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3
docs/.dir-locals.el
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@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
;;; Directory Local Variables -*- no-byte-compile: t -*-
;;; For more information see (info "(emacs) Directory Variables")
((org-mode . ((org-list-allow-alphabetical . nil)
((org-mode . ((langtool-default-language . "en-GB")
(org-list-allow-alphabetical . nil)
(org-confirm-babel-evaluate . nil))))

56
docs/.vuepress/config.ts
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@ -38,26 +38,12 @@ export default defineUserConfig({
link: '/eittlandic/',
collapsible: true,
children: [
{
text: 'The Country',
link: '/eittlandic/country',
},
{
text: 'Linguistic Typology',
link: '/eittlandic/typology',
},
{
text: 'Phonology',
link: '/eittlandic/phonology',
},
{
text: 'Grammar',
link: '/eittlandic/grammar',
},
{
text: 'Dictionary',
link: '/eittlandic/dictionary',
},
'/eittlandic/country',
'/eittlandic/typology',
'/eittlandic/phonology',
'/eittlandic/grammar',
'/eittlandic/names-and-places',
'/eittlandic/dictionary',
],
},
{
@ -65,30 +51,12 @@ export default defineUserConfig({
link: '/proto-nyqy/',
collapsible: true,
children: [
{
text: 'Introduction',
link: '/proto-nyqy/introduction',
},
{
text: 'Culture and People',
link: '/proto-nyqy/culture-and-people',
},
{
text: 'Linguistic Typology',
link: '/proto-nyqy/typology',
},
{
text: 'Phonology',
link: '/proto-nyqy/phonology',
},
{
text: 'Syntax',
link: '/proto-nyqy/syntax',
},
{
text: 'Dictionary',
link: '/proto-nyqy/dictionary',
},
'/proto-nyqy/introduction',
'/proto-nyqy/culture-and-people',
'/proto-nyqy/typology',
'/proto-nyqy/phonology',
'/proto-nyqy/syntax',
'/proto-nyqy/dictionary',
],
},
'/zikãti',

151
docs/eittlandic/country.org
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@ -3,15 +3,15 @@
* The Country of Eittland
** Eittlandic Geography
Eittland is an active volcanic island. In its center we can find the
Eittland is an active volcanic island. In its centre we can find the
most active volcanoes, surrounded by glaciers and some regular
mountains. It is surrounded by some taiga, taiga plains covered mainly
by ashen pines (/pinus fraxinus/), and a large cold desert covering most
of the center of the island and its northern eastern part. Outside
of the centre of the island and its northern eastern part. Outside
this largely unpopulated region, Eastern Eittland mainly consists of
grasslands with some temperate rainforests on its southern shores as
well as some occasional wetland and marshes. On the other hand,
Western Eittland has a lot more temperate deciduos forests, temperate
Western Eittland has a lot more temperate deciduous forests, temperate
rainforests and some more wetlands and marshes still. Three small cold
deserts spawn in Western Eittland, including one north-east of
Đeberget not far from the city. More details can be found in the map
@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ fjords and the numerous fjords found in the western part of the island
are characteristic of much older parts of Eittland. The Fjord
themselves were formed during the last ice age, while the smoother
shore lines formed since. Western Eittland also has two main bays
which are two very old caldeira volcanoes. It is not known whether
which are two very old caldera volcanoes. It is not known whether
they will be one day active again or not.
** Culture
The Eittlandic people share a common basis for their culture which
remained rather conservative for much longer than the other nordic
remained rather conservative for much longer than the other Nordic
people due to its resistance towards Christianity conversion. The
number of people adhering to Norse beliefs remained very high through
the ages and only recently began declining, going from 93% of
@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ any Eittlandic dialect, all of them being immigrants or children of
immigrants. It is therefore safe to say Eittlandic is still going
strong and does not face any risk of disappearing anytime soon,
although we might be at the start of the decline of the historical
dialects of Eittland in favor of Standard Eittlandic.
dialects of Eittland in favour of Standard Eittlandic.
In this document, you will see references to both Standard Eittlandic
and Modern Eittlandic. Although some people use the terms
@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ and “Greenlandic” for “Greenland”.
However, the second but least probable theory is the island is named
after /eitr/, a mythical poison from which the first Jøtunn Ymir was
created. Eittland’s waters near the volcanoes containing high amounts
of sulfur, a poison, could be what named the island. This association
of sulphur, a poison, could be what named the island. This association
with poison, as well as the association to the place where it was
found, /Ginnungagap/, could have acted as a deterrent to prevent people
outsiders from coming.
@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ the mountains would also call the inner lands /Fjallheim/, meaning
peninsula of Eittland. Lastly, the name /Eldøy/, /Fire Island/, was used
to refer both to Eittland and Iceland due to their volcanic activity.
Nowadays, the name morphed into /Eldfjall/ to refer to the volcanic
cluster at the center of the Island.
cluster at the centre of the Island.
** History
*** Early Eittlandic History (late 8th century - 14th century)
@ -171,15 +171,15 @@ Halfdansson. Eittland thus became a vassal state to the Norwegian
crown while retaining autonomy from it, which was granted due to the
distance between the two countries.
Shortly after however, the beginning of the christianisation of the
nordic countries and especially of Norway created a new immigration
boost in Eittland with norsemen seeking a pagan land untouched by
christian faith. In 935, a year after Haakon I Haraldsson became king
Shortly after however, the beginning of the Christianisation of the
Nordic countries and especially of Norway created a new immigration
boost in Eittland with Norsemen seeking a pagan land untouched by
Christian faith. In 935, a year after Haakon I Haraldsson became king
of Norway and began trying to introduce Christianity to its people,
the newly crowned king Áleifr I Ásmundson of Eittland adopted a new
law forbidding the Christian faith to be imported, promoted, and
practiced in Eittland. This decision forever weakened the alliance
between the two countries and detariorated their relationship.
practised in Eittland. This decision forever weakened the alliance
between the two countries and deteriorated their relationship.
As more and more people in Eittland were moving to its western part
due to larger opportunities with its farmlands, king Áleifr I chose in
@ -198,15 +198,15 @@ in [[file:country.md#Political-Organization][Political Organization]].
*** Crusades and Independence (13th century - 1400)
As soon as the 13th century, and through the 14th century, the
Teutonic Order and the Livonian Order, backed by the Holy Roman
Empire, proposed crusades against Eittland to get rid of its norse
Empire, proposed crusades against Eittland to get rid of its Norse
faith. However, these never came to be due to the distance between
Eittland and mainland Europe, despite the papal authorisations in
Eittland and mainland Europe, despite the papal authorizations in
1228, 1257, 1289, 1325, and 1367.
In 1397, the creation of the Kalmar Union kicked a new crusade, this
time backed by the Union itself as well as the Teutonic Order --- Eric
of Pomerania aimed to unify his country both religiously by getting
rid of the norse faith in Eittland and politically by getting rid of
rid of the Norse faith in Eittland and politically by getting rid of
its established monarchy. A contingent sailed to Eittland to submit
the island, however they were met with fierce resistance by the locals
on arrival. Estimates show that while some 2,400 Eittlandic people
@ -226,20 +226,20 @@ simple, unknown health condition which coincided with the ongoing
events.
During the same year, the Althing elected Arvid I Geirson as the new
High King who nominated his brother Havardr I Arvidbróðr as the
High King who nominated his brother Havardr I Arvidsbróðr as the
Monarch of Hylfjaltr. While the previous monarchs took a more
defensive approach, they chose to become much more aggressive,
striving for independence. After demands were sent to the Kalmar
Union, Eittland began a series of raids on its territories, ranging
from Iceland to the Faroese Islands to even two raids in Norway and
Denmark. These raids only aimed trade and military ships but severely
handicaped the Union’s marine.
handicapped the Union’s marine.
On September 17th, 1400 High King Arvid Geirson of Eittland and King
On September 17th, 1400 High King Arvid I Geirson of Eittland and King
Erik of the Kalmar Union met in Reykjavík to sign the Treaty of
Reykjavík, during which the Kalmar Union recognized the independence
of Eittland and renounced its claims to the island. On the other hand,
Eittland ceeded its Greenlandic colonies to the Kalmar Union. Both
Eittland ceded its Greenlandic colonies to the Kalmar Union. Both
parties agreed to end the hostilities towards one another.
While the Union no longer launched any crusades against Eittland, the
@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ were ultimately defeated thanks to reinforcement from the Kingdom of
*** The Absolute Monarchy (1400 - late 1700s)
Once independent, Eittland quickly became isolated among the European
nations due as it was percieved as a pagan nation by the rest of the
nations due as it was perceived as a pagan nation by the rest of the
continent. For over a century, the country had to be almost entirely
self-sufficient. This lead to a more in-depth survey of the resources
of the land launched in 1421. Large quantities of iron were discovered
@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ white and green marble, which became its emblem. Walking in the
streets of major cities today, we can still see most of the monuments
and buildings from during that era made of marble. It is particularly
the case in Hylfjaltr, known by the nickname of “The White City” due
to the sheer amount of monuments made of ouf this material.
to the sheer amount of monuments made out of this material.
It is around this time religious wars broke out in mainland Europe,
and war refugees coming at first from Scandinavia and soon enough from
@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ were accepted on the condition never to try and spread their religion
on the island with the risk of expulsion back to continental Europe.
At the time, the influx of refugees represented around one percent of
its total population, with about two thirds of it being protestants
and the rest catholics. The local protestant population officially
and the rest Catholics. The local protestant population officially
founded in 1587 the Church of Eittland.
You can find in the chart below a breakdown of the various countries
@ -293,9 +293,9 @@ and regions religious refugees came from. Although Scandinavia was one
of the first regions to take refuge in Eittland, most refugees came
from the Holy Roman Empire and from France where religious wars were
particularly violent. It is estimated most of the Protestant
population of Eittland are mainly from French descent, while the HRE’s
and Scandinavian population came with mixes of Christians and
Protestants. On the other hand most, if not all, of the English
population of Eittland are mainly from French descent, while the Holy
Roman Empire and Scandinavian population came with mixes of Christians
and Protestants. On the other hand most, if not all, of the English
population was Christian.
#+header: :exports none :eval no-export
@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ plot data u 2:xtic(1)
#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/eittlandic/religious-refugees.png">Breakdown of the country or region of origin of religious refugees in the 1500s</ImgFigure>
With the beginning of coloniolization of Northern America, Eittland
With the beginning of colonization of Northern America, Eittland
became a naval hotspot. Its position allowed ships to cut in half
their journey if necessary and replenish their supplies. England and
the Netherlands were the first countries to halt in Eittland for such
@ -341,13 +341,13 @@ On Eittland’s second refusal, England declared war and launched a land
invasion of the island. The general in charge of the invasion, Sir
Andrew Sapping, decided to avoid landing in fjords, judging it too
risky and prone to ambushes. Instead, English troops landed in the
flatlands west of Vátrsteinn. While eittlandic troops were massing in
the nearby town of Vestrfjoðarkjapt, a volcano erupted into a
flatlands west of Vátrsteinn. While Eittlandic troops were massing in
the nearby town of Vestrferðaróss, a volcano erupted into a
pyroclastic flow. The English landing site being on its path, half of
the invading English forces were immediately wiped out, and two thirds
of their vessels were badly dammaged or destroyed. Immediately after
of their vessels were badly damaged or destroyed. Immediately after
this, Sir Sapping surrendered to the Eittlandic troops which were
captured as prisonners of war. Due to this defeat and the sudden
captured as prisoners of war. Due to this defeat and the sudden
reduction in available men and ships in the English army, the Treaty
of Hylfjaltr was signed on the 25 of May of the same year. While
England recognized its defeat, Eittland promised not to intervene on
@ -356,10 +356,10 @@ not the intent of Eittland in the first place).
After the independence of the United States of America, Eittland not
only retained its status as a maritime hotspot but also boomed as one
between Northern America and Europe. Its ports of Kóparvall and
between Northern America and Europe. Its ports of Kóparváll and
Tvinnár, near Ðeberget and Hylfjaltr respectively, became the two
major ports in Eittland, with Tvinnár generally favoured by ships
coming from Europe and Kóparvall favoured by ships coming from
coming from Europe and Kóparváll favoured by ships coming from
Northern America.
*** Industrial Revolution and Constitutional Monarchy (18th century)
@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ By the beginning of the 18th century, Eittland begins to heavily
industrialize out of a need for larger and more effective ports,
requiring themselves lots of various machinery and base materials.
Mines in Western Eittland became much more active, extracting primary
resources such as iron, aluminum and other precious metals.
resources such as iron, aluminium and other precious metals.
Due to a lack of coal in the Eittlandic island, the country had to buy
it from other countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States
@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ found deposits off its Eastern coast. Oil extraction remains to this
day a significant part of the Eittlandic economy, although in decline
due to the deposits progressively drying up.
Industrial development mostly happen in Eastern Eittland due to its
Industrial development mostly happened in Eastern Eittland due to its
flatter terrain compared to Western Eittland. Primary resources
extracted from Western Eittland were primarily brought to factories by
boat; although the country pushed towards building train tracks, the
@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ eastern and western parts of the country remained separated due to the
frequent eruptions of the volcanoes in the central part of the island
cutting off any attempt to link the two regions.
Fishing also developped as a significant activity in Eittland, most of
Fishing also developed as a significant activity in Eittland, most of
its products was sold within Eittland for its people and only a small
portion became available for international market. Nonetheless,
Eittlandic fish slowly built a reputation of quality and became sought
@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ right to vote in any election open to the Eittlandic people. On March
the High King, giving women the right to be elected at the House of
the People while noblewomen got the right to inherit the title of
Jarl, making them eligible to the House of the Land. Quickly after,
Kari Niallsdóttr became the first woman ever elected to the House of
Kari Nialsdóttr became the first woman ever elected to the House of
the People during the general election of September 1905, while Ása
Sigríðsdóttr became the first woman to enter the House of the Land
in 1934.
@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ with the ability of acting as a relay between Northern America and
Europe, or as a base of operations allowing for a much greater range
of action. However, Eittland reaffirmed several times their will to
remain neutral in any conflict. After war broke out in mainland
Europe, the United Kindom, fearing Eittland joining the Axis, offered
Europe, the United Kingdom, fearing Eittland joining the Axis, offered
Eittland on January 23rd 1940 to join the Allies in order to not only
benefit themselves from Eittland’s geographical advantages, but also
avoid Germany to benefit from it. This proposal was once again
@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ invasion, British troops and ships arrived in Eittland, attacking the
German army from the sea while Eittlanders attacked from land. The
last German soldier surrendered on April 14th, eleven days after the
beginning of the invasion. Eittland became then a base of operations
of the Allies in the Atlandic, strengthening their position against
of the Allies in the Atlantic, strengthening their position against
German U-boats and other warships.
Fearing a similar fate awaited Iceland, Eittland suggested to the
@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ country.
Eittlandic ports played an important part in bringing US warships and
war material to Europe, especially in the months leading up to D-Day
and the different landings in the Mediteranean Sea.
and the different landings in the Mediterranean Sea.
**** Eittland-Iceland Alliance (1948 - present)
When the war ended in Europe and Iceland gained its independence, a
@ -487,12 +487,12 @@ the unification, while 64% of Eittlandic voters also answered “no”.
The two countries still entered a close alliance in February 1948,
Iceland relying on Eittland for military protection while an economic
alliance was made between both of them. While it evolved in the
following year inspired by the organisations that preceeded the
following year inspired by the organizations that preceded the
European Union, some of its aspects later inspired the creation of the
Schengen Area some decades later. Iceland and Eittland integrated each
other’s economy tightly, while their industries interacted with one
another without any restrictions due to borders or customs. The
distinction in nationality also became largly irrelevant between the
distinction in nationality also became largely irrelevant between the
two countries: only a few select governmental positions are still
reserved to the citizens of their birth country, generally linked to
high military ranks or secret services. It was thus possible for
@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ citizens of both countries to move freely between Iceland and Eittland
and live in either country as any of its citizens would while goods
could also be freely exchanged.
Thus, in 1965, Páll Jónsson became the firts Icelandic citizen elected
Thus, in 1965, Páll Jónsson became the first Icelandic citizen elected
to public office as the Town Master of Eldheim in Western Eittland. In
May 1982, Bárður Márusson became the first Icelandic citizen to be
elected to the House of the People, while Valgeir Þórinnson became the
@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ the /Konunglig Eittlandsuniversitetitsvétalsráðuneyt/ (litt. “Royal
Eittland’s University’s Computer Department”), or /Vétalsráðuneyt/ for
short. This accompanied a new law raising the annual budget allocated
to universities in Eittland to 9% of the nation’s GDP. As the first
lab grew in size and became more and more proeminent internationally,
lab grew in size and became more and more prominent internationally,
even becoming one of the leading laboratories along with MIT, Bell
Labs and CERN, numerous other laboratories both public and private
appeared in Eittland. Nowadays, the /Vétalsráðuneyt/ is still regarded
@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ Although it never applied for membership in the European Union,
Eittland is still part of the European Economic Area as well as the
Schengen Area, making it easy for European citizen as well as
Eittlandic citizens to move freely in Europe. It joined these two
organisations on their creation, in 1994 and in 1995 respectively,
organizations on their creation, in 1994 and in 1995 respectively,
after signing both in 1992 and 1985 respectively.
In 2008, due to the economic crisis and instability of the Eittlandic
@ -586,39 +586,39 @@ people would like Eittland to join the EU, as seen below.
**** Internet and Computer Boom
Eittland is home to some of the largest websites in the world,
considered the European counterpart to the United States’ Sillicon
considered the European counterpart to the United States’ Silicon
Valley. Some of its best known websites are Raustr, a podcast and
blogging platform often compared to a Facebook or VK alternative, as
well as Sønmek, a video streaming and sharing platform compared to
YouTube and Twitch.
An entire governmental department of the Teknikráðuneyt got assigned
to developping and auditing the Linux kernel in 2011. Although it has
to developing and auditing the Linux kernel in 2011. Although it has
no official name, it is often referred to as the *pengvinsstyrsamhald*,
or *Penguins’ Batallion* in English. It was later integrated in a larger
or *Penguins’ Battalion* in English. It was later integrated in a larger
department dedicated to open source software in general.
In 2014, the Eittlandic government announced fully switching to free
and open-source software on all levels of government. This became
fully effective in 2016, with all software developed for the
government changing their license to the GPL-3.0 or AGPL-3.0 licenses
government changing their licence to the GPL-3.0 or AGPL-3.0 licences
and their source code available on the Teknikráðuneyt’s website.
** Political Organisation
** Political Organization
*** Kingdoms and Monarchy
While Eittland is a single country, it hosts two kingdoms: the Kingdom
of Đeberget in the western part of the country, and the Kingdom of
Hylfjaltr in its eastern part. This is due to a separation of the
country in two halves during the reign of Eittlands second king
country in two halves during the reign of Eittland’s second king
Áleifr I when he realized the difficulties he and the following
monarchs of the island would face trying to rule the country alone
while the latter is almost always split in two by active volcanoes.
Thus, while the two kingdoms operate very independently of each
other --- each have their own policies on economics, education,
industry, and so on --- they also operate in cooperation as the
Eittlandic High Kingdom with the king of Đeberget at its head when it
comes to common policies, such as military decision and internrational
affairs.
Thus, while the two kingdoms operate very independently of each other
--- each have their own policies on economics, education, industry,
and so on --- they also operate in cooperation as the Eittlandic High
Kingdom with the king of Đeberget at its head when it comes to common
policies, such as military decision and international affairs.
#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/eittlandic/map-political.png">The Two Eittlandic States</ImgFigure>
This means that while both governments are independent of each other
@ -664,8 +664,8 @@ designate someone to fill in the role of the monarch of Đeberget for
the time being. They can also authorize the monarch of Hylfjaltr to do
so in case they are unavailable and someone needs to represent the
country in front of foreign representatives. The last example was
during the two last years of Eríkr IX’s reign from 1987 to 1989 when
he could not act as High King due to his illness. While he did not
during the two last years of Eríkr V’s reign from 1987 to 1989 when he
could not act as High King due to his illness. While he did not
abdicate, he authorized king Harald III to act as High King while he
appointed his daughter and present-day High Queen Njall III as the
acting monarch of Đeberget.
@ -685,7 +685,7 @@ such as the districts of Đeberget and Hylfjaltr, which the ruler ruled
without intermediaries. They are the private possessions of the family
of the rulers.
On top of this the center of the island is divided in territories, one
On top of this the centre of the island is divided in territories, one
administered by the government of Đeberget and two by the government
of Hylfjaltr. These territories are supposedly not inhabited by anyone
and are currently natural parks. This is mostly where you can find the
@ -714,7 +714,7 @@ In 1278, the first formal ministry (or department) was created in the
Ðeberget Kingdom, called a /Ráðuneyt/ (litt. “fellowship of
counsellors”) with a /Ráðunautr/ at its head, to aid the King Hallþórr V
Gunhildson’s in administering agriculture. The Hylfjaltr Kingdom soon
followed, creating its own in 1283 by order of Eyvindor III
followed, creating its own in 1283 by order of Eyvindr III
Steingrímson. From then, ráðuneyts were created as needed with a
growing number.
@ -723,6 +723,7 @@ In 1826, fearing the revolutionary climate in mainland Europe, Ólafr V
passed the appropriately named “Last Royal Decree” in 1826. This act
put in place a new form of government based on the British monarchy.
The king transfers all the royal power from the rulers of Đeberget and
Hylfjaltr to the House of the People and the House of the Land (the
equivalent of the lower and upper Houses respectively). The House of
@ -732,24 +733,24 @@ representative would be elected plus another one for each percentage
of the population of the kingdom the jarldom represents.
A similar system was created for jarldoms in order to replace jarls
with locally elected governments, as well as the organisation of
with locally elected governments, as well as the organization of
municipalities.
At first only male landowner of the Nordic Faith could vote and could
be elected. In 1886, all men of the Nordic Faith got the right to vote
and be elected in the general elections. In 1902, women gained the
right to vote, and they gained the right to be elected in 1915. The law
that allowed women to vote also made the authorities stop enforcing
the restriction on the faith of the participants --- while the
original texts of 1826 and 1886 were clear on the fact only men of the
Nordic Faith were allowed to vote and be elected, women had no such
restriction making it unclear if it only applied to women or if this
restriction was revoked for everyone. Organizers of the next elections
in 1905 chose not to enforce this religious restriction and ever since
then. In 1998, Queen Siv I exceptionally used her powers of High Queen
to pass a law to clarify this issue and formally make Eittland a
non-religious country. This also removed the long unenforced ban on
other religions in Eittland.
right to vote, and they gained the right to be elected in 1915. The
law that allowed women to vote also made the authorities stop
enforcing the restriction on the faith of the participants --- while
the original texts of 1826 and 1886 were clear on the fact only men of
the Nordic Faith were allowed to vote and be elected, women had no
such restriction making it unclear if it only applied to women or if
this restriction was revoked for everyone. Organizers of the next
elections in 1905 chose not to enforce this religious restriction and
ever since then. In 1998, Queen Njall III exceptionally used her
powers of High Queen to pass a law to clarify this issue and formally
make Eittland a non-religious country. This also removed the long
unenforced ban on other religions in Eittland.
Note that while the rulers of Đeberget and Hylfjaltr have lost all
their power with the “Last Royal Decree”, the High Monarch remained

246
docs/eittlandic/dictionary.org
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@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ some abbreviations you should keep in mind:
- dat :: dative
- def :: definite
- Eng :: English
- EON :: Early Old Norse
- f :: feminine
- gen :: genitive
- Ger :: German
@ -54,12 +55,16 @@ be added, for instance /f.adj./ for a feminine adjective.
All words are indexed by their spelling as determined by Standard
Eittlandic, which roughly corresponds to the accusative of other
dialects. Each noun has its declension presented to the reader as a
guide to how it might generally look in dialects other than Standard
Eittlandic, however variations may exist from one dialect to another.
For instance, while most Eittlandic dialects lost the /ru/ part of the
dat.pl. declention, going from /férum/ to /fém/, some dialects in East
Northern Eittland still retain the former form.
dialects.
All words are indexed by a standardized traditional spelling, with
occasionally their Standard Eittlandic spelling following it (e.g.
/gleym(a) - gløym/). Each noun has its declension presented to the
reader as a guide to how it might generally look in dialects other
than Standard Eittlandic, however variations may exist from one
dialect to another. For instance, while most Eittlandic dialects lost
the /ru/ part of the dat.pl. declention, going from /férum/ to /fém/, some
dialects in East Northern Eittland still retain the former form.
Letters in parenthesis are no longer used when writing Eittlandic but
are still underlying vowels that can still affect the pronunciation of
@ -77,7 +82,7 @@ it is indicated between parenthesis in the accusative case, preceeded
by a dash, as in /dag(a-n)/.
** A
*** aug(a)
*** aug(a) - ój
wn.n. {{{phon(ɔ̀j)}}}
1. eye
@ -90,7 +95,7 @@ wn.n. {{{phon(ɔ̀j)}}}
| Gen. | augas | augats | augas | augat |
** Á
*** áng
*** áng - éng
interj. {{{phon(ɛŋ)}}}
1. positive counter-factual, see the [[file:./grammar.md#questions][questions]] section of the grammar
@ -114,7 +119,19 @@ sn.n. {{{phon(borð)}}}
| Dat. | borð | borðit | borðum | borðitum |
| Gen. | borðs | borðits | borðs | borðit |
*** bræð
*** borg
sn.f {{{phon(borg)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/b.php#borg-I][borg]]
1. city
| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. |
|------+--------+---------+--------+----------|
| Nom. | borgr | borginn | borgr | borginn |
| Acc. | borg | borgin | borg | borgin |
| Dat. | borg | borgin | borgum | borginum |
| Gen. | borgar | borgins | borgar | borgin |
*** bræð - bréð
sm. {{{phon(brɛð)}}}
See [[file:dictionary.md#broð][/bróð/]]
@ -154,13 +171,13 @@ See [[file:dictionary.md#bok(r)][/bók/]]
** C
** D
*** djúp
*** djúp - djóp
adj. {{{phon(ʒːòp)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/d.php#dj%C3%BApr][djúpr]]
1. deep
2. profound (figuratively)
*** djúplig
*** djúplig - djópleg
adv. {{{phon(ʒːòpleɣ)}}}, from OE djúpr (see [[file:dictionary.md#djúp][djúp]]) with OE suffix /-ligr/ (see
ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ligr#Old_Norse][-ligr]])
@ -177,7 +194,7 @@ sn.f. {{{phon(dɔʃː)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/d.php#d%C3%B3tti
| Nom. | dóttr | dóttinn | dœttr | dœttinn |
| Acc. | dótt | dóttin | dœtt | dœttin |
| Dat. | dótt | dóttin | dœttum | dœttinum |
| Gen. | dóttar | dóttins | dœttar | dœttin |
| Gen. | dóttir | dóttins | dœttar | dœttin |
** E
*** edd(a)
@ -231,11 +248,37 @@ each appended with a grammatical /-r/ or /-ir/ (which later got reduced to
| Dat. | fað | faðin | feðum | feðinum |
| Gen. | faðar | faðins | feðar | feðin |
*** far(a)
iv. {{{phon(far)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#fara-A][fara]]
1. to go
- infinitive :: far
- imperative :: far
- imperative passive voice :: farsk
- present participle :: farand
- past participle :: farit
| <c> | | | | | |
| person | | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Past | Passive |
|--------+---+--------------------+---------------------+-------+---------|
| 1s | | ferr | ferir | fert | ferumk |
| 2s | | ferr | ferir | fert | ferisk |
| 3s | | ferr | ferir | fert | ferisk |
| 1p | | farum | farim | farum | farumk |
| 2p | | farið | farið | faruð | farask |
| 3p | | farið | farið | faruð | farask |
*** feð
sm. {{{phon(feð)}}}
See [[file:dictionary.md#fað][/fað/]]
*** ferð
sn.m. {{{phon(ferð)}}}, from EON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#fj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r][ferðr]]
1. fjord, bay
*** fé
sn.n.mass. {{{phon(fɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#f%C3%A9][fé]] (cattle)
@ -261,7 +304,7 @@ sn.m. {{{phon(fiʃk)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#fiskr][fiskr
| Gen. | fiskar | fiskins | fiskar | fiskin |
** G
*** gauð
*** gauð - jauð
wn.f. {{{phon(jɔʊð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/g.php#gau%C3%B0][gauð]] (/a barking/)
1. a quarrel
@ -274,7 +317,7 @@ wn.f. {{{phon(jɔʊð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/g.php#gau%C3%B0]
| Dat. | gauð | gauðit | gauðum | gauðitum |
| Gen. | gauðs | gauðits | gauðs | gauðit |
*** gef
*** gef - jev
sn.f. {{{phon(jev)}}}, from Early Old Norse [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gj%C7%ABf#Old_Norse][gef]]
1. gift, present
@ -286,11 +329,50 @@ sn.f. {{{phon(jev)}}}, from Early Old Norse [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gj%
| Dat. | gef | gefin | gefum | gefinum |
| Gen. | gefar | gefins | gefar | gefin |
*** gegn
*** gegn - jegn
adv. {{{phon(jeɡn̩)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gegn#Old_Norse][gegn]]
1. against, opposing
*** gleym(a) / gløym
v. {{{phon(ɡløʏm)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/g.php#gleyma][gleyma]]
1. to forget
- infinitive :: gleym
- imperative :: gleym
- imperative passive voice :: gleymsk
- present participle :: gleymand
- past participle :: gleymit
| <c> | | | | | |
| person | | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Past | Passive |
|--------+---+--------------------+---------------------+---------+----------|
| 1s | | gleymr | gleymir | gleymt | gleymumk |
| 2s | | gleymr | gleymir | gleymt | gleymask |
| 3s | | gleymr | gleymir | gleymt | gleymask |
| 1p | | gleymum | gleymir | gleymum | gleymumk |
| 2p | | gleymið | gleymið | gleymuð | gleymask |
| 3p | | gleymið | gleymið | gleymuð | gleymask |
The verb /gleym/ takes a dative instead of an accusative.
#+html: ::: tip Example
1. Ek gleymr opt lykillinum
| ek | gleym-r | opt | lykill-inum |
| 1s.NOM | forget-1s.PRES | often | key-pl.DAT.ART.DEF. |
I often forget the keys
2. Hann haft gleymt at far til borgin
| hann | haft | gleymt | at | far | til | borg-in |
| 3s.m.NOM | have.3s.PST | forget.3s.PST | to.DAT | go.INF | to | city-def.art.s.DAT |
He forgot to go to the city.
#+html:
** H
*** hav(a)
iv. {{{phon(haβ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hafa#Old_Norse][hafa]]
@ -314,7 +396,8 @@ iv. {{{phon(haβ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hafa#Old_Norse][h
| 2p | haft | haft | haftuð | haftið |
| 3p | hav | hav | haft | haft |
Note that there is no difference between singular and plural when using hav(a) in the passive voice.
Note that there is no difference between singular and plural when
using hav(a) in the passive voice.
| | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Indicative Past | Subjunctive Past |
|---+---------------------+---------------------+-----------------+------------------|
| 1 | havumk | havumk | havumk | heðumk |
@ -333,6 +416,11 @@ wn.f. {{{phon(hɑ:ɪls)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heilsa#Old_
| Dat. | heils | heilsat | heilsum | heilsatum |
| Gen. | heilsas | heilsats | heilsas | heilsat |
*** historja
wn.f. {{{phon(heʃtˈorjə)}}}, from Latin [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/historia#Latin][historia]]
1. history
*** hjól
sn.n. {{{phon(çɔl)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hj%C3%B3l#Old_Norse][hjól]]
@ -359,13 +447,13 @@ v. {{{phon(ɬer)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hlera][hlera]]
| <c> | | | | | |
| person | | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Past | Passive |
|--------+---+--------------------+---------------------+--------+----------|
|--------+---+--------------------+---------------------+--------+---------|
| 1s | | hlerr | hlerir | hlert | hlerumk |
| 2s | | hlerr | hlerir | hlert | hlerdisk |
| 3s | | hlerr | hlerir | hlert | hlerdisk |
| 2s | | hlerr | hlerir | hlert | hlerask |
| 3s | | hlerr | hlerir | hlert | hlerask |
| 1p | | hlerum | hlerim | hlerum | hlerumk |
| 2p | | hlerið | hlerið | hleruð | hlerdisk |
| 3p | | hlerið | hlerið | hleruð | hlerdisk |
| 2p | | hlerið | hlerið | hleruð | hlerask |
| 3p | | hlerið | hlerið | hleruð | hlerask |
Its secondary argument is always a secondary noun phrase if there is one.
@ -397,11 +485,11 @@ v. {{{phon(ɬuʃt)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hlusta][hlusta
| person | | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Past | Passive |
|--------+---+--------------------+---------------------+---------+----------|
| 1s | | hlustr | hlustir | hlustat | hlustumk |
| 2s | | hlustr | hlustir | hlustat | hlustisk |
| 3s | | hlustr | hlustir | hlustat | hlustisk |
| 2s | | hlustr | hlustir | hlustat | hlustask |
| 3s | | hlustr | hlustir | hlustat | hlustask |
| 1p | | hlustum | hlustim | hlustum | hlustumk |
| 2p | | hlustið | hlustið | hlustuð | hlustisk |
| 3p | | hlustið | hlustið | hlustuð | hlustisk |
| 2p | | hlustið | hlustið | hlustuð | hlustask |
| 3p | | hlustið | hlustið | hlustuð | hlustask |
Its secondary argument is always a secondary noun phrase if there is one.
@ -447,7 +535,7 @@ v. {{{phon(ɲ̥ɔ̀ːs)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hnj%C3%B3
1. to sneeze
*** hrifs
*** hrifs - hrivs
n. {{{phon(r̥ivs)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hrifs][hrifs]]
1. assault, mugging
@ -462,11 +550,16 @@ adv. {{{phon(ʍɑt)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hvat#Old_Norse]
1. what
*** hví
*** hví - hve
adv. {{{phon(ʍè)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hv%C3%AD#Old_Norse][hví]]
1. why
*** hvít
adj. {{{phon(ʍɛ̀t)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hv%C3%ADtr][hvítr]]
1. white
** I
*** ikkí
interj. {{{phon(ixːə)}}}
@ -478,14 +571,14 @@ From an unkwnown Greenlandic language, compare with modern Greenlandic
** Í
** J
*** já
{{{phon(jɛ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/j%C3%A1#Old_Norse][já]]
*** já - jé
{{{phon(jɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/j%C3%A1#Old_Norse][já]]
1. (adv) yes
2. (interj) yes (as an exclamation of joy)
** K
*** kaup(a)
*** kaup(a) - kóp
n. {{{phon(kɔp)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kaupa#Old_Norse][kaupa]]
1. commerce
@ -503,12 +596,12 @@ sv. {{{phon(kom)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/koma#Old_Norse][ko
1. to come
*** konung
*** Konung - Kononɡ
sn.m. {{{phon(ˈkonoŋ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/konungr#Old_Norse][konungr]]
1. king
*** konunɡliɡ
*** konunɡliɡ - konongleg
{{{phon(konoŋleɣ)}}}, from [[file:./dictionary.md#konung][konung]] and suffix /-lig/.
1. adv. royaly
@ -527,12 +620,20 @@ sn.n. {{{phon(land)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/land#Old_Norse]
| Dat. | land | landit | landum | landitum |
| Gen. | lands | landits | lands | landit |
*** lykil
wn.m. {{{phon(lykil)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/l.php#lykill][lykill]]
1. key (to a keyhole, to a lock,…)
2. musical key
| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. |
|------+--------+----------+---------+-----------|
| Nom. | lykil | lykilit | lykill | lykilitr |
| Acc. | lykil | lykilit | lykil | lykilit |
| Dat. | lykil | lykilit | lykilum | lykilitum |
| Gen. | lykils | lykilits | lykils | lykilit |
** M
*** myrɡunn
m. {{{phon(ˈmyrɡunː)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myrginn#Old_Norse][myrgunn]]
1. morning, aurora
*** metr(o)
wn.n. {{{phon(metr)}}}, from French “métro”
@ -547,8 +648,30 @@ wn.n. {{{phon(metr)}}}, from French “métro”
See also [[file:./dictionary.md#undirland][undirland]]
*** með
adv. {{{phon(með)}}}
1. with
2. prefix with, co-smth. See
*** Meðkonung
sn.m. {{{phon(meðˈkonoŋ)}}}, see [[file:./dictionary.md#með][með]] and [[file:./dictionary.md#konung-kononɡ][konung - kononɡ]]
1. Co-King
*** mið
adj. {{{phon(mið)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/m.php#mi%C3%B0r][miðr]]
1. middle (physically and temporaly)
2. midways
*** myrɡunn
m. {{{phon(ˈmyrɡunː)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myrginn#Old_Norse][myrgunn]]
1. morning, aurora
** N
*** ná
*** ná - né
adv. {{{phon(nɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/n%C3%A1#Old_Norse][ná]]
1. now
@ -572,7 +695,7 @@ adv. {{{phon(nɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/n%C3%A1#Old_Nor
I’m coming from the university.
#+html: :::
*** náng
*** náng - néng
interj. {{{phon(nɛŋ)}}}
1. negative counter-factual, see the [[file:./grammar.md#questions][questions]] section of the grammar
@ -588,7 +711,7 @@ Proto-Eskimoan /*nanka/, and Western Greenlandic /naagga/.
1. (adv.) no
2. (interj) no, as an exclamation of panic, regret
*** norvegsúlf(r)
*** norvegsúlf(r) - norvejsólv
m. {{{phon(ˈnorβejsˌòlv)}}}, from ON /Noregs/ (genitive of ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/n.php#noregr][Noregr]]) and ON
[[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ulfr#Old_Norse][úlfr]]
@ -600,20 +723,30 @@ inherited the simpler /úlfr/ term. Noun composed by Old Norse /noregs/
(genitive of /Noregr/, /Norway/) and /úlfr/.
** O
*** opt - oft
adv. {{{phon(oɸt)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/o.php#opt][opt]]
1. often
** Ó
*** óglað
*** óglað - ógjœð
adj. {{{phon(ˈɔ̀ɡʲœð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/oo.php#%C3%B3gla%C3%B0r][óglaðr]]
1. very sad, depressed, miserable
*** óss
sn.m. {{{phon(ɔ̀sː)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/oo.php#%C3%B3ss][óss]]
1. river mouth
2. fjord mouth
** P
*** pengvin
*** pengvin - pengven
n. {{{phon(ˈpeŋβen)}}}, from French [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pingouin#French][pingouin]] through Danish [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pingvin#Danish][pingvin]]
1. penguin
** R
*** ráðuneyt(i)
*** ráðuneyt(i) - réðoneyt
wn.m. {{{phon(ˈrɛ̀ðoˌnœʏt)}}}, from OI [[https://old-norse.net/html/r.php#r%C3%A1%C3%B0uneyti][ráðuneyti]]
1. Ministry
@ -626,13 +759,13 @@ v. {{{phon(siːʃː)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sitja#Old_Nors
1. to sit
2. to represent (politics)
*** sjá
*** sjá - sjé
v. {{{phon(ʃɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sj%C3%A1#Old_Norse][sjá]]
1. to see
2. to understand
*** skilj(a)
*** skilj(a) - skij
v. {{{phon(ʃkiːʎ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skilja#Old_Norse][skilja]]
1. to differenciate
@ -687,18 +820,18 @@ and [[file:./dictionary.md#land][land]]
See also [[file:./dictionary.md#metr-o][metr(o)]]
*** universitet
*** universitet - oneversetet
wn.n. {{{phon(oneˈβersetet)}}}, from German [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t#German][Universität]]
1. university
*** uppá
*** uppá - offá
prep. {{{phon(ˈuɸːə̀)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/u.php#upp%C3%A1][uppá]]
1. upon
** Ú
*** úlf(r)
*** úlf(r) - olv
m. {{{phon(òlv)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ulfr][úlfr]]
1. wolf-dog. See also /noregsúlfr/.
@ -731,6 +864,11 @@ iv. {{{phon(βer)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vera#Old_Norse][v
| 2p | eruð | séð | varð | várið |
| 3p | er | sé | var | vár |
*** vest
adv. {{{phon(βeʃt)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/v.php#vestr][vestr]]
1. West, westward
*** vél
sc.f. {{{phon(βɛl)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/v%C3%A9l#Old_Norse][vél]]
@ -759,7 +897,7 @@ See [[file:./dictionary.md#veisheit][veisheit]] for a more general term for /wis
** Z
** Ø
** Œ
*** Œgir
*** Œgir - Œjer
m. {{{phon(ˈœjer)}}}
1. A mythical beast residing in the forests of the western
@ -775,3 +913,13 @@ Eittlandic fjords.
| Acc. | | | | |
| Dat. | | | | |
| Gen. | | | | |
| <c> | | | | | |
| person | | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Past | Passive |
|--------+---+--------------------+---------------------+------+---------|
| 1s | | | | | |
| 2s | | | | | |
| 3s | | | | | |
| 1p | | | | | |
| 2p | | | | | |
| 3p | | | | | |

142
docs/eittlandic/grammar.org
View File

@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ Here we also have few changes from the Early Old Norse pronouns for
the third persons, singular and plural.
An additional set of pronouns contains reflexive pronouns. This one is
relatively small, as it does not agree in person, number, or
gender.However, it still agrees in case. Note that there is no
nominative reflexive pronoun in Eittlandic.
relatively small, as it does not agree in person, number, or gender.
However, it still agrees in case. Note that there is no nominative
reflexive pronoun in Eittlandic.
| Nominative | - |
| Accusative | sik |
| Dative | sér |
@ -82,9 +82,9 @@ Eittlandic and Old Norse, in favour of the sets containing /hinn/ and
It is interesting to see that this set of pronouns retained some
differences between their masculine and feminine form, which has
become quite rare in Modern Eittlandic. These are used in a similar
way as “that” or “those” in English, designating elements or things
that are judged as distant by the speaker from themselves.
become quite rare in Modern Eittlandic. These are used similarly to
“that” or “those” in English, designating elements or things that are
judged as distant by the speaker from themselves.
On the other hand, the following pronouns containing /þess/ relate to
the words “this” and “these” in English.
@ -93,25 +93,38 @@ the words “this” and “these” in English.
Possessive pronouns in Eittlandic simply are the genitive form of the
personal pronouns shown [[file:./grammar.md#personal-pronouns][above]]. The pronoun agrees with the owner in
person and number, and in gender when the third person is used, as in
English. They have two different usage.
English.
The first and more formal usage, inherited from Old Norse, is to
precede the noun phrase owned by the owner with the genitive pronoun.
For instance, /mín katt/ means /my cat/ while /þeim katt/ means /their cat/
(as shown in [[file:./grammar.md#case-marking][Case Marking]], we have no way to know if /katt/, a strong
common word, is singular or plural accusative).
They generally replace a whole nominative proposition, such as with
the example below.
The second and more casual way to express possession is using the
definite form of a word and placing the possessive pronoun after it.
We can adapt the previous examples of /my cat/ and /their cat/ as /kattin
mín/ and /kattin þeim/.
#+html: ::: tip Example
– Havir þú historiabøk?
– Ek haft gleymt mín
#+html: :::
While these two forms provide a difference in tone, the second form is
more limited as it only allows single word noun phrases to be the
possessed element while the first allows more complex noun phrases.
The sentence /mín kattrinn komand frá heim/ (/my cat coming from home/)
would need to be modified in order to fit the second structure, such
as /kattrinn mín, hvar komr frá heim/ (/my cat, who is coming from home/).
You can compare them to English possessive pronouns like /mine/, /yours/,
or /theirs/.
# That’s possessive adjectives, move it in the right header
# The first and more formal usage, inherited from Old Norse, is to
# precede the noun phrase owned by the owner with the genitive pronoun.
# For instance, /mín katt/ means /my cat/ while /þeim katt/ means /their cat/
# (as shown in [[file:./grammar.md#case-marking][Case Marking]], we have no way to know if /katt/, a strong
# common word, is singular or plural accusative).
# The second and more casual way to express possession is using the
# definite form of a word and placing the possessive pronoun after it.
# We can adapt the previous examples of /my cat/ and /their cat/ as /kattin
# mín/ and /kattin þeim/.
# While these two forms provide a difference in tone, the second form is
# more limited as it only allows single word noun phrases to be the
# possessed element while the first allows more complex noun phrases.
# The sentence /mín kattrinn komand frá heim/ (/my cat coming from home/)
# would need to be modified in order to fit the second structure, such
# as /kattrinn mín, hvar komr frá heim/ (/my cat, who is coming from home/).
*** Verbs
# - What are the distributional properties of verbs?
@ -247,26 +260,27 @@ remaining difference between strong and weak verbs.
| 1s | | ferumk | berjumk |
| 2s | | ferisk | berjaðisk |
| 3s | | ferisk | berjaðisk |
| 1p | | farask | berjaðisk |
| 1p | | farumk | berjumk |
| 2p | | farask | berjaðisk |
| 3p | | farask | berjaðisk |
There is only one minor difference for the subjunctive mood: both the
first person singular and plural change to /-imk/ instead of /-umk/.
first-person singular and plural change to /-imk/ instead of /-umk/.
Imperative, on the other hand, only works with the second person in
the present tense by appending an /-sk/ at the end of the infinitive of
the verb.
Due to this uniformisation of the passive voice in Eittlandic,
Eittlanders began using the verbs /ver(a)/ and /hav(a)/ (respectively /to
be/ and /to have/) as auxilliaries preceeding the verb in order to convey
be/ and /to have/) as auxiliaries preceding the verb in order to convey
the subject, tense, and mood agreement. The verb /ver(a)/ is most often
used in active verbs, while the verb /hav(a)/ is generally used with
stative verbs. While all verbs have a default auxilliary, such as
stative verbs. While all verbs have a default auxiliary, such as
/ver(a)/ for a verb like /et(a)/ (/to eat/), the speaker may choose to use
the other auxilliary in order to increase or decrease the agency of
the semantic agent (not the syntactic agent), even if it is not
present in the sentence.
the other auxiliary in order to increase or decrease the agency of the
semantic agent (not the syntactic agent), even if it is not present in
the sentence.
#+html: ::: tip Example
- Ek var brennumk mik
| ek | var | brenn-umk | mik |
@ -313,6 +327,9 @@ completely removing it from the sentence.
# - Do numerals agree with their head nouns (number, case, noun
# class, ...)?
**** Descriptive Adjectives :noexport:
Similarly to verbs, adjectives in Eittlandic underwent
**** Possessive Adjectives
**** Non-Numeral Quantifiers :noexport:
**** Numerals :noexport:
@ -436,7 +453,7 @@ syntactic dative of the verb.
**** Yes/No questions
Yes/no questions are generally answered by /já/ or /nei/ (/yes/ or /no/
respectively), sometimes with a repeat of the core of the sentence to
confirm the anwser.
confirm the reply.
#+html: ::: tip Example
- Komr han í dag með faðin hans?
@ -505,7 +522,7 @@ on its erroneous nature.
Some yes/no questions are sometimes asked in a very reduced form,
without a full verbal sentence and only consisting of a noun phrase.
Think of questions like /Coffe?/ or /Another cookie?/ in English. Such
Think of questions like /Coffee?/ or /Another cookie?/ in English. Such
questions in Eittlandic require the final word /vit/.
#+html: ::: tip Example
@ -614,26 +631,51 @@ neuter and weak nouns. The declension system completely merged weak
nouns which are no longer distinguished by gender. Strong masculine
and strong feminine also got merged into strong common.
Declensions are no longer productive in almost all Modern Eittlandic
dialects. They are still mostly used in formal and written speech, but
they are less and less used in less formal circumstances and in oral
speech. The Royal Academy for Literature, which authored Standard
Eittlandic, even recommends not using grammatical cases when using
this dialect as they are reduntand with other syntactic strategies.
While the recommendation is mostly followed, speakers still tend to
use the singular genetive declension oraly. Younger folks at the time
of writing even tend to regularize it as /-ar/ for strong neuter and
weak nouns.
We end up with the following declension system in Eittlandic.
#+name: tbl:eittlandic-noun-inflexion
#+caption: Eittlandic noun inflexion
| / | <r> | | | |
| | | Strong Common | Strong Neuter | Weak Nouns |
|---+------------+---------------+---------------+------------|
| | Sing. Nom. | -r | | |
| | Acc. | | | |
| | Dat. | | | |
| | Gen. | -(a)r | -s | -s |
| | Plur. Nom. | -r | | -r |
| | Acc. | | | |
| | Dat. | -um | -um | -um |
| | Gen. | -(a)r | -s | -s |
The /-ar/ ending drops the /a/ when an underlying ending vowel is present
in a word, as with /dótt/ (daughter) becoming /dóttir/ in its genitive
form. In some regions of Eittland, such as in the area of Vátrsteinn,
a strong neuter / weak noun merger is in effect, where strong neuter
merged into weak nouns. In the area of Hvítvall in North Western
Eastern Eittland, a complete merger between the three types of nouns
happened around the 1850s, where everything is declined as a weak
noun.
Nethertheless, declensions are no longer productive in most Modern
Eittlandic dialects. They are still mostly used in formal and written
speech, but they are less and less frequently used in less formal
circumstances and in oral speech. The Royal Academy for Literature,
which authored the Standard Eittlandic, even recommends not using
grammatical cases when using this dialect as they are seen as
reduntand with other syntactic strategies. While the recommendation is
mostly followed, speakers still tend to use the singular genetive
declension oraly. Younger folks at the time of writing even tend to
regularize it as /-ar/ for strong neuter and weak nouns.
One exception to declensions no longer being productive is in and
around the Hylfjaltr Kingdom exclave in southern Eittland where
speakers of its local dialect tend instead to favor strong nouns for
speakers of its local dialect tend instead to favour strong nouns for
newer terms. Hence, while most dialects agree on “internet” (pl.nom
/internetr/, pl.dat /internetum/) being a weak noun, this dialect treats
it as either a strong feminine (sg.gen /internetar/, pl.nom&acc
/internetr/, pl.dat /internetum/) or a strong neuter (sg.gen /internets/,
pl.dat /internetum/) --- the difference is due to subdivisions in said
dialect, mainly between rural and urban areas favoring the former and
dialect, mainly between rural and urban areas favouring the former and
the latter respectively.
There are some regular exceptions to the declension system. The first
@ -703,7 +745,7 @@ numerals have declensions as discussed in [[file:word-structure-and-classes.md#n
| Gen. | ein | einn | eits |
**** Definite articles
As in other scandinavian languages, definite articles in Eittlandic
As in other Scandinavian languages, definite articles in Eittlandic
act as suffixes to the noun and fully replace its declension as it has
case marking itself. The full declension table of definite articles
can be found in the table below. As we can see, the definite articles
@ -773,11 +815,11 @@ Due to the presence of declensions with strong nouns and adjectives,
its pronouns, and to a certain degree different articles, it can still
be said Eittlandic is a gendered language, although it doesn’t hold
much importance in its grammar any more. Since strong nouns aren’t
productive anymore and weak nouns lost all obvious gender differences,
we can even consider gender as not productive anymore in Eittlandic
and bound to eventually disappear. In fact, the loss of gender is even
stronger in Standard Eittlandic due to the theoretical absence of
declensions in this dialect.
productive any more and weak nouns lost all obvious gender
differences, we can even consider gender as not productive any more in
Eittlandic and bound to eventually disappear. In fact, the loss of
gender is even stronger in Standard Eittlandic due to the theoretical
absence of declensions in this dialect.
In case a strong noun is used with a strong adjective, both will agree
in number and gender.
@ -815,7 +857,7 @@ in number and gender.
# - How are predicate adjective formed? (Include a separate section on
# predicate adjectives only if they are structurally distinct from
# predicate nominals.)
*** Locative Predicat
*** Locative Predicates
# - How are locational clauses (or predicate locatives) formed?
*** Existential Predicates
# - How are existential clauses formed? (Give examples in different

211
docs/eittlandic/names-and-places.org Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
#+title: Names and Places
#+setupfile: ../headers
* Names and Places
** Names
*** A
**** Arvid I Geirson
Titles:
- King of Western Eittland (1398)
- High King of Western Eittland (1398)
*** Á
**** Áleifr I Ásmundson
Son of [[file:./names-and-places.md#asmundr-ulfsonn][Ásmundr Úlfsonn]].
Titles:
- Second King of Eittland (935 - 936)
- First King of Western Eittland (936)
- First High King of Eittland (936)
**** Ásgeirr I Biœrgson
Titles:
- King of Western Eittland (? - 1398)
- High-King of Eittland (? - 1398)
**** Ása Sigríðsdóttr
First woman to be enter the House of the Land.
Titles:
- Woman of the Land (1934 - 1963)
**** Ásmundr Úlfsonn
Titles:
- First King of Eittland (915 - 935)
*** B
**** Bárður Márusson
First Icelandic citizen to be elected to the House of the People.
Titles:
- Man of the People (1982 - 2002)
*** E
**** Eirikr IV Ásgeirsbróðr
Brother of [[file:./names-and-places.md#asgeirr-i-biœrgson][Ásgeirr I Biœrgson]]
Titles:
- Co-King of Eastern Eittland (? - 1398)
**** Eyvindr III Hallþórsbróðr
Known for founding the first raðuneyt in Eastern Eittland in 1283.
Brother of [[file:./names-and-places.md#hallþorr-v-gunhildson][Hallþórr V Gunhildson]].
Titles:
- Co-King of Eastern Eittland (? - ?)
- Co-King of Western Eittland (? - ?)
**** Eríkr V
Titles:
- King of Eastern Eittland (? - 1977)
- Acting High Queen of Eittland (1987 - 1989)
- King of Western Eittland (1977 - 1989)
- High King of Eittland (1977 - 1989)
*** H
**** Hallþórr V Gunhildson
First king to create a raðuneyt in Eittland in 1278.
Titles:
- King of Eastern Eittland (? - ?)
- King of Western Eittland (? - ?)
- High King of Eittland (? - ?)
**** Harald III
Brother of [[file:./names-and-places.md#erikr-v][Eríkr V]].
Titles:
- Co-King of Eastern Eittland (? - 1987)
- Acting King of Western Eittland (1987 - 1989)
**** Havardr I Arvidsbróðr
Brother of [[file:./names-and-places.md#arvid-i-geirson][Arvid I Geirson]]
Titles:
- Co-King of Eastern Eittland (1398)
*** K
**** Kari Nialsdóttr
First woman to be elected to the House of the People.
Titles:
- Woman of the People (1905 - 1927 and 1935 - 1956)
*** N
**** Njall III Eríksdóttir
Current High Queen of Eittland. Daughter of [[file:./names-and-places.md#erikr-v][Eríkr V]].
Titles:
- Queen of Eastern Eittland (1987 - 2003)
- Queen of Western Eittland (2003 - present)
- High Queen of Eittland (2003 - present)
*** Ó
**** Ólafr V
Known for the /Last Royal Decree/ in 1826, see [[file:./country.md#constitutional-monarchy][Constitutional Monarchy]].
Titles:
- King of Eastern Eittland (? - ?)
- King of Western Eittland (? - ?)
- High King for Eittland (? - ?)
*** P
**** Páll Jónsson
First Icelander to get elected as Town Master in Eittland.
Titles:
- Town Master of EldHeim (1965 - 1980)
*** R
**** Ragnarr Sigurðsbróðr
Known for being the driving force ehind the creation of the
/Vétalsráðuneyt/.
Titles:
- Co-King of Western Eittland
*** S
**** Steingrímr I Áleifsbróðr
Son of [[file:./names-and-places.md#asmundr-ulfsonn][Ásmundr Úlfsonn]], brother of [[file:./names-and-places.md#aleifr-i-asmundson][Áleifr I Ásmundson]].
Titles:
- First Co-King of Eastern Eittland (936)
- First Co-King of Western Eittland
*** V
**** Valgeir Þórinnson
First Eittlander to be elected to the Icelandic parliament.
Titles:
- Member of the Icelandic parliament (1983 - 1997)
** Places
*** B
**** Britensfjallváll
litt. /Britain’s fire plains/
Place where British troops landed during the 1775 Anglo-Eittlandic
war. Formerly known as [[file:./names-and-places.md#eldryksvall][Eldryksváll]].
*** E
**** Eldøy
litt. /Fire Island/
Outdated name for Eittland and Iceland
**** Eldfjall
litt. /Fire Mountain/
General central region of Eittland where most active volcanoes are
**** Eldryksváll
litt /fire dust plain/
Old name of [[file:./names-and-places.md#britensfjallvall][Britensfjallváll]]
*** F
**** Fjallheim
litt. /mountain home/.
Northwestern peninsula of Eittland
*** H
**** Hylfjaltr
Etymology uncertain.
Capital of Western Eittland.
*** K
**** Kóparváll
litt. /young seals plains/
Major commercial in the same bay as Đeberget, south east of the
capital, in Western Eittland
*** T
**** Tvinnár
Unclear etymology, popular etymology of /twin years/
Major commercial east of Hylfjaltr in Eastern Eittland.
*** V
**** Vátrsteinn
litt /wet stone/
Port city in the Eastern Eittlandic exclave in Southwestern Eittland.
**** Vestrferðaróss
litt. /wet fjord’s mouth/
Eastern Eittlandic port town, east of the [[file:./names-and-places.md#britensfjallvall][Britensfjallváll]] where
British troops landed in 1775.
**** Vestrheim
litt. /West Home/
City in Eastern Eitttland, first settlement in the country. Its
inhabinants are called /Vestrheiming/ (pl. /Vestreimingjar/)
*** Ð
**** Ðeberget
Etymology uncertain.
Capital of Eastern Eittland.