diff --git a/content/en/eittlandic.org b/content/en/eittlandic.org index f3f0ce4..a32ccbf 100644 --- a/content/en/eittlandic.org +++ b/content/en/eittlandic.org @@ -11,6 +11,9 @@ #+latex_header: \usepackage{allrunes} #+macro: rune (eval (conlanging-to-org-runes $1 'eittlandic)) #+latex_header: \linespread{1.15} +#+latex_header: \usepackage{multicol} +#+latex_header: \setlength{\columnsep}{2cm} +#+latex_header: \setlength{\columnseprule}{1pt} #+latex_header: \usepackage{glossaries} #+latex_header: \makeglossaries #+latex: \printglossaries @@ -20,7 +23,6 @@ :CUSTOM_ID: Introduction-Foreword-d22hjv20e5j0 :UNNUMBERED: t :END: - ** On This Document :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Foreword-On-This-Document-drs3x130rbj0 @@ -70,11 +72,23 @@ for some stuff written here is “bullshit”. This is a work of fiction. Any resemblance to persons living or dead, to any real event, or any real people is purely coincidental. +** List of abbreviations +:PROPERTIES: +:CUSTOM_ID: Foreword-List-of-abbreviations-0h6jg050rbj0 +:END: +- adj :: adjective +- adv :: adverb +- f :: feminine noun +- m :: masculine noun +- n :: neutral noun +- prep :: preposition +- v :: verb + * Eittland :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Eittland-iz98ngl0jaj0 :END: -Eittland (Eittlandic: Eittland {{{rune(eittland)}}} {{{phon(aɪtlãd)}}}) is part of +Eittland (Eittlandic: Eittland {{{rune(eittland)}}} {{{phon(ɑɪtlɑ̃d)}}}) is part of the family of Nordic countries, with a population of 31.5 millions as per the 2019 national census. It has a superficy of 121 km^{2}, making it the second largest island in Europe after Great Britain. Its capital @@ -157,18 +171,18 @@ set style histogram rowstacked set style fill solid border -1 set boxwidth 1 -plot data u 2:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 lw 3 title 'Norse Faith', \ - data u 3:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 lw 3 title 'Atheism', \ - data u 4:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 lw 3 title 'Church of Eittland', \ - data u 5:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 lw 3 title 'Christianity', \ - data u 6:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 lw 3 title 'Buddhism', \ - data u 7:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 lw 3 title 'Other' +plot data u 2:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 title 'Norse Faith', \ + data u 3:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 title 'Atheism', \ + data u 4:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 title 'Church of Eittland', \ + data u 5:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 title 'Christianity', \ + data u 6:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 title 'Buddhism', \ + data u 7:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 title 'Other' #+end_src #+name: chart:religions #+caption: Religious Evolution of Eittland Since 1900 #+attr_html: :loading lazy -#+RESULTS[3b10b0ef95c6a0d04471ef81330c2b0c065c9344]: +#+RESULTS[706a2c4928c3c4c8979c0ce62acab59f9eb1bebf]: [[file:img/eittland/religions.png]] #+attr_html: :loading lazy @@ -189,6 +203,37 @@ repartition of the different eittlandic cultures is shown in the map #+attr_latex: :float sideways [[file:./img/eittland/map-cultural.png]] +Standard Eittlandic is a relatively young language, created in the +1960s by the government in order to create a standard dialect to +facilitate communications between Eittlanders and make learning the +language easier. Standard Eittlandic is now enforced as the /de facto/ +legal language of the High Kingdom of Eittland, used by its +government, schools, and universities, but the local dialects are +still widely spoken privately and in business which remains regional. +They still have a strong presence in popular media and are still +spoken by younger generations, but a decline has been registered since +the 90s among young people living in cities, speaking more and more in +Standard Eittlandic instead. Dialects are also rarely used on the +internet outside of private conversation. An estimate of 17% of the +Eittlandic population younger than 25 in 2017 do not speak any +dialectal Eittlandic outside of Standard Eittlandic, although only 2% +of them do not understand their family’s dialectal Eittlandic. +Standard Eittlandic also became the default dialect for Eittlandic +communities living outside of Eittland --- in these communities the +inability of speaking other dialects rise to 61% while the ability to +understand them rises to 25% among Eittlanders younger than 25 in 2018 +and who still have Eittlandic as their mother tongue. + +It is estimated only 0.05% of people living in Eittland do not speak +any Eittlandic dialect, all of them being immigrants or children of +immigrants. It is therefore safe to say Eittlandic is still going +strong and does not face any risk of disappearing anytime soon, +although we might be at the start of the decline of the historical +dialects of Eittland in favor of Standard Eittlandic. + +In this document, we will mostly address Standard Eittlandic, although +some dialectal variation will be mentioned. + ** Name of the Country :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Eittland-Name-of-the-Country-hun23je06bj0 @@ -516,7 +561,7 @@ mainly due to the original phoneme {{{phon(hʷ)}}} which could be inherited from Proto-Norse instead. + Example :: Early Old Norse or Late Proto-Norse /hvat/ (what) - {{{phon(hʷat)}}} > Eittlandic /hvat/ (what) {{{phon(ʍat)}}} + {{{phon(hʷɑt)}}} > Eittlandic /hvat/ (what) {{{phon(ʍɑt)}}} **** C / #h_ > C[-voice] :PROPERTIES: @@ -529,12 +574,12 @@ When preceded by a {{{phon(h)}}}, word-initial consonants such as , , + Example :: - Early Old Norse /hlóð/ (/hearth/) {{{phon(hloːð)}}} > Old Eittlandic /hlóð/ {{{phon(l̥oːð)}}} - - Early Old-Norse /hneisa/ (/shame, disgrace/) {{{phon(hneisa)}}} > Early Old - Eittlandic {{{phon(n̥eisa)}}} + - Early Old-Norse /hneisa/ (/shame, disgrace/) {{{phon(hneisɑ)}}} > Early Old + Eittlandic {{{phon(n̥eisɑ)}}} - Early Old Norse /hrifs/ (/robbery/) {{{phon(hrifs)}}} > Old Norse {{{phon(r̥ifs)}}} - Early Old Norse /hjól/ (wheel) {{{phon(hjoːl)}}} > Old Eittlandic {{{phon(çoːl)}}} -**** g / {#,V}_⁣V > ɣ +**** g / {#,V}_⁣{V,#} > ɣ :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-g-V-V-ɣ-9mlkdpi08bj0 :END: @@ -554,7 +599,7 @@ into a {{{phon(ə)}}}, but they eventually disappeared before long vowels got affected by the first part of the rule. However, it did not apply to final vowels following a . -+ Example :: Old Norse /heilsa/ (/health/) {{{phon(heilsa)}}} > Late Old ++ Example :: Old Norse /heilsa/ (/health/) {{{phon(heilsɑ)}}} > Late Old Eittlandic /heils/ {{{phon(heils)}}}. Reflecting this change, the last vowel got lost in the Eittlandic @@ -568,7 +613,7 @@ a good deal of people that kept them well until the [[#Great-Vowel-Shift-7spk7j7 While the final short vowel of words did not disappear when preceded by a , they still weakened to a schwa. -+ Example :: Old Norse /sitja/ (/to sit/) {{{phon(sitja)}}} > Old Eittlandic ++ Example :: Old Norse /sitja/ (/to sit/) {{{phon(sitjɑ)}}} > Old Eittlandic {{{phon(sitjə)}}} **** Vː / _# > ə @@ -595,8 +640,8 @@ when beginning or preceding a vowel transformed it from {{{phon(g)}}} in Proto-Norse to {{{phon(ɣ)}}} in Old Eittlandic to {{{phon(j)}}} in Early Modern Eittlandic. -+ Example :: Old Norse /gauð/ (a barking) {{{phon(gauð)}}} > Early Middle - Eittlandic /gauð/ (a barking, a quarrel) {{{phon(jauð)}}}. ++ Example :: Old Norse /gauð/ (a barking) {{{phon(gɑuð)}}} > Early Middle + Eittlandic /gauð/ (a barking, a quarrel) {{{phon(jɑuð)}}}. This is the first rule of the gj-shift along with the three next rules, marking the passage from Old Eittlandic to Middle Eittlandic. @@ -608,8 +653,8 @@ rules, marking the passage from Old Eittlandic to Middle Eittlandic. The exception to the above rule is the remains a hard {{{phon(g)}}} when followed by an in which case {{{phon(gl)}}} becomes {{{phon(gʲ)}}}. -+ Example :: Old Norse /óglaðr/ (sad, moody) {{{phon(oːɡlaðr̩)}}} > Early - Middle Eittlandic /óglaðr/ (very sad, miserable) {{{phon(oːɡʲaðr̩)}}} ++ Example :: Old Norse /óglaðr/ (sad, moody) {{{phon(oːɡlɑðr̩)}}} > Early + Middle Eittlandic /óglaðr/ (very sad, miserable) {{{phon(oːɡʲɑðr̩)}}} **** d g n s t / _j > C[+palat] :PROPERTIES: @@ -637,16 +682,16 @@ described in §[[#Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-C-h-voice-o4r8mvg08bj0]]. + Example :: - - Early Old Norse /djúpligr/ (/deep, deeply/) {{{phon(djuːpliɡr̩)}}} > Middle - Eittlandic /djúpligr/ (/deep, profound/) {{{phon(dʒuːpliɡr̩)}}} + - Early Old Norse /djúp/ (/deep/) {{{phon(djuːp)}}} > Middle Eittlandic /djúp/ + (/deep, profound/) {{{phon(dʒuːp)}}} - Early Old Norse /gjøf/ (/gift/) {{{phon(gjøf)}}} > Early Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(jøf)}}} - Early Old Norse /snjór/ (/snow/) {{{phon(snjoːr)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(sɲoːr)}}} - - Early Old Norse /hnjósa/ (/to sneeze/) {{{phon(hnjoːsa)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ɲ̥oːs)}}} - - Early Old Norse /sjá/ (/to see/) {{{phon(sjaː)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃaː)}}} + - Early Old Norse /hnjósa/ (/to sneeze/) {{{phon(hnjoːsɑ)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ɲ̥oːs)}}} + - Early Old Norse /sjá/ (/to see/) {{{phon(sjɑː)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃɑː)}}} - Early Old Norse /skilja/ (/to understand, to distinguish/) - {{{phon(skilja)}}} > Early Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiljə)}}} + {{{phon(skiljɑ)}}} > Early Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiljə)}}} - Old Eittlandic /sitja/ (/to sit/) {{{phon(sitjə)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(sitʃə)}}} **** u / V_ > ʊ @@ -655,19 +700,21 @@ described in :END: When following another vowel, {{{phon(u)}}} becomes an {{{phon(ʊ)}}}. -+ Example :: Old Norse /kaup/ (/bargain/) {{{phon(kaup)}}} > Early Middle - Eittlandic {{{phon(kaʊp)}}} ++ Example :: Old Norse /kaup/ (/bargain/) {{{phon(kɑup)}}} > Early Middle + Eittlandic {{{phon(kɑʊp)}}} **** {s,z} / _C[+plos] > ʃ :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-s-z-C-plos-ʃ-ʒ-i4p0n0b0uaj0 :END: If {{{phon(s)}}} or {{{phon(z)}}} precede a plosive consonant, they become -palatalized into a {{{phon(ʃ)}}} --- the distinction between and is lost. +palatalized into a {{{phon(ʃ)}}} --- the distinction between and is +lost. + Example :: - - Old Norse /fisk/ (/fish/) {{{phon(fisk)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(fiʃk)}}} - - Early Old Norse /vizka/ (/wisdom/) {{{phon(vizka)}}} > Middle Eittlandic /visk/ {{{phon(viʃk)}}} + - Old Norse /fiskr/ (/fish/) {{{phon(fiskr̩)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(fiʃkr̩)}}} + - Early Old Norse /vizka/ (/wisdom/) {{{phon(βizkɑ)}}} > Middle Eittlandic + /viska/ {{{phon(βiʃk)}}} Note that in the Modern Eittlandic orthography, the is replaced with an . @@ -691,7 +738,7 @@ following . + Example :: Early Middle Eittlandic /skilja/ (to understand, to distinguish) {{{phon(ʃkiljə)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiʎə)}}} -**** ə[-long] / C[+voice]_# > ∅ +**** ə[-long] / C_# > ∅ :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-ə-C-voice-ysvblnk08bj0 :END: @@ -706,14 +753,14 @@ to any former short vowel following a in word-final position. + Example :: Middle Eittlandic (to understand, to distinguish) {{{phon(ʃkiʎə)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiʎ)}}} -**** aʊ > oː +**** ɑʊ > oː :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-aʊ-oː-4w88tmg08bj0 :END: Sometime in the 15th century, any occurence of , pronounced by -then {{{phon(aʊ)}}}, began shifting to {{{phon(oː)}}}. +then {{{phon(ɑʊ)}}}, began shifting to {{{phon(oː)}}}. -+ Example :: Early Middle Eittlandic /kaup/ (/bargain/) {{{phon(/kaʊp/)}}} > Late ++ Example :: Early Middle Eittlandic /kaup/ (/bargain/) {{{phon(/kɑʊp/)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic /kaup/ (/commerce/) {{{koːp}}} **** C[+long +plos -voice] > C[+fric] ! / _C > C[+long +plos] > C[-long] @@ -725,13 +772,14 @@ consonant becomes a short affricate while other long plosives simply become shorter. + Example :: - - Old Norse /Edda/ (the book written by Snorri Sturuson) {{{phon(edːa)}}} > Late Eittlandic {{{phon(eda)}}} - - Old Norse /Eittland/ {{{phon(eitːland)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(eitland)}}} - - Old Norse /uppá/ (/upon/) {{{phon(upːaː)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(upɸə)}}} + - Old Norse /edda/ (great grandmother) {{{phon(edːɑ)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic + /edda/ (great grandmother, femalle ancestor) {{{phon(edɑ)}}} + - Old Norse /Eittland/ {{{phon(eitːlɑnd)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(eitlɑnd)}}} + - Old Norse /uppá/ (/upon/) {{{phon(upːɑː)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(upɸə)}}} **** r > ʁ (Eastern Eittlandic) :PROPERTIES: -:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-r-ʁ-Eastern-Eittlandic-b20i1pm0bbj0 +:CUSTOM_ID: Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-r-ʁ-Eastern-Eittlandic-b20i1pm0bbj0 :END: From the beginning of the 16th century, the Eastern Eittlandic {{{phon(r)}}} began morphing into an {{{phon(ʁ)}}} in all contexts except in word-final @@ -740,10 +788,10 @@ Eastern region of Eittland and it can be even heard in some dialects of Southern Eittlandic. + Example :: - - Old Norse /dratta/ (/to trail/ or /walk like a cow/) {{{phon(dratʃ)}}} > Eastern Modern - Eittlandic /dratt/ (/act mindlessly/) {{{phon(dʁatʃ)}}} + - Old Norse /dratta/ (/to trail/ or /walk like a cow/) {{{phon(drɑtʃ)}}} > Eastern Modern + Eittlandic /dratt/ (/act mindlessly/) {{{phon(dʁɑtʃ)}}} - Early Old Norse /fjárdráttr/ (/(unfairly) making money/) - {{{phon(fjaːdraːtːr̩)}}} > Eastern Modern Eittlandic /fjárdráttr/ (/to scam/) + {{{phon(fjɑːdrɑːtːr̩)}}} > Eastern Modern Eittlandic /fjárdráttr/ (/to scam/) {{{phon(fjɛʁdʁɛtr̩)}}} **** Great Vowel Shift @@ -762,7 +810,7 @@ Hence, the vowels evolved as shown in table [[vow:eittland:evolution]]. #+caption: Evolution of Old Norse long vowels to Eittlandic short vowels | Orthography | Old Eittlandic vowel | Modern Eittlandic Vowel | |-------------+----------------------+-------------------------| -| á | {{{phon(aː)}}} | {{{phon(ɛ)}}} | +| á | {{{phon(ɑː)}}} | {{{phon(ɛ)}}} | | é | {{{phon(eː)}}} | {{{phon(ɛ)}}} | | í | {{{phon(iː)}}} | {{{phon(e)}}} | | ó | {{{phon(oː)}}} | {{{phon(ɔ)}}} | @@ -775,28 +823,28 @@ Modern Eittlandic vowels. For instance, Eittlanders will read and <í> both as an {{{phon(e)}}}. + Examples :: - - Middle Eittlandic /sjá/ (/to see/) {{{phon(ʃaː)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃɛ)}}} + - Middle Eittlandic /sjá/ (/to see/) {{{phon(ʃɑː)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃɛ)}}} - Old Norse /fé/ (/cattle/) {{{phon(feː)}}} > Modern Eittlandic /fé/ (wealth) {{{phon(fɛ)}}} - Late Proto-Norse /hví/ (/why/) {{{phon(hʷiː)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ʍe)}}} - Old Norse /bók/ (/beech/, /book/) {{{phon(boːk)}}} > Modern Eittlandic (/book/) {{{phon(bɔk)}}} - Early Old Norse /œgir/ (/frightener/, /terrifier/) {{{phon(øːɡir)}}} > Modern - Eittlandic /œgir/ (/barbarian/, /pirate/) {{{phon(œjir)}}} + Eittlandic /Œgir/ (a kind of mythical beast) {{{phon(œjir)}}} - Middle Eittlandic /úlv/ (/wolf/) {{{phon(uːlv)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(olv)}}} Diphthongs also evolved following these rules: - {{{phon(ei)}}} > {{{phon(ɑɪ)}}} -- {{{phon(ou)}}} > {{{phon(ɑʊ)}}} +- {{{phon(ou)}}} > {{{phon(ɔʊ)}}} - {{{phon(øy)}}} > {{{phon(œʏ)}}} **** V / _N > Ṽ[-tense] ! V[+high] (Southern Eittlandic) :PROPERTIES: -:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-V-N-Ṽ-V-high-ulb1ey80uaj0 +:CUSTOM_ID: Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-V-N-Ṽ-V-high-ulb1ey80uaj0 :END: When preceding a nasal, any vowel that is not high as determined by the figure [[tree:vowels]] gets nasalized when preceding a nasal consonant and loses its tenseness if it has any. Hence, the pronunciation of the - in /Eittland/ is {{{phon(ã)}}}. However, Old Norse /runa/ (rune) {{{phon(runa)}}} + in /Eittland/ is {{{phon(ã)}}}. However, Old Norse /runa/ (rune) {{{phon(runɑ)}}} becomes /run/ (letter, character, rune) {{{phon(run)}}} without any nasalization. @@ -813,12 +861,12 @@ are not southerners. :END: When a {{{phon(t)}}} precedes another consonant, it becomes a glottal stop. -+ Example :: Early Modern Eittlandic /Eittland/ {{{phon(ɑɪtland)}}} > Modern - Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪʔland)}}} ++ Example :: Early Modern Eittlandic /Eittland/ {{{phon(ɑɪtlɑnd)}}} > Modern + Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪʔlɑnd)}}} **** V^{U} > ə ! diphthongs (Western Eittlandic) :PROPERTIES: -:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-V-U-ə-diphthongs-fjh0pnr0uaj0 +:CUSTOM_ID: Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-V-U-ə-diphthongs-fjh0pnr0uaj0 :END: A recent evolution in Western Eittland is weakening any unstressed vowel that is not a diphthong to a schwa. It is only documented in @@ -830,10 +878,34 @@ casual speech but almost never in formal speech. - Standard Eittlandic /einlægr/ (/sincere/) {{{phon(ɑɪnlæɡr)}}} > Western Casual Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪnləɡr)}}} -*** Simple Vowels +*** Vowel Inventory :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Vowels-vishtyt058j0 :END: +Modern Standard Eittlandic has a total of ten simple vowels and three +diphthongs. Unlike its ancestor language, Old Norse, it does not bear +any distinction in vowel length anymore since the great vowel shift +(see §[[#Great-Vowel-Shift-7spk7j70uaj0]]). The table [[tab:vow:ipa]] lists +the Eittlandic simple vowels while the table [[tab:vow:dipththongs]] lists +the Eittlandic diphthongs. + +#+name: tab:vow:ipa +| / | < | | +| | | | +| | front | back | +|-----------+-------+------| +| close | i y | u | +| close-mid | e ø | o | +| open-mid | ɛ œ | ɔ | +| open | | ɑ | + +#+name: tab:vow:dipththongs +| diphthong | phonetics | +| | | +|-----------+-----------| +| ei | {{{phon(ɑɪ)}}} | +| au | {{{phon(ɔʊ)}}} | +| ey | {{{phon(œʏ)}}} | #+name: vow-dot-gen #+header: :var vowels=vowels-featural-list @@ -841,15 +913,15 @@ casual speech but almost never in formal speech. (conlanging-list-to-graphviz vowels) #+end_src -#+RESULTS[c52a8076dad068d0ed5c7b1b96a1461025993979]: vow-dot-gen +#+RESULTS[95f3d873f1a8b7fac926422e03feb73e9734ec2a]: vow-dot-gen #+begin_src dot :file eittland/vowel-feature-tree.png -graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08yx7y65"[label="vowels"];"+high-0jau08yx7y6e"[label="+high"];"vowels-0jau08yx7y65"--"+high-0jau08yx7y6e";"+round-0jau08yx7y6h"[label="+round"];"+high-0jau08yx7y6e"--"+round-0jau08yx7y6h";"+front-0jau08yx7y6l"[label="+front"];"+round-0jau08yx7y6h"--"+front-0jau08yx7y6l";"/y/-0jau08yx7y6n"[label="/y/"];"+front-0jau08yx7y6l"--"/y/-0jau08yx7y6n";"-front-0jau08yx7y6t"[label="-front"];"+round-0jau08yx7y6h"--"-front-0jau08yx7y6t";"/u/-0jau08yx7y6w"[label="/u/"];"-front-0jau08yx7y6t"--"/u/-0jau08yx7y6w";"-round-0jau08yx7y75"[label="-round"];"+high-0jau08yx7y6e"--"-round-0jau08yx7y75";"/i/-0jau08yx7y78"[label="/i/"];"-round-0jau08yx7y75"--"/i/-0jau08yx7y78";"-high-0jau08yx7y7m"[label="-high"];"vowels-0jau08yx7y65"--"-high-0jau08yx7y7m";"+round-0jau08yx7y7q"[label="+round"];"-high-0jau08yx7y7m"--"+round-0jau08yx7y7q";"+tense-0jau08yx7y7t"[label="+tense"];"+round-0jau08yx7y7q"--"+tense-0jau08yx7y7t";"+front-0jau08yx7y7w"[label="+front"];"+tense-0jau08yx7y7t"--"+front-0jau08yx7y7w";"/ø/-0jau08yx7y80"[label="/ø/"];"+front-0jau08yx7y7w"--"/ø/-0jau08yx7y80";"-front-0jau08yx7y87"[label="-front"];"+tense-0jau08yx7y7t"--"-front-0jau08yx7y87";"/o/-0jau08yx7y8a"[label="/o/"];"-front-0jau08yx7y87"--"/o/-0jau08yx7y8a";"-tense-0jau08yx7y8k"[label="-tense"];"+round-0jau08yx7y7q"--"-tense-0jau08yx7y8k";"+low-0jau08yx7y8o"[label="+low"];"-tense-0jau08yx7y8k"--"+low-0jau08yx7y8o";"/œ/-0jau08yx7y8s"[label="/œ/"];"+low-0jau08yx7y8o"--"/œ/-0jau08yx7y8s";"-low-0jau08yx7y8y"[label="-low"];"-tense-0jau08yx7y8k"--"-low-0jau08yx7y8y";"/ɔ/-0jau08yx7y90"[label="/ɔ/"];"-low-0jau08yx7y8y"--"/ɔ/-0jau08yx7y90";"-round-0jau08yx7y9m"[label="-round"];"-high-0jau08yx7y7m"--"-round-0jau08yx7y9m";"+tense-0jau08yx7y9p"[label="+tense"];"-round-0jau08yx7y9m"--"+tense-0jau08yx7y9p";"+low-0jau08yx7y9s"[label="+low"];"+tense-0jau08yx7y9p"--"+low-0jau08yx7y9s";"/æ/-0jau08yx7y9v"[label="/æ/"];"+low-0jau08yx7y9s"--"/æ/-0jau08yx7y9v";"-low-0jau08yx7ya1"[label="-low"];"+tense-0jau08yx7y9p"--"-low-0jau08yx7ya1";"/e/-0jau08yx7yaa"[label="/e/"];"-low-0jau08yx7ya1"--"/e/-0jau08yx7yaa";"-tense-0jau08yx7yal"[label="-tense"];"-round-0jau08yx7y9m"--"-tense-0jau08yx7yal";"+low-0jau08yx7yao"[label="+low"];"-tense-0jau08yx7yal"--"+low-0jau08yx7yao";"/a/-0jau08yx7yar"[label="/a/"];"+low-0jau08yx7yao"--"/a/-0jau08yx7yar";"-low-0jau08yx7yaw"[label="-low"];"-tense-0jau08yx7yal"--"-low-0jau08yx7yaw";"/ɛ/-0jau08yx7yaz"[label="/ɛ/"];"-low-0jau08yx7yaw"--"/ɛ/-0jau08yx7yaz";} +graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jbs0vhl86d2"[label="vowels"];"+high-0jbs0vhl86db"[label="+high"];"vowels-0jbs0vhl86d2"--"+high-0jbs0vhl86db";"+round-0jbs0vhl86de"[label="+round"];"+high-0jbs0vhl86db"--"+round-0jbs0vhl86de";"+front-0jbs0vhl86dg"[label="+front"];"+round-0jbs0vhl86de"--"+front-0jbs0vhl86dg";"/y/-0jbs0vhl86dj"[label="/y/"];"+front-0jbs0vhl86dg"--"/y/-0jbs0vhl86dj";"-front-0jbs0vhl86do"[label="-front"];"+round-0jbs0vhl86de"--"-front-0jbs0vhl86do";"/u/-0jbs0vhl86dr"[label="/u/"];"-front-0jbs0vhl86do"--"/u/-0jbs0vhl86dr";"-round-0jbs0vhl86e3"[label="-round"];"+high-0jbs0vhl86db"--"-round-0jbs0vhl86e3";"/i/-0jbs0vhl86e6"[label="/i/"];"-round-0jbs0vhl86e3"--"/i/-0jbs0vhl86e6";"-high-0jbs0vhl86ek"[label="-high"];"vowels-0jbs0vhl86d2"--"-high-0jbs0vhl86ek";"+round-0jbs0vhl86en"[label="+round"];"-high-0jbs0vhl86ek"--"+round-0jbs0vhl86en";"+tense-0jbs0vhl86ep"[label="+tense"];"+round-0jbs0vhl86en"--"+tense-0jbs0vhl86ep";"+front-0jbs0vhl86es"[label="+front"];"+tense-0jbs0vhl86ep"--"+front-0jbs0vhl86es";"/ø/-0jbs0vhl86ev"[label="/ø/"];"+front-0jbs0vhl86es"--"/ø/-0jbs0vhl86ev";"-front-0jbs0vhl86f2"[label="-front"];"+tense-0jbs0vhl86ep"--"-front-0jbs0vhl86f2";"/o/-0jbs0vhl86f4"[label="/o/"];"-front-0jbs0vhl86f2"--"/o/-0jbs0vhl86f4";"-tense-0jbs0vhl86ff"[label="-tense"];"+round-0jbs0vhl86en"--"-tense-0jbs0vhl86ff";"+low-0jbs0vhl86fh"[label="+low"];"-tense-0jbs0vhl86ff"--"+low-0jbs0vhl86fh";"/œ/-0jbs0vhl86fk"[label="/œ/"];"+low-0jbs0vhl86fh"--"/œ/-0jbs0vhl86fk";"-low-0jbs0vhl86fp"[label="-low"];"-tense-0jbs0vhl86ff"--"-low-0jbs0vhl86fp";"/ɔ/-0jbs0vhl86fs"[label="/ɔ/"];"-low-0jbs0vhl86fp"--"/ɔ/-0jbs0vhl86fs";"-round-0jbs0vhl86gm"[label="-round"];"-high-0jbs0vhl86ek"--"-round-0jbs0vhl86gm";"+tense-0jbs0vhl86gp"[label="+tense"];"-round-0jbs0vhl86gm"--"+tense-0jbs0vhl86gp";"/e/-0jbs0vhl86gr"[label="/e/"];"+tense-0jbs0vhl86gp"--"/e/-0jbs0vhl86gr";"-tense-0jbs0vhl86gw"[label="-tense"];"-round-0jbs0vhl86gm"--"-tense-0jbs0vhl86gw";"+low-0jbs0vhl86gz"[label="+low"];"-tense-0jbs0vhl86gw"--"+low-0jbs0vhl86gz";"/ɑ/-0jbs0vhl86h1"[label="/ɑ/"];"+low-0jbs0vhl86gz"--"/ɑ/-0jbs0vhl86h1";"-low-0jbs0vhl86h6"[label="-low"];"-tense-0jbs0vhl86gw"--"-low-0jbs0vhl86h6";"/ɛ/-0jbs0vhl86h9"[label="/ɛ/"];"-low-0jbs0vhl86h6"--"/ɛ/-0jbs0vhl86h9";} #+end_src #+name: tree:vowels #+attr_html: :alt Eittlandic Vowel Featural Tree :class gentree :loading lazy #+caption: Eittlandic Vowels Featural Tree -#+RESULTS[93d18c3e267627e50cf901dcc820c34aaab89eab]: +#+RESULTS[7867f85cb842efcdbf63b57169c32fb8e2b6831c]: [[file:img/eittland/vowel-feature-tree.png]] **** Private Data :noexport: @@ -880,17 +952,14 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y - /ɔ/ - -round - +tense - - +low - - /æ/ - - -low - - /e/ + - /e/ - -tense - +low - - /a/ + - /ɑ/ - -low - /ɛ/ -*** Consonants +*** Consonant Inventory :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Consonants-xethtyt058j0 :END: @@ -905,11 +974,45 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Pitch-and-Stress-br8ank61e8j0 :END: +*** Regional accents +:PROPERTIES: +:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Regional-accents-l8w7rux0sbj0 +:END: +Eittlandic is a language in which three distinct main dialects exist +with their own accent. These three main dialects are Eastern +Eittlandic spoken in the majority Kingdom of Hylfjaltr, Western +Eittlandic spoken in the majority of the Kingdom of Ðeberget, and +Southern Eittlandic spoken on the southern parts of the island, +regardess of the legal kingdom (see the map shown in +§[[#Eittland-Culture-q6uf2gs0uaj0]]. Three main elements of their +respective accent were presented above in +§§[[#Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-r-ʁ-Eastern-Eittlandic-b20i1pm0bbj0]], +[[#Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-V-N-Ṽ-V-high-ulb1ey80uaj0]], +and +[[#Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-V-U-ə-diphthongs-fjh0pnr0uaj0]]. + +Some regional variation can be also found in these dialects, although +less significant and less consistantly than the changes mentioned +above. As such, we can find in some rural parts of the Eastern +Eittlandic dialect area high vowels slightly more open than their +equivalent in Standard Eittlandic, as shown in table [[vow:accent:east]] +#+name: vow:accent:east +#+caption: Equivalence Between Eastern Eittlandic and Standard Eittlandic +| | | +| Rural Eastern Eittlandic | Standard Eittlandic | +|--------------------------+---------------------| +| {{{phon(i)}}} | {{{phon(ɪ)}}} | +| {{{phon(y)}}} | {{{phon(ʏ)}}} | +| {{{phon(u)}}} | {{{phon(ʊ)}}} | + +On the other hand, Southern Eittlandic tends to front its {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into +{{{phon(a)}}} after nasal consonants and glides and into {{{phon(ɐ)}}} otherwise. + ** Phonotactics :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Phonotactics-r2whtyt058j0 :END: -*** Syllable Structur +*** Syllable Structure :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonotactics-Syllable-Structure-hhx3zk40f8j0 :END: @@ -1236,11 +1339,11 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Verbal-Groups-Structure-hhu42yu058j0 :END: -** Intransitive Claus +** Intransitive Clauses :noexport: :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Intransitive-Clauses-x3k4i1v058j0 :END: -** Ditransitive Claus +** Ditransitive Clauses :noexport: :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Ditransitive-Clauses-2yl4i1v058j0 :END: @@ -1332,6 +1435,7 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-y2icocp0h5j0 :END: +#+latex: \begin{multicols*}{2} ** A :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-A-wtcczzm0jaj0 @@ -1351,6 +1455,8 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-B-ae79d268 :END: +- bók :: f. {{{phon(bɔk)}}} + 1. book ** C :PROPERTIES: @@ -1361,6 +1467,11 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-D-h7lczzm0jaj0 :END: +- djúp :: adj. {{{phon(dʒop)}}} + 1. deep + 2. profound (figuratively) +- djúpligr :: adv. {{{phon(dʒopliɡr̩)}}} + 1. deeply ** Đ :PROPERTIES: @@ -1371,6 +1482,11 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-E-54360434 :END: +- edda :: f. {{{phon(ed)}}} + 1. great grandmother + 2. female ancestor, beyond the grandmother +- Eittland :: n. {{{phon(ɑɪʔlɑnd)}}} + 1. (n) High Kingdom of Eittland, island of Eittland ** É :PROPERTIES: @@ -1381,16 +1497,48 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-F-r4tczzm0jaj0 :END: +- fé :: n. {{{phon(fɛ)}}} + 1. wealth +- fiskr :: m. {{{phon(fiʃkr̩)}}} + 1. fish ** G :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-G-5a9af03c :END: +- gauð :: n. {{{phon(jɔʊð)}}} + 1. a barking + 2. a quarrel +- gegn :: adv. {{{phon(jeɡn̩)}}} + 1. against, opposing +- gjøf :: f. {{{phon(jøv)}}} + 1. gift, present ** H :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-H-5qvczzm0jaj0 :END: +- heilsa :: f. {{{phon(hɑɪls)}}} + 1. health +- hjól :: n. {{{phon(çɔl)}}} + 1. wheel +- hlóð :: n. {{{phon(l̥ɔð)}}} + 1. hearth + 2. living room +- hneisa :: f. {{{phon(n̥ɑɪs)}}} + 1. shame, disgrace + 2. social isolation +- hneisingr :: n. {{{phon(n̥ɑɪsinɡr̩)}}} + 1. hermit + 2. (modern) shut-in, hikikomori +- hnjósa :: v. {{{phon(ɲ̥ɔs)}}} + 1. to sneeze +- hrifs :: n. {{{phon(r̥ivs)}}} + 1. assault, mugging +- hvat :: adv. {{{phon(ʍɑt)}}} + 1. what +- hví :: adv. {{{phon(ʍe)}}} + 1. why ** I :PROPERTIES: @@ -1411,6 +1559,9 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-K-bl1dzzm0jaj0 :END: +- kaup :: n. {{{phon(kɔp)}}} + 1. commerce + 2. bargain, barter ** L :PROPERTIES: @@ -1426,6 +1577,11 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-N-0ef6f2af :END: +- noregsúlfr :: m. {{{phon(norejsolvr̩)}}} + 1. wolf, litt. Norway’s wolf. Wolf do not naturally live in Eittland + and their only relatives introduced to the island were dogs and + wolf-dogs which inherited the simpler /úlfr/ term. Noun composed by + Old Norse /noregs/ (genitive of /Noregr/, /Norway/) and /úlfr/. ** O :PROPERTIES: @@ -1436,11 +1592,8 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-Ó-y77dzzm0jaj0 :END: - -** Ǫ -:PROPERTIES: -:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-Ǫ-xv9dzzm0jaj0 -:END: +- óglaðr :: adj. {{{phon(ɔɡʲɑðr̩)}}} + 1. very sad, depressed, miserable ** Ø :PROPERTIES: @@ -1451,6 +1604,9 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-Œ-0c780f53 :END: +- Œgir :: m. {{{phon(œjir)}}} + 1. A mythical beast residing in the forests of the western + Eittlandic fjords. ** P :PROPERTIES: @@ -1471,6 +1627,18 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-S-e9e187ae :END: +- sitja :: v. {{{phon(sitʃ)}}} + 1. to sit + 2. to represent (politics) +- sjá :: v. {{{phon(ʃɛ)}}} + 1. to see + 2. to understand +- skilja :: v. {{{phon(ʃkiʎ)}}} + 1. to differenciate + 2. to segregate, to separate + 3. to understand a difference +- snjór :: m. {{{phon(sɲɔr)}}} + 1. snow ** T :PROPERTIES: @@ -1486,16 +1654,25 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-U-fa109e34 :END: +- uppá :: prep. {{{phon(upɸə)}}} + 1. upon ** Ú :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-Ú-c35e6434 :END: +- úlfr :: m. {{{phon(olvr̩)}}} + 1. wolf-dog. See also /noregsúlfr/. ** V :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-V-urkdzzm0jaj0 :END: +- veisheit :: f. {{{phon(βɑɪshɑɪt)}}} + 1. knowledge or wisdom. From German /Weisheit/. See also /vizka/ +- viska :: f. {{{phon(βiʃk)}}} + 1. practical knowledge or wisdom, acquired from experience + See /veisheit/ for a more general term for /wisdow/ ** Y :PROPERTIES: @@ -1512,6 +1689,9 @@ graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jau08y :CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-Z-144a2853 :END: + +#+latex: \end{multicols*} + * Private Data :noexport: :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Private-Data-q4hgd1d0uaj0 diff --git a/content/img/eittland/religions.png b/content/img/eittland/religions.png index 22cea01..9c8522b 100644 Binary files a/content/img/eittland/religions.png and b/content/img/eittland/religions.png differ diff --git a/content/img/eittland/vowels.png b/content/img/eittland/vowels.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f78de99 Binary files /dev/null and b/content/img/eittland/vowels.png differ diff --git a/content/sitemap.org b/content/sitemap.org index f0f5a41..ac52e12 100644 --- a/content/sitemap.org +++ b/content/sitemap.org @@ -8,4 +8,5 @@ - [[file:archived/hjelp.org][Hjelp]] - [[file:archived/matter.org][Mattér]] - en + - [[file:en/eittlandic.org][Eittland]] - [[file:en/proto-nyqy.org][The Proto-Ñyqy People]]