1ey80uaj0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
When preceding a nasal, any vowel that is not high as determined by
|
||||
the figure [[tree:vowels]] gets nasalized when preceding a nasal consonant
|
||||
and loses its tenseness if it has any. Hence, the pronunciation of the
|
||||
<a> in /Eittland/ is {{{phon(ã)}}}. However, Old Norse /runa/ (rune) {{{phon(runa)}}}
|
||||
<a> in /Eittland/ is {{{phon(ã)}}}. However, Old Norse /runa/ (rune) {{{phon(runɑ)}}}
|
||||
becomes /run/ (letter, character, rune) {{{phon(run)}}} without any
|
||||
nasalization.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -813,12 +861,12 @@ are not southerners.
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
When a {{{phon(t)}}} precedes another consonant, it becomes a glottal stop.
|
||||
|
||||
+ Example :: Early Modern Eittlandic /Eittland/ {{{phon(ɑɪtland)}}} > Modern
|
||||
Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪʔland)}}}
|
||||
+ Example :: Early Modern Eittlandic /Eittland/ {{{phon(ɑɪtlɑnd)}}} > Modern
|
||||
Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪʔlɑnd)}}}
|
||||
|
||||
**** V^{U} > ə ! diphthongs (Western Eittlandic)
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-V-U-ə-diphthongs-fjh0pnr0uaj0
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-V-U-ə-diphthongs-fjh0pnr0uaj0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
A recent evolution in Western Eittland is weakening any unstressed
|
||||
vowel that is not a diphthong to a schwa. It is only documented in
|
||||
@ -830,10 +878,34 @@ casual speech but almost never in formal speech.
|
||||
- Standard Eittlandic /einlægr/ (/sincere/) {{{phon(ɑɪnlæɡr)}}} > Western
|
||||
Casual Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪnləɡr)}}}
|
||||
|
||||
*** Simple Vowels
|
||||
*** Vowel Inventory
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Vowels-vishtyt058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
Modern Standard Eittlandic has a total of ten simple vowels and three
|
||||
diphthongs. Unlike its ancestor language, Old Norse, it does not bear
|
||||
any distinction in vowel length anymore since the great vowel shift
|
||||
(see §[[#Great-Vowel-Shift-7spk7j70uaj0]]). The table [[tab:vow:ipa]] lists
|
||||
the Eittlandic simple vowels while the table [[tab:vow:dipththongs]] lists
|
||||
the Eittlandic diphthongs.
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: tab:vow:ipa
|
||||
| / | < | |
|
||||
| <r> | <c> | <c> |
|
||||
| | front | back |
|
||||
|-----------+-------+------|
|
||||
| close | i y | u |
|
||||
| close-mid | e ø | o |
|
||||
| open-mid | ɛ œ | ɔ |
|
||||
| open | | ɑ |
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: tab:vow:dipththongs
|
||||
| diphthong | phonetics |
|
||||
| <c> | <c> |
|
||||
|-----------+-----------|
|
||||
| ei | {{{phon(ɑɪ)}}} |
|
||||
| au | {{{phon(ɔʊ)}}} |
|
||||
| ey | {{{phon(œʏ)}}} |
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: vow-dot-gen
|
||||
#+header: :var vowels=vowels-featural-list
|
||||
@ -841,15 +913,15 @@ casual speech but almost never in formal speech.
|
||||
(conlanging-list-to-graphviz vowels)
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS[c52a8076dad068d0ed5c7b1b96a1461025993979]: vow-dot-gen
|
||||
#+RESULTS[95f3d873f1a8b7fac926422e03feb73e9734ec2a]: vow-dot-gen
|
||||
#+begin_src dot :file eittland/vowel-feature-tree.png
|
||||
graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08yx7y65"[label="vowels"];"+high-0jau08yx7y6e"[label="+high"];"vowels-0jau08yx7y65"--"+high-0jau08yx7y6e";"+round-0jau08yx7y6h"[label="+round"];"+high-0jau08yx7y6e"--"+round-0jau08yx7y6h";"+front-0jau08yx7y6l"[label="+front"];"+round-0jau08yx7y6h"--"+front-0jau08yx7y6l";"/y/-0jau08yx7y6n"[label="/y/"];"+front-0jau08yx7y6l"--"/y/-0jau08yx7y6n";"-front-0jau08yx7y6t"[label="-front"];"+round-0jau08yx7y6h"--"-front-0jau08yx7y6t";"/u/-0jau08yx7y6w"[label="/u/"];"-front-0jau08yx7y6t"--"/u/-0jau08yx7y6w";"-round-0jau08yx7y75"[label="-round"];"+high-0jau08yx7y6e"--"-round-0jau08yx7y75";"/i/-0jau08yx7y78"[label="/i/"];"-round-0jau08yx7y75"--"/i/-0jau08yx7y78";"-high-0jau08yx7y7m"[label="-high"];"vowels-0jau08yx7y65"--"-high-0jau08yx7y7m";"+round-0jau08yx7y7q"[label="+round"];"-high-0jau08yx7y7m"--"+round-0jau08yx7y7q";"+tense-0jau08yx7y7t"[label="+tense"];"+round-0jau08yx7y7q"--"+tense-0jau08yx7y7t";"+front-0jau08yx7y7w"[label="+front"];"+tense-0jau08yx7y7t"--"+front-0jau08yx7y7w";"/ø/-0jau08yx7y80"[label="/ø/"];"+front-0jau08yx7y7w"--"/ø/-0jau08yx7y80";"-front-0jau08yx7y87"[label="-front"];"+tense-0jau08yx7y7t"--"-front-0jau08yx7y87";"/o/-0jau08yx7y8a"[label="/o/"];"-front-0jau08yx7y87"--"/o/-0jau08yx7y8a";"-tense-0jau08yx7y8k"[label="-tense"];"+round-0jau08yx7y7q"--"-tense-0jau08yx7y8k";"+low-0jau08yx7y8o"[label="+low"];"-tense-0jau08yx7y8k"--"+low-0jau08yx7y8o";"/œ/-0jau08yx7y8s"[label="/œ/"];"+low-0jau08yx7y8o"--"/œ/-0jau08yx7y8s";"-low-0jau08yx7y8y"[label="-low"];"-tense-0jau08yx7y8k"--"-low-0jau08yx7y8y";"/ɔ/-0jau08yx7y90"[label="/ɔ/"];"-low-0jau08yx7y8y"--"/ɔ/-0jau08yx7y90";"-round-0jau08yx7y9m"[label="-round"];"-high-0jau08yx7y7m"--"-round-0jau08yx7y9m";"+tense-0jau08yx7y9p"[label="+tense"];"-round-0jau08yx7y9m"--"+tense-0jau08yx7y9p";"+low-0jau08yx7y9s"[label="+low"];"+tense-0jau08yx7y9p"--"+low-0jau08yx7y9s";"/æ/-0jau08yx7y9v"[label="/æ/"];"+low-0jau08yx7y9s"--"/æ/-0jau08yx7y9v";"-low-0jau08yx7ya1"[label="-low"];"+tense-0jau08yx7y9p"--"-low-0jau08yx7ya1";"/e/-0jau08yx7yaa"[label="/e/"];"-low-0jau08yx7ya1"--"/e/-0jau08yx7yaa";"-tense-0jau08yx7yal"[label="-tense"];"-round-0jau08yx7y9m"--"-tense-0jau08yx7yal";"+low-0jau08yx7yao"[label="+low"];"-tense-0jau08yx7yal"--"+low-0jau08yx7yao";"/a/-0jau08yx7yar"[label="/a/"];"+low-0jau08yx7yao"--"/a/-0jau08yx7yar";"-low-0jau08yx7yaw"[label="-low"];"-tense-0jau08yx7yal"--"-low-0jau08yx7yaw";"/ɛ/-0jau08yx7yaz"[label="/ɛ/"];"-low-0jau08yx7yaw"--"/ɛ/-0jau08yx7yaz";}
|
||||
graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jbs0vhl86d2"[label="vowels"];"+high-0jbs0vhl86db"[label="+high"];"vowels-0jbs0vhl86d2"--"+high-0jbs0vhl86db";"+round-0jbs0vhl86de"[label="+round"];"+high-0jbs0vhl86db"--"+round-0jbs0vhl86de";"+front-0jbs0vhl86dg"[label="+front"];"+round-0jbs0vhl86de"--"+front-0jbs0vhl86dg";"/y/-0jbs0vhl86dj"[label="/y/"];"+front-0jbs0vhl86dg"--"/y/-0jbs0vhl86dj";"-front-0jbs0vhl86do"[label="-front"];"+round-0jbs0vhl86de"--"-front-0jbs0vhl86do";"/u/-0jbs0vhl86dr"[label="/u/"];"-front-0jbs0vhl86do"--"/u/-0jbs0vhl86dr";"-round-0jbs0vhl86e3"[label="-round"];"+high-0jbs0vhl86db"--"-round-0jbs0vhl86e3";"/i/-0jbs0vhl86e6"[label="/i/"];"-round-0jbs0vhl86e3"--"/i/-0jbs0vhl86e6";"-high-0jbs0vhl86ek"[label="-high"];"vowels-0jbs0vhl86d2"--"-high-0jbs0vhl86ek";"+round-0jbs0vhl86en"[label="+round"];"-high-0jbs0vhl86ek"--"+round-0jbs0vhl86en";"+tense-0jbs0vhl86ep"[label="+tense"];"+round-0jbs0vhl86en"--"+tense-0jbs0vhl86ep";"+front-0jbs0vhl86es"[label="+front"];"+tense-0jbs0vhl86ep"--"+front-0jbs0vhl86es";"/ø/-0jbs0vhl86ev"[label="/ø/"];"+front-0jbs0vhl86es"--"/ø/-0jbs0vhl86ev";"-front-0jbs0vhl86f2"[label="-front"];"+tense-0jbs0vhl86ep"--"-front-0jbs0vhl86f2";"/o/-0jbs0vhl86f4"[label="/o/"];"-front-0jbs0vhl86f2"--"/o/-0jbs0vhl86f4";"-tense-0jbs0vhl86ff"[label="-tense"];"+round-0jbs0vhl86en"--"-tense-0jbs0vhl86ff";"+low-0jbs0vhl86fh"[label="+low"];"-tense-0jbs0vhl86ff"--"+low-0jbs0vhl86fh";"/œ/-0jbs0vhl86fk"[label="/œ/"];"+low-0jbs0vhl86fh"--"/œ/-0jbs0vhl86fk";"-low-0jbs0vhl86fp"[label="-low"];"-tense-0jbs0vhl86ff"--"-low-0jbs0vhl86fp";"/ɔ/-0jbs0vhl86fs"[label="/ɔ/"];"-low-0jbs0vhl86fp"--"/ɔ/-0jbs0vhl86fs";"-round-0jbs0vhl86gm"[label="-round"];"-high-0jbs0vhl86ek"--"-round-0jbs0vhl86gm";"+tense-0jbs0vhl86gp"[label="+tense"];"-round-0jbs0vhl86gm"--"+tense-0jbs0vhl86gp";"/e/-0jbs0vhl86gr"[label="/e/"];"+tense-0jbs0vhl86gp"--"/e/-0jbs0vhl86gr";"-tense-0jbs0vhl86gw"[label="-tense"];"-round-0jbs0vhl86gm"--"-tense-0jbs0vhl86gw";"+low-0jbs0vhl86gz"[label="+low"];"-tense-0jbs0vhl86gw"--"+low-0jbs0vhl86gz";"/ɑ/-0jbs0vhl86h1"[label="/ɑ/"];"+low-0jbs0vhl86gz"--"/ɑ/-0jbs0vhl86h1";"-low-0jbs0vhl86h6"[label="-low"];"-tense-0jbs0vhl86gw"--"-low-0jbs0vhl86h6";"/ɛ/-0jbs0vhl86h9"[label="/ɛ/"];"-low-0jbs0vhl86h6"--"/ɛ/-0jbs0vhl86h9";}
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: tree:vowels
|
||||
#+attr_html: :alt Eittlandic Vowel Featural Tree :class gentree :loading lazy
|
||||
#+caption: Eittlandic Vowels Featural Tree
|
||||
#+RESULTS[93d18c3e267627e50cf901dcc820c34aaab89eab]:
|
||||
#+RESULTS[7867f85cb842efcdbf63b57169c32fb8e2b6831c]:
|
||||
[[file:img/eittland/vowel-feature-tree.png]]
|
||||
|
||||
**** Private Data :noexport:
|
||||
@ -880,17 +952,14 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y
|
||||
- /ɔ/
|
||||
- -round
|
||||
- +tense
|
||||
- +low
|
||||
- /æ/
|
||||
- -low
|
||||
- /e/
|
||||
- -tense
|
||||
- +low
|
||||
- /a/
|
||||
- /ɑ/
|
||||
- -low
|
||||
- /ɛ/
|
||||
|
||||
*** Consonants
|
||||
*** Consonant Inventory
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Consonants-xethtyt058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
@ -905,11 +974,45 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Pitch-and-Stress-br8ank61e8j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
|
||||
*** Regional accents
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Regional-accents-l8w7rux0sbj0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
Eittlandic is a language in which three distinct main dialects exist
|
||||
with their own accent. These three main dialects are Eastern
|
||||
Eittlandic spoken in the majority Kingdom of Hylfjaltr, Western
|
||||
Eittlandic spoken in the majority of the Kingdom of Ðeberget, and
|
||||
Southern Eittlandic spoken on the southern parts of the island,
|
||||
regardess of the legal kingdom (see the map shown in
|
||||
§[[#Eittland-Culture-q6uf2gs0uaj0]]. Three main elements of their
|
||||
respective accent were presented above in
|
||||
§§[[#Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-r-ʁ-Eastern-Eittlandic-b20i1pm0bbj0]],
|
||||
[[#Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-V-N-Ṽ-V-high-ulb1ey80uaj0]],
|
||||
and
|
||||
[[#Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-V-U-ə-diphthongs-fjh0pnr0uaj0]].
|
||||
|
||||
Some regional variation can be also found in these dialects, although
|
||||
less significant and less consistantly than the changes mentioned
|
||||
above. As such, we can find in some rural parts of the Eastern
|
||||
Eittlandic dialect area high vowels slightly more open than their
|
||||
equivalent in Standard Eittlandic, as shown in table [[vow:accent:east]]
|
||||
#+name: vow:accent:east
|
||||
#+caption: Equivalence Between Eastern Eittlandic and Standard Eittlandic
|
||||
| <c> | <c> |
|
||||
| Rural Eastern Eittlandic | Standard Eittlandic |
|
||||
|--------------------------+---------------------|
|
||||
| {{{phon(i)}}} | {{{phon(ɪ)}}} |
|
||||
| {{{phon(y)}}} | {{{phon(ʏ)}}} |
|
||||
| {{{phon(u)}}} | {{{phon(ʊ)}}} |
|
||||
|
||||
On the other hand, Southern Eittlandic tends to front its {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into
|
||||
{{{phon(a)}}} after nasal consonants and glides and into {{{phon(ɐ)}}} otherwise.
|
||||
|
||||
** Phonotactics
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Phonotactics-r2whtyt058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
*** Syllable Structur
|
||||
*** Syllable Structure
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonotactics-Syllable-Structure-hhx3zk40f8j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
@ -1236,11 +1339,11 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Verbal-Groups-Structure-hhu42yu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
** Intransitive Claus
|
||||
** Intransitive Clauses :noexport:
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Intransitive-Clauses-x3k4i1v058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
** Ditransitive Claus
|
||||
** Ditransitive Clauses :noexport:
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Ditransitive-Clauses-2yl4i1v058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
@ -1332,6 +1435,7 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-y2icocp0h5j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
#+latex: \begin{multicols*}{2}
|
||||
** A
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-A-wtcczzm0jaj0
|
||||
@ -1351,6 +1455,8 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-B-ae79d268
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
- bók :: f. {{{phon(bɔk)}}}
|
||||
1. book
|
||||
|
||||
** C
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
@ -1361,6 +1467,11 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-D-h7lczzm0jaj0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
- djúp :: adj. {{{phon(dʒop)}}}
|
||||
1. deep
|
||||
2. profound (figuratively)
|
||||
- djúpligr :: adv. {{{phon(dʒopliɡr̩)}}}
|
||||
1. deeply
|
||||
|
||||
** Đ
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
@ -1371,6 +1482,11 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-E-54360434
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
- edda :: f. {{{phon(ed)}}}
|
||||
1. great grandmother
|
||||
2. female ancestor, beyond the grandmother
|
||||
- Eittland :: n. {{{phon(ɑɪʔlɑnd)}}}
|
||||
1. (n) High Kingdom of Eittland, island of Eittland
|
||||
|
||||
** É
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
@ -1381,16 +1497,48 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-F-r4tczzm0jaj0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
- fé :: n. {{{phon(fɛ)}}}
|
||||
1. wealth
|
||||
- fiskr :: m. {{{phon(fiʃkr̩)}}}
|
||||
1. fish
|
||||
|
||||
** G
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-G-5a9af03c
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
- gauð :: n. {{{phon(jɔʊð)}}}
|
||||
1. a barking
|
||||
2. a quarrel
|
||||
- gegn :: adv. {{{phon(jeɡn̩)}}}
|
||||
1. against, opposing
|
||||
- gjøf :: f. {{{phon(jøv)}}}
|
||||
1. gift, present
|
||||
|
||||
** H
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-H-5qvczzm0jaj0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
- heilsa :: f. {{{phon(hɑɪls)}}}
|
||||
1. health
|
||||
- hjól :: n. {{{phon(çɔl)}}}
|
||||
1. wheel
|
||||
- hlóð :: n. {{{phon(l̥ɔð)}}}
|
||||
1. hearth
|
||||
2. living room
|
||||
- hneisa :: f. {{{phon(n̥ɑɪs)}}}
|
||||
1. shame, disgrace
|
||||
2. social isolation
|
||||
- hneisingr :: n. {{{phon(n̥ɑɪsinɡr̩)}}}
|
||||
1. hermit
|
||||
2. (modern) shut-in, hikikomori
|
||||
- hnjósa :: v. {{{phon(ɲ̥ɔs)}}}
|
||||
1. to sneeze
|
||||
- hrifs :: n. {{{phon(r̥ivs)}}}
|
||||
1. assault, mugging
|
||||
- hvat :: adv. {{{phon(ʍɑt)}}}
|
||||
1. what
|
||||
- hví :: adv. {{{phon(ʍe)}}}
|
||||
1. why
|
||||
|
||||
** I
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
@ -1411,6 +1559,9 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-K-bl1dzzm0jaj0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
- kaup :: n. {{{phon(kɔp)}}}
|
||||
1. commerce
|
||||
2. bargain, barter
|
||||
|
||||
** L
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
@ -1426,6 +1577,11 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-N-0ef6f2af
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
- noregsúlfr :: m. {{{phon(norejsolvr̩)}}}
|
||||
1. wolf, litt. Norway’s wolf. Wolf do not naturally live in Eittland
|
||||
and their only relatives introduced to the island were dogs and
|
||||
wolf-dogs which inherited the simpler /úlfr/ term. Noun composed by
|
||||
Old Norse /noregs/ (genitive of /Noregr/, /Norway/) and /úlfr/.
|
||||
|
||||
** O
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
@ -1436,11 +1592,8 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-Ó-y77dzzm0jaj0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
|
||||
** Ǫ
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-Ǫ-xv9dzzm0jaj0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
- óglaðr :: adj. {{{phon(ɔɡʲɑðr̩)}}}
|
||||
1. very sad, depressed, miserable
|
||||
|
||||
** Ø
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
@ -1451,6 +1604,9 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-Œ-0c780f53
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
- Œgir :: m. {{{phon(œjir)}}}
|
||||
1. A mythical beast residing in the forests of the western
|
||||
Eittlandic fjords.
|
||||
|
||||
** P
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
@ -1471,6 +1627,18 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-S-e9e187ae
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
- sitja :: v. {{{phon(sitʃ)}}}
|
||||
1. to sit
|
||||
2. to represent (politics)
|
||||
- sjá :: v. {{{phon(ʃɛ)}}}
|
||||
1. to see
|
||||
2. to understand
|
||||
- skilja :: v. {{{phon(ʃkiʎ)}}}
|
||||
1. to differenciate
|
||||
2. to segregate, to separate
|
||||
3. to understand a difference
|
||||
- snjór :: m. {{{phon(sɲɔr)}}}
|
||||
1. snow
|
||||
|
||||
** T
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
@ -1486,16 +1654,25 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-U-fa109e34
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
- uppá :: prep. {{{phon(upɸə)}}}
|
||||
1. upon
|
||||
|
||||
** Ú
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-Ú-c35e6434
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
- úlfr :: m. {{{phon(olvr̩)}}}
|
||||
1. wolf-dog. See also /noregsúlfr/.
|
||||
|
||||
** V
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-V-urkdzzm0jaj0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
- veisheit :: f. {{{phon(βɑɪshɑɪt)}}}
|
||||
1. knowledge or wisdom. From German /Weisheit/. See also /vizka/
|
||||
- viska :: f. {{{phon(βiʃk)}}}
|
||||
1. practical knowledge or wisdom, acquired from experience
|
||||
See /veisheit/ for a more general term for /wisdow/
|
||||
|
||||
** Y
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
@ -1512,6 +1689,9 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-Z-144a2853
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#+latex: \end{multicols*}
|
||||
|
||||
* Private Data :noexport:
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Private-Data-q4hgd1d0uaj0
|
||||
|
||||
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content/img/eittland/vowels.png
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|
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@ -8,4 +8,5 @@
|
||||
- [[file:archived/hjelp.org][Hjelp]]
|
||||
- [[file:archived/matter.org][Mattér]]
|
||||
- en
|
||||
- [[file:en/eittlandic.org][Eittland]]
|
||||
- [[file:en/proto-nyqy.org][The Proto-Ñyqy People]]
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user