docs(eittlandic): more vocabulary and declensions

docs/eittlandic/grammar.org

@@ -576,9 +576,9 @@ examples are given using the verbs /far(a)/ (/to go/, a strong verb), and
 |  <c>   |   |            |             |                     |
 | person |   | Ind. Pres. | Subj. Pres. | Ind. and Subj. Past |
 |--------+---+------------+-------------+---------------------|
-|   1s   |   | -r         | -ir         | -t                  |
+|   1s   |   | -(V)r      | -ir         | -t                  |
-|   2s   |   | -r         | -ir         | -t                  |
+|   2s   |   | -(V)r      | -ir         | -t                  |
-|   3s   |   | -r         | -ir         | -t                  |
+|   3s   |   | -(V)r      | -ir         | -t                  |
 |   1p   |   | -um        | -im         | -um                 |
 |   2p   |   | -ið        | -ið         | -uð                 |
 |   3p   |   | -ið        | -ið         | -uð                 |
@@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ completely removing it from the sentence.
   The fish was fished from the water
 #+html: :::
 
-*** Modifiers                                                      :noexport:
+*** Modifiers
 # - If you posit a morphosyntactic category of adjectives, give
 #   evidence for not grouping these forms with the verbs or nouns. What
 #   characterizes a form as being an adjective in this language?
@@ -726,10 +726,162 @@ completely removing it from the sentence.
 #   /many/? Exemplify the system up to this point.
 # - Do numerals agree with their head nouns (number, case, noun
 #   class, ...)?
-**** Descriptive Adjectives                                           :noexport:
+**** Descriptive Adjectives
-Similarly to verbs, adjectives in Eittlandic underwent
+Similarly to verbs, adjectives in Eittlandic underwent a
+simplification since Early Old Norse. They now all inflect the same
+way, as the difference between strong and weak adjectives disappeared
+over the years. It is also worth noting distiction between masculine
+and feminine disappeared, merging into a common gender, while neuter
+remains distinct.
+
+#+name: adjectives-declensions
+#+caption: Declension of adjectives in Eittlandic
+| / |     <r> |        |        |
+|   |         | Common | Neuter |
+|---+---------+--------+--------|
+|   | Sg.Nom. | -r     | -t     |
+|   |    Acc. |        | -t     |
+|   |    Dat. | -um    | -um    |
+|   |    Gen. | -s     | -s     |
+|   | Pl.Nom. | -ar    |        |
+|   |    Acc. |        |        |
+|   |    Dat. | -um    | -um    |
+|   |    Gen. | -ar    | -r     |
+
+If an adjective root ends with a rounded vowel, all /-um/ and /-ar/
+endings become /-vum/ or /-var/ instead respectively. Otherwise, the
+consonant is doubled before the declension’s vowel if there is one.
+
+#+html: ::: tip Example
+- Meðr er Hindirar, þrírr er Hindurar
+
+  The men are Hindi, three are Hindu
+#+html: :::
+
+The adjectives agree in declension, number, and gender with the noun
+or noun phrase they describe. In terms of word order, they always
+precede the noun or noun phrase, regardles whether the noun is in its
+indefinite or definite form.
+
+#+html: ::: tip Example
+- Latr káttinn kúrar hjá opin dyrin
+
+  The lazy cat naps by the open door
+
+  | lat-r       | kátt-inn       | kúr-ar           | hjá | opin        | dyr-in          |
+  | lazy-SG.NOM | cat-DEF.SG.NOM | nap-3sg.IND.PRES | by  | open.SG.ACC | door-DEF.SG.ACC |
+- Rauðt dyrit ok smár vindaugat er opinn
+
+  The red door and the small windows are open
+
+  | rauð-t       | dyr-it          | ok  | smár           | vindaug-at        | er                 | opin-n        |
+  | red-SG.N.NOM | door-DEF.SG.NOM | and | small.PL.N.NOM | window-DEF.PL.NOM | to.be.3pl.IND.PRES | open-PL.N.ACC |
+#+html: :::
+
+What you will find most often in Eittlandic dictionaries is the
+accusative singular common form of the adjectives, which is its
+unmarked form, while some older or more traditional dictionaries will
+instead use their nominative singular common form.
+
+*Standard Eittlandic* does not use declensions and will always use the
+unmarked adjective root instead. A few dialects do not use adjective
+declensions either, but they are relatively rare, such as the dialects
+found in the Úlfsaug valley in Northeastern Fjallheim.
+
+**** Participal Adjectives
+Taking the root of a verb and adding the declension of definite
+articles creates participal adjectives. For instance, /sov(a)/ (to
+sleep) becomes /sovin/ (sleepy) while /hleð(a)/ (to make noise) becomes
+/hleðin/ (noisy).
+
+#+name: participal-adj-example-sov-sovin
+#+caption: Example of participal adjective using /sov(a)/
+| / |     <r> |         |         |
+|   |         | Common  | Neuter  |
+|---+---------+---------+---------|
+|   | Sg.Nom. | sovinn  | sovit   |
+|   |    Acc. | sovin   | sovit   |
+|   |    Dat. | sovin   | sovit   |
+|   |    Gen. | sovins  | sovits  |
+|   | Pl.Nom. | sovinn  | sovitr  |
+|   |    Acc. | sovin   | sovit   |
+|   |    Dat. | sovinum | sovitum |
+|   |    Gen. | sovin   | sovit   |
+
+#+html: ::: tip Example
+- Þat er eit hleðit bil ná!
+
+  This is one noisy car, isn’t it‽
+#+html: :::
 
 **** Possessive Adjectives
+Similarly to [[file:./grammar.md#possessive-pronouns][possessive pronouns]], possessive adjectives mark ownership
+or relationship from an element with another. However, possessive
+adjectives modify a noun or noun phrase and are not free forms.
+
+Possessive adjectives are very similar to possessive pronouns, their
+base root is the same but possessive adjectives agree with the
+possessed element in person, number, gender, and declension. Agreement
+in number follows both the number of possessor and possessed. Hence,
+/várt/ is a possessive adjectives marking one nominative element being
+possessed by several people in the first person, while /mínar/ is a
+possessive adjective marking several nominative elements being
+possessed by one individual in the first person.
+
+#+name: possessive-adjectives-1-and-2
+#+caption: Possessive adjectives for the first and second person
+| / |     <r> |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+|   |         | 1s C. | 1s N. | 2s C. | 2s N. | 1p C. | 1p N. | 2p C. | 2p N. |
+|---+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------|
+|   | Sg.Nom. | mínn  | mínt  | þínn  | þínt  | várr  | várt  | yðr   | yðt   |
+|   |    Acc. | mín   | mínt  | þín   | þínt  | vár   | várt  | yð    | yðt   |
+|   |    Dat. | mínum | mínum | þínum | þínum | várum | várum | yðum  | yðum  |
+|   |    Gen. | míns  | míns  | þíns  | þíns  | várs  | várs  | yðs   | yðs   |
+|   | Pl.Nom. | mínar | mín   | þínar | þín   | várar | vár   | yðar  | yð    |
+|   |    Acc. | mín   | mín   | þín   | þín   | vár   | vár   | yð    | yð    |
+|   |    Dat. | mínum | mínum | þínum | þínum | várum | várum | yðum  | yðum  |
+|   |    Gen. | mínar | mínn  | þínar | þínn  | várar | várr  | yðar  | yðr   |
+
+In the third person, gender of the possessor is also followed by the
+possessive adjective when there is a singular possessor. This means
+the gender of the adjectives must also agree both with the gender of
+the possessor and the possessed when the former is singular.
+
+#+name: possessive-adjectives-3
+#+caption: Possessive adjectives for the third person
+| / |     <r> |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+|   |         | 3sc C. | 3sc N. | 3sn C. | 3sn N. | 3p C.  | 3p N.  |
+|---+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------|
+|   | Sg.Nom. | hennar | hent   | þass   | þast   | þeirr  | þeirt  |
+|   |    Acc. | henn   | hent   | þass   | þast   | þeir   | þeirt  |
+|   |    Dat. | hennum | henum  | þasum  | þasum  | þeirum | þeirum |
+|   |    Gen. | hens   | hens   | þass   | þass   | þeirs  | þeirs  |
+|   | Pl.Nom. | hennar | henn   | þasar  | þass   | þeirar | þeir   |
+|   |    Acc. | henn   | henn   | þass   | þass   | þeir   | þeir   |
+|   |    Dat. | hennum | hennum | þasum  | þasum  | þeirum | þeirum |
+|   |    Gen. | hennar | henn   | þasar  | þass   | þeirar | þeirr  |
+
+#+html: ::: tip Examples
+- Hundinn þeirar hlaupið in í parkit
+
+  Their dogs are running in the park (i.e. several people’s dogs)
+
+  | hund-r     | þeir-ar               | hlaup-ið        | in | í   | park-it         |
+  | dog-pl.NOM | 3sc.c.ADJ.POSS-pl.NOM | run-3p.PRES.IND | in | DAT | park-DET.sg.DAT |
+- Ek kent sonin yðum historja
+
+  I taught your son history
+
+  | ek      | ken-t            | son-in         | yð-um          | historja    |
+  | 1sg.NOM | teach-1s.PST.IND | son-DEF.DAT.sg | 2p.POSS-DAT.SG | history.ACC |
+- Mínn káttr es svartr með ein hvít flekk á hennum bjálf, á hennum hóst.
+
+  My cat is black with a white spot on her fur, on her chest.
+
+  | mín-n             | kátt-r     | es           | svart-r      | með  | ein     | hvít      | flekk    | á   | hen-num           | bjálf      | á   | hen-num           | hóst         |
+  | 1sg.POSS-sg.NOM.C | cat-sg.NOM | 3sg.PRES.IND | black-sg.NOM | with | one.ACC | white.ACC | spot.ACC | DAT | 3sg.POSS-sg.DAT.C | fur.sg.ACC | DAT | 3sg.POSS.sg.DAT.C | chest.sg.ACC |
+#+html: :::
+
 **** Non-Numeral Quantifiers                                       :noexport:
 **** Numerals                                                      :noexport:
 
@@ -786,21 +938,21 @@ instead of the stem of the verb itself. It is somewhat similar to
 asking a question in English by simply raising the sentence’s tone.
 
 #+html: ::: tip Example
-- Hann komr í dag með faðin hans
+- Hann komar í dag með faðin hans
 
-  | hann     | kom-r           | í dag | með  | fað-in         | hans     |
+  | hann     | kom-ar          | í dag | með  | fað-in         | hans     |
   | 3s.m.NOM | come-s.PRES.IND | today | with | father.ACC-DEF | 3s.m.GEN |
 
   He’s coming with his father today.
-- Komr han í dag með faðin hans?
+- Komar han í dag með faðin hans?
 
-  | kom-r           | hann     | í dag | með  | fað-in         | hans     |
+  | kom-ar          | hann     | í dag | með  | fað-in         | hans     |
   | come-s.PRES.IND | 3s.m.NOM | today | with | father.ACC-DEF | 3s.m.GEN |
 
   Is he coming with his father today?
-- Han komvitr í dag með maðin hans?
+- Han komavitr í dag með maðin hans?
 
-  | hann     | kom-vit-r         | í dag | með  | fað-in         | hans     |
+  | hann     | koma-vit-r        | í dag | með  | fað-in         | hans     |
   | 3s.m.NOM | come-Q-s.PRES.IND | today | with | father.ACC-DEF | 3s.m.GEN |
 
   He’s coming with his father today?
@@ -811,9 +963,9 @@ Instead, Eittlandic speakers may instead simply add /vit/ as a
 standalone word at the end of the question.
 
 #+html: ::: tip Example
-- Hann er konung.
+- Hann es konung.
 
-  | hann     | er             | konung   |
+  | hann     | es             | konung   |
   | 3s.m.NOM | be.3s.PRES.IND | king.ACC |
 
   He is the king.
@@ -836,18 +988,18 @@ question word takes the place of either the syntactic patient or
 syntactic dative of the verb.
 
 #+html: ::: tip Example
-- Ná hvar ert þú?
+- Hvar est þú?
 
-  | ná  | hvar  | ert            | þú     |
+  | hvar  | est            | þú     |
-  | now | where | be.2s.PRES.IND | 2s.NOM |
+  | where | be.2s.PRES.IND | 2s.NOM |
 
-  Where are you now?
+  Where are you?
-- Ná þú ert hver vit?
+- Þú est hver vit?
 
-  | ná  | þú     | ert            | hvar  | vit |
+  | þú     | est            | hvar  | vit |
-  | now | 2s.NOM | be.2s.PRES.IND | where | Q   |
+  | 2s.NOM | be.2s.PRES.IND | where | Q   |
 
-  You are where now?
+  Where are you? / Where you at?
 #+html: :::
 
 **** Yes/No questions
@@ -1001,12 +1153,12 @@ simplified to the table following it.
 #+caption: 1st declension of strong nouns and declensions of masculine weak nouns in Old Norse
 | / |     <r> |                  |                 |               |                |
 |   |         | Strong Masculine | Strong Feminine | Strong Neuter | Weak Masculine |
-|---+------------+------------------+-----------------+---------------+----------------|
+|---+---------+------------------+-----------------+---------------+----------------|
-|   | Sing. Nom. | heim-r           | tíð             | skip          | tím-i          |
+|   | Sg.Nom. | heim-r           | tíð             | skip          | tím-i          |
 |   |    Acc. | heim             | tíð             | skip          | tím-a          |
 |   |    Dat. | heim-i           | tíð             | skip-i        | tím-a          |
 |   |    Gen. | heim-s           | tíð-ar          | skip-s        | tím-a          |
-|   | Plur. Nom. | heim-ar          | tíð-ir          | skip          | tím-ar         |
+|   | Pl.Nom. | heim-ar          | tíð-ir          | skip          | tím-ar         |
 |   |    Acc. | heim-a           | tíð-ir          | skip          | tím-a          |
 |   |    Dat. | heim-um          | tíð-um          | skip-um       | tím-um         |
 |   |    Gen. | heim-a           | tíð-a           | skip-a        | tím-a          |
@@ -1015,12 +1167,12 @@ simplified to the table following it.
 #+caption: Declensions for strong and weak nouns in Modern Eittlandic
 | / |     <r> |               |               |            |
 |   |         | Strong Common | Strong Neuter | Weak Nouns |
-|---+------------+---------------+---------------+------------|
+|---+---------+---------------+---------------+------------|
-|   | Sing. Nom. | heim-r        | skip          | tím        |
+|   | Sg.Nom. | heim-r        | skip          | tím        |
 |   |    Acc. | heim          | skip          | tím        |
 |   |    Dat. | heim          | skip          | tím        |
 |   |    Gen. | heim-ar       | skip-s        | tím-s      |
-|   | Plur. Nom. | heim-r        | skip          | tím-r      |
+|   | Pl.Nom. | heim-r        | skip          | tím-r      |
 |   |    Acc. | heim          | skip          | tím        |
 |   |    Dat. | heim-um       | skip-um       | tím-um     |
 |   |    Gen. | heim-ar       | skip-s        | tím-s      |
@@ -1037,12 +1189,12 @@ We end up with the following declension system in Eittlandic.
 #+caption: Eittlandic noun inflexion
 | / |     <r> |               |               |            |
 |   |         | Strong Common | Strong Neuter | Weak Nouns |
-|---+------------+---------------+---------------+------------|
+|---+---------+---------------+---------------+------------|
-|   | Sing. Nom. | -r            |               |            |
+|   | Sg.Nom. | -r            |               |            |
 |   |    Acc. |               |               |            |
 |   |    Dat. |               |               |            |
 |   |    Gen. | -(a)r         | -s            | -s         |
-|   | Plur. Nom. | -r            |               | -r         |
+|   | Pl.Nom. | -r            |               | -r         |
 |   |    Acc. |               |               |            |
 |   |    Dat. | -um           | -um           | -um        |
 |   |    Gen. | -(a)r         | -s            | -s         |
@@ -1086,12 +1238,12 @@ feminine /hafn/ (/harbour/, /haven/).
 #+name: tbl:irregular-noun-declensions
 |     <r> |        |        |
 |         | himn   | hafn   |
-|------------+--------+--------|
+|---------+--------+--------|
-| Sing. Nom. | himnn  | hafnn  |
+| Sg.Nom. | himnn  | hafnn  |
 |    Acc. | himn   | hafn   |
 |    Dat. | himn   | hafn   |
 |    Gen. | himnar | hafnar |
-| Plur. Nom. | himnn  | hafnn  |
+| Pl.Nom. | himnn  | hafnn  |
 |    Acc. | himn   | hafn   |
 |    Dat. | himnum | hafnum |
 |    Gen. | himnar | hafnar |
@@ -1107,12 +1259,12 @@ words are marked as irregular in the dictionary.
 #+name: tbl:irregularities-root-nouns
  |     <r> |             |           |           |            |
  |         | kettle (m.) | foot (m.) | book (f.) | water (n.) |
- |------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+------------|
+ |---------+-------------+-----------+-----------+------------|
- | Sing. Nom. | ketll       | fótr      | bók       | vatn       |
+ | Sg.Nom. | ketll       | fótr      | bók       | vatn       |
  |    Acc. | ketl        | fót       | bók       | vatn       |
  |    Dat. | ketl        | fót       | bók       | vatn       |
  |    Gen. | ketlar      | fótar     | bókar     | vatn       |
- | Plur. Nom. | katll       | fœtr      | bœkr      | vótnn      |
+ | Pl.Nom. | katll       | fœtr      | bœkr      | vótnn      |
  |    Acc. | katl        | fœt       | bœkr      | vótn       |
  |    Dat. | katlum      | fótum     | bókum     | vótnum     |
  |    Gen. | katl        | fœt       | bœk       | vótn       |
@@ -1151,15 +1303,16 @@ case marking itself. The full declension table of definite articles
 can be found in the table below. As we can see, the definite articles
 underwent an important regularization as well as merging strong neuter
 and weak nouns together.
+
 #+name: tbl:definite-articles
 | / |     <r> |               |                              |
 |   |         | Strong Common | Strong Neuter and Weak Nouns |
-|---+------------+---------------+------------------------------|
+|---+---------+---------------+------------------------------|
-|   | Sing. Nom. | -(i)nn        | -(i)t                        |
+|   | Sg.Nom. | -(i)nn        | -(i)t                        |
 |   |    Acc. | -(i)n         | -(i)t                        |
 |   |    Dat. | -(i)n         | -(i)t                        |
 |   |    Gen. | -(i)ns        | -(i)ts                       |
-|   | Plur. Nom. | -(i)nn        | -(i)tr                       |
+|   | Pl.Nom. | -(i)nn        | -(i)tr                       |
 |   |    Acc. | -(i)n         | -(i)t                        |
 |   |    Dat. | -(i)num       | -(i)tum                      |
 |   |    Gen. | -(i)n         | -(i)t                        |

docs/eittlandic/phonology.org

@@ -560,7 +560,28 @@ formal speech.
   Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪnləɡr)}}}
 #+html: :::
 
+**** {{{phon(ɔ)}}} and {{{phon(ɑ)}}} merger
+Western Eittlandic is currently going a phonological merge of the
+vowels {{{phon(ɔ)}}} and {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into {{{phon(ɒ)}}}. The vowel {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}} also
+follows this pattern, morphing into {{{phon(ɒ̀)}}}.
+
+**** Great Vowel Shift variation
+While the Great Vowel Shift is happened relatively uniformly in
+Eittland, some regions did not follow the same pattern as what
+happened everywhere else.
+
+The main example is the area around Đeberget where the vowel {{{phon(ɑː)}}}
+evolved not as {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} but as {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}}.
+
 *** Eastern Eittlandic
+**** {{{phon(y)}}} and {{{phon(u)}}} merger
+In areas around Vestrheim especially, locals tend to merge {{{phon(y)}}}
+into {{{phon(u)}}}.
+
+**** Centralisation of {{{phon(i)}}}
+In the northern rural parts of Eastern Eittland, populations tend to
+centralise {{{phon(i)}}} into {{{phon(ɨ)}}}.
+
 **** Great Vowel Shift variation
 When the [[file:./phonology.md#great-vowel-shift][Great Vowel Shift]] happened, not all regions were affected the
 same. As such, we can find in some rural parts of the Eastern