Lucien Cartier-Tilet
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Expand documentation on questions in Eittlandic Aso fix two elements in the dictionary
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618 lines
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#+setupfile: ../headers
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* Dictionary
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Below you will find a simple Eittlandic to English dictionary. It uses
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some abbreviations you should keep in mind:
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- acc :: accusative
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- adj :: adjective
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- adv :: adverb
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- art :: article
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- aux :: auxiliary
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- comp :: comparative
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- conj :: conjunction
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- Dan :: Danish
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- dat :: dative
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- def :: definite
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- Eng :: English
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- f :: feminine
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- gen :: genitive
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- Ger :: German
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- imp :: imperative
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- ind :: indicative
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- interr :: interrogative
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- iv :: irregular verb
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- m :: masculine
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- ME :: Middle Eittlandic
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- n :: neuter
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- neg :: negative
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- nom :: nominal
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- Nor :: Norwegian (Nynork if no dialect is specified)
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- num :: numeral
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- OE :: Old Eittlandic
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- OI :: Old Icelandic
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- ON :: Old Norse
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- pas :: passive
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- pl :: plural
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- prep :: preposition
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- pret :: preterite
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- pron :: pronoun
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- sc :: strong common
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- sg :: singular
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- sn :: strong neuter
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- stg :: strong
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- sv :: strong verb
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- Swe :: Swedish
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- wk :: weak
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- wn :: weak noun
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- wv :: weak verb
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Note that when a word is marked solely as /masculine/, /feminine/ or
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/neutral/, it is a noun. Otherwise, another marker such as /adj./ should
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be added, for instance /f.adj./ for a feminine adjective.
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All words are indexed by their spelling as determined by Standard
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Eittlandic, which roughly corresponds to the accusative of other
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dialects. Each noun has its declension presented to the reader as a
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guide to how it might generally look in dialects other than Standard
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Eittlandic, however variations may exist from one dialect to another.
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For instance, while most Eittlandic dialects lost the /ru/ part of the
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dat.pl. declention, going from /férum/ to /fém/, some dialects in East
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Northern Eittland still retain the former form.
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Letters in parenthesis are no longer used when writing Eittlandic but
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are still underlying vowels that can still affect the pronunciation of
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the word and its surroundings. For instance, /dag/ can represent two
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forms of the word /dag(r)/, /dag/ and /dag(a)/. The former is pronounced
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{{{phon(daɣ)}}} while the latter is pronounced {{{phon(daj)}}}. They can also
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represent grammatical cases which are no longer used in Standard
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Eittlandic, such as /dag(r)/ shown above which doesn’t exist as /dagr/ in
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Standard Eittlandic, only as /dag/. The underlying vowel also reappears
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when the word is used in its definite form. For instance, /dagr/ becomes
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/dagann/ due to the underlying «a» in its accusative form /dag(a)/ while
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/fiskr/ becomes /fiskinn/ (the «i» is added when no other vowel can
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replace it). To symbolize which definite article is used with nouns,
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it is indicated between parenthesis in the accusative case, preceeded
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by a dash, as in /dag(a-n)/.
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** A
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** Á
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*** áng
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interj. {{{phon(ɛŋ)}}}
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1. positive counter-factual, see the [[file:./grammar.md#questions][questions]] section of the grammar
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This word does not have a clear origin, however it is supposed it was
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borrowed early on from an Eskaleut language that may have been spoken
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by the island’s initial inhabitants. Compare modern-day Aleut /aang/ and
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Proto-Eskimoan /*aa/ or /*ii/.
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** B
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*** bræðr
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sm. {{{phon(brɛð)}}}
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See [[file:dictionary.md#broð][/bróð/]]
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*** bróð
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sm. {{{phon(brɔ̀ð)}}} , from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/b.php#br%C3%B3%C3%B0ir][bróðir]]
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1. brother, plural /bræð/
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Re-analysis of ON /bródir/ decomposed into /bróð/ + /-ir/ by popular
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etymology. Same goes for its former plural /bræðir/ which got
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re-analyzed into /bræð/ + /-ir/.
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| / | <r> | | |
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| | | Singular | Plural |
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|---+------+----------+--------|
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| | Nom. | bróðr | bræðr |
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| | Acc. | bróð | bræð |
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| | Gen. | bróðir | bræðir |
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| | Dat. | bróð | bræðum |
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*** bók
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sf. {{{phon(bɔ̀k)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/b.php#b%C3%B3k2][bók]]
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1. book, plural /bøk/
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| / | <r> | | |
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| | | Singular | Plural |
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|---+------+----------+--------|
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| | Nom. | bókr | bøkr |
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| | Acc. | bók | bøk |
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| | Gen. | bókar | bøkar |
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| | Dat. | bók | bøkum |
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*** bøk
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sf. {{{phon(bø̀k)}}}
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See [[file:dictionary.md#bok(r)][/bók/]]
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** C
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** D
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*** djúp
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adj. {{{phon(ʒːòp)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/d.php#dj%C3%BApr][djúpr]]
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1. deep
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2. profound (figuratively)
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*** djúplig
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adv. {{{phon(ʒːòpleɣ)}}}, from OE djúpr (see [[file:dictionary.md#djúp][djúp]]) with OE suffix /-ligr/ (see
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ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ligr#Old_Norse][-ligr]])
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1. deeply
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2. inherently
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*** dótt
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sf. {{{phon(dɔʃː)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/d.php#d%C3%B3ttir][dóttir]]
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1. daughter
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| / | <r> | | |
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| | | Singular | Plural |
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|---+------+----------+--------|
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| | Nom. | dóttr | dœttr |
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| | Acc. | dótt | dœtt |
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| | Gen. | dóttr | dœtr |
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| | Dat. | dótt | dœttum |
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** E
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*** edd(a-t)
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wf. {{{phon(e:ðː)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/e.php#edda][edda]]
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1. great grandmother
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2. female ancestor, beyond the grandmother
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| / | <r> | | |
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| | | Singular | Plural |
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|---+------+----------+--------|
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| | Nom. | edd | eddr |
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| | Acc. | edd | edd |
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| | Gen. | eddas | eddas |
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| | Dat. | edd | eddam |
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*** Eittland
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wn. {{{phon(ɑɪʔlɑnd)}}}, from OE neutral /einn/ (/alone/, /lonely/), itself from
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ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/e.php#einn][einn]], and ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/l.php#land][land]]
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1. High Kingdom of Eittland
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2. island of Eittland
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| / | <r> | |
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| | | Singular |
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|---+------+-----------|
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| | Nom. | eittland |
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| | Acc. | eittland |
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| | Gen. | eittlands |
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| | Dat. | eittland |
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*** ell
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{{{phon(elː)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ella#Old_Norse][ella]]
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1. (adv.) else, or, otherwise
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2. (conj.) or
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** É
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** F
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*** fað
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m. {{{phon(fað)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#fa%C3%B0ir][faðir]]
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1. father, plural /feð/
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Re-analysis of sg. /fadir/ and pl. /feðir/ as /fað/ and /feð/ respectively,
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each appended with a grammatical /-r/ or /-ir/ (which later got reduced to
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/-r/).
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| | Singular | Plural |
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|------+----------+--------|
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| Nom. | faðr | feðr |
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| Acc. | fað | feð |
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| Gen. | faðar | feðar |
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| Dat. | fað | feðum |
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*** feð
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sm. {{{phon(feð)}}}
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See [[file:dictionary.md#fað][/fað/]]
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*** fé
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wn. {{{phon(fɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#f%C3%A9][fé]] (cattle)
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1. wealth
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| | Singular | Plural |
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|------+----------+--------|
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| Nom. | fé | fé |
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| Acc. | fé | fé |
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| Gen. | fés | fés |
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| Dat. | fé | fém |
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*** fisk
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sm. {{{phon(fiʃk)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#fiskr][fiskr]]
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1. fish
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| | Singular | Plural |
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|------+----------+--------|
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| Nom. | fiskr | fiskr |
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| Acc. | fisk | fisk |
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| Gen. | fiskar | fiskar |
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| Dat. | fisk | fiskum |
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** G
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*** gauð
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n. {{{phon(jɔʊð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/g.php#gau%C3%B0][gauð]] (/a barking/)
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1. a quarrel
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2. a heated debate /(informal)/
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*** gef
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f. {{{phon(jev)}}}, from Early Old Norse [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gj%C7%ABf#Old_Norse][gef]]
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1. gift, present
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*** gegn
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adv. {{{phon(jeɡn̩)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gegn#Old_Norse][gegn]]
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1. against, opposing
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** H
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*** hav(a)
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iv. {{{phon(haβ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hafa#Old_Norse][hafa]]
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1. to have
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2. stative auxilliary
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**** Inflexions
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- infinitive :: hav
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- imperative :: hav (except 2p /haft/)
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- imperative passive voice :: hafsk (except 1p /havumsk/)
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- present participle :: havand
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- past participle :: hafr
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| | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Indicative Past | Subjunctive Past |
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|----+--------------------+---------------------+-----------------+------------------|
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| 1s | hav | hav | haft | haft |
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| 2s | havir | havir | haftir | haftir |
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| 3s | havir | hav | haft | haft |
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| 1p | havum | havim | haft | haft |
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| 2p | haft | haft | haftuð | haftið |
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| 3p | hav | hav | haft | haft |
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Note that there is no difference between singular and plural when using hav(a) in the passive voice.
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| | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Indicative Past | Subjunctive Past |
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|---+---------------------+---------------------+-----------------+------------------|
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| 1 | havumk | havumk | havumk | heðumk |
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| 2 | hafsk | havisk | havisk | heðisk |
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| 3 | hafsk | havisk | havisk | heðisk |
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*** heils(a-t)
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wn.f. {{{phon(hɑ:ɪls)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heilsa#Old_Norse][heilsa]]
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1. health
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*** hjól
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n. {{{phon(çɔl)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hj%C3%B3l#Old_Norse][hjól]]
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1. wheel
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*** hlóð
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n. {{{phon(l̥ɔð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hl%C3%B3%C3%B0][hlóð]]
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1. hearth
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2. living room
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*** hneis(a-t)
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wn.f. {{{phon(n̥ɑ:ɪs)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hneisa][hneisa]]
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1. shame, disgrace, fear
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2. reclusion (out of shame or out of fear)
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3. social isolation
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*** hneising
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n. {{{phon(n̥ɑɪsinɡ)}}}
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1. hermit
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2. (modern) shut-in, hikikomori
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*** hnjós(a)
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v. {{{phon(ɲ̥ɔ̀ːs)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hnj%C3%B3sa][hnjósa]]
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1. to sneeze
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*** hrifs
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n. {{{phon(r̥ivs)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hrifs][hrifs]]
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1. assault, mugging
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*** hvar
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pron. {{{phon(ʍar)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hvar#Old_Norse][hvar]]
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1. where
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*** hvat
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adv. {{{phon(ʍɑt)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hvat#Old_Norse][hvat]]
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1. what
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*** hví
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adv. {{{phon(ʍè)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hv%C3%AD#Old_Norse][hví]]
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1. why
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** I
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*** ikkí
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interj. {{{phon(ixːə)}}}
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1. How cold! Brr!
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From an unkwnown Greenlandic language, compare with modern Greenlandic /ikkii/.
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** Í
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** J
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*** já
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{{{phon(jɛ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/j%C3%A1#Old_Norse][já]]
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1. (adv) yes
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2. (interj) yes (as an exclamation of joy)
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** K
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*** kaup(a)
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n. {{{phon(kɔp)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kaupa#Old_Norse][kaupa]]
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1. commerce
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2. bargain, barter
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*** kék
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adj. {{{phon(kɛk)}}}
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1. gray (hair colour)
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Probably from a Greenlandic dialect, compare to West Greenlandic /qeeq/
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*** kom(a)
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sv. {{{phon(kom)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/koma#Old_Norse][koma]]
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1. to come
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*** konung
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sn.m. {{{phon(ˈkonoŋ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/konungr#Old_Norse][konungr]]
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1. king
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*** konunɡliɡ
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{{{phon(konoŋleɣ)}}}, from [[file:./dictionary.md#konung][konung]] and suffix /-lig/.
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1. adv. royaly
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2. adj. royal
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** L
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*** land
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n. {{{phon(land)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/land#Old_Norse][land]]
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1. land
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** M
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*** myrɡunn
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m. {{{phon(ˈmyrɡunː)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myrginn#Old_Norse][myrgunn]]
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1. morning, aurora
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*** metr(o)
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wn.n. {{{phon(metr)}}}, from French “métro”
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1. subway, underground
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- definitive form: /metrot/
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See also [[file:./dictionary.md#undirland][undirland]]
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** N
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*** ná
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adv. {{{phon(nɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/n%C3%A1#Old_Norse][ná]]
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1. now
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Ná kom ek frá universitetit.
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I come from the university now.
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#+html: :::
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2. intensifier, used at the end of sentences
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Ek kom frá universitetit ná!
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- I come from the university (you know)
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or
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- (I’ll have you know) I come from the university!
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#+html: :::
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3. progressive marker when placed right after the verb
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Ek kom ná frá universitetit.
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I’m coming from the university.
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#+html: :::
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*** náng
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interj. {{{phon(nɛŋ)}}}
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1. negative counter-factual, see the [[file:./grammar.md#questions][questions]] section of the grammar
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This word does not have a clear origin, however it is supposed it was
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borrowed early on from an Eskaleut language that may have been spoken
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by the island’s initial inhabitants. Compare Aleut /nangaa/ and
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Proto-Eskimoan /*nanka/, and Western Greenlandic /naagga/.
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*** nei
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{{{phon(nɑɪ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nei#Old_Norse][nei]]
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1. (adv.) no
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2. (interj) no, as an exclamation of panic, regret
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*** norvegsúlf(r)
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m. {{{phon(ˈnorβejsˌòlv)}}}, from ON /Noregs/ (genitive of ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/n.php#noregr][Noregr]]) and ON
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[[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ulfr#Old_Norse][úlfr]]
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1. wolf, litt. Norway’s wolf.
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Wolves do not naturally live in Eittland. Their only relatives
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introduced to the island were dogs and wolf-dogs, and the latter
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inherited the simpler /úlfr/ term. Noun composed by Old Norse /noregs/
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(genitive of /Noregr/, /Norway/) and /úlfr/.
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** O
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** Ó
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*** óglað(r)
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adj. {{{phon(ˈɔ̀ɡʲœð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/oo.php#%C3%B3gla%C3%B0r][óglaðr]]
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1. very sad, depressed, miserable
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** P
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*** pengvin
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n. {{{phon(ˈpeŋβen)}}}, from French [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pingouin#French][pingouin]] through Danish [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pingvin#Danish][pingvin]]
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1. penguin
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** R
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*** ráðuneyt(i)
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wn.m. {{{phon(ˈrɛ̀ðoˌnœʏt)}}}, from OI [[https://old-norse.net/html/r.php#r%C3%A1%C3%B0uneyti][ráðuneyti]]
|
||
|
||
1. Ministry
|
||
2. department
|
||
|
||
** S
|
||
*** sitj(a)
|
||
v. {{{phon(siːʃː)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sitja#Old_Norse][sitja]]
|
||
|
||
1. to sit
|
||
2. to represent (politics)
|
||
|
||
*** sjá
|
||
v. {{{phon(ʃɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sj%C3%A1#Old_Norse][sjá]]
|
||
|
||
1. to see
|
||
2. to understand
|
||
|
||
*** skilj(a)
|
||
v. {{{phon(ʃkiːʎ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skilja#Old_Norse][skilja]]
|
||
|
||
1. to differenciate
|
||
2. to segregate, to separate
|
||
3. to understand a difference
|
||
|
||
*** snjór
|
||
m. {{{phon(sɲɔ̀r)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/snj%C3%B3r#Old_Norse][snjór]]
|
||
|
||
1. snow
|
||
|
||
*** styrsamhald(i)
|
||
n. {{{phon(ˈʃtyrˌsamhald)}}}, from Old Norse [[https://old-norse.net/html/s.php#styrr][styrr]] (stir, battle) and
|
||
[[https://old-norse.net/html/s.php#samheldi][samhaldi]] (a holding together, unity).
|
||
|
||
1. military batallion
|
||
2. mitilary unit, group
|
||
|
||
** T
|
||
*** tal(a)
|
||
wn.f. {{{phon(tal)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tala#Old_Norse][tala]]
|
||
|
||
1. numbers
|
||
|
||
*** tren
|
||
wn.n. {{{phon(tren)}}}, from English [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/train#English][train]]
|
||
|
||
1. train
|
||
|
||
** U
|
||
*** undir
|
||
adj. {{{phon(undir)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/undir#Old_Norse][undir]]
|
||
|
||
1. under, underneath
|
||
|
||
Can only be used with accusative or dative
|
||
|
||
*** undirland
|
||
wn.n. {{{phon(ˈundirˌland)}}}, calque of English “underground” using [[file:./dictionary.md#undir][undir]] and [[file:./dictionary.md#land][land]]
|
||
|
||
1. underground, subway
|
||
|
||
See also [[file:./dictionary.md#metr-o][metr(o)]]
|
||
|
||
*** universitet
|
||
wn.n. {{{phon(oneˈβersetet)}}}, from German [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t#German][Universität]]
|
||
|
||
1. university
|
||
|
||
*** uppá
|
||
prep. {{{phon(ˈuɸːə̀)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/u.php#upp%C3%A1][uppá]]
|
||
|
||
1. upon
|
||
|
||
** Ú
|
||
*** úlf(r)
|
||
m. {{{phon(òlv)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ulfr][úlfr]]
|
||
|
||
1. wolf-dog. See also /noregsúlfr/.
|
||
|
||
** V
|
||
*** veisheit
|
||
wn.f. {{{phon(ˈβɑɪshɑɪt)}}}, from German [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Weisheit#German][Weisheit]], see also [[file:./dictionary.md#visk-a][visk(a)]]
|
||
|
||
1. knowledge or wisdom
|
||
2. insight
|
||
|
||
*** ver(a)
|
||
iv. {{{phon(βer)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vera#Old_Norse][vera]]
|
||
|
||
1. to be
|
||
2. active auxilliary
|
||
|
||
**** Inflexions
|
||
- infinitive :: ver
|
||
- imperative :: ver
|
||
- present participle :: verand
|
||
- past participle :: vert
|
||
|
||
| | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Indicative Past | Subjunctive Past |
|
||
|----+--------------------+---------------------+-----------------+------------------|
|
||
| 1s | em | sé | var | vár |
|
||
| 2s | ert | sér | vart | vár |
|
||
| 3s | er | sé | var | vár |
|
||
| 1p | er | sé | var | vár |
|
||
| 2p | eruð | séð | varð | várið |
|
||
| 3p | er | sé | var | vár |
|
||
|
||
*** vél
|
||
sc.f. {{{phon(βɛl)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/v%C3%A9l#Old_Norse][vél]]
|
||
|
||
1. machine, craft
|
||
|
||
*** vétal(a)
|
||
wn.f. {{{phon(ˈβɛ̀tal)}}}, portemanteau of [[file:./dictionary.md#vel][vél]] and [[file:./dictionary.md#tal-a][tal(a)]]
|
||
|
||
1. computer
|
||
|
||
*** vit
|
||
interj. {{{phon(βit)}}}
|
||
|
||
1. question marker, see [[file:./grammar.md#yes-no-questions][yes/no questions]], probably from a Greenlandic
|
||
dialect, see [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlandic_language#Indicative_and_interrogative_moods][Greenlandic interrogative moods]].
|
||
|
||
*** visk(a)
|
||
f. {{{phon(βiʃk)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/v.php#vizka][vizka]]
|
||
|
||
1. practical knowledge or wisdom, acquired from experience
|
||
|
||
See [[file:./dictionary.md#veisheit][veisheit]] for a more general term for /wisdow/
|
||
|
||
** Y
|
||
** Ý
|
||
** Z
|
||
** Ø
|
||
** Œ
|
||
*** Œgir
|
||
m. {{{phon(ˈœjer)}}}
|
||
|
||
1. A mythical beast residing in the forests of the western
|
||
Eittlandic fjords.
|
||
|
||
** Đ
|
||
** Þ
|