diff --git a/docs/.dir-locals.el b/docs/.dir-locals.el index a1a020d..a650af1 100644 --- a/docs/.dir-locals.el +++ b/docs/.dir-locals.el @@ -1,5 +1,6 @@ ;;; Directory Local Variables -*- no-byte-compile: t -*- ;;; For more information see (info "(emacs) Directory Variables") -((org-mode . ((org-list-allow-alphabetical . nil) +((org-mode . ((langtool-default-language . "en-GB") + (org-list-allow-alphabetical . nil) (org-confirm-babel-evaluate . nil)))) diff --git a/docs/.vuepress/config.ts b/docs/.vuepress/config.ts index d35df6a..f6a7253 100644 --- a/docs/.vuepress/config.ts +++ b/docs/.vuepress/config.ts @@ -38,26 +38,12 @@ export default defineUserConfig({ link: '/eittlandic/', collapsible: true, children: [ - { - text: 'The Country', - link: '/eittlandic/country', - }, - { - text: 'Linguistic Typology', - link: '/eittlandic/typology', - }, - { - text: 'Phonology', - link: '/eittlandic/phonology', - }, - { - text: 'Grammar', - link: '/eittlandic/grammar', - }, - { - text: 'Dictionary', - link: '/eittlandic/dictionary', - }, + '/eittlandic/country', + '/eittlandic/typology', + '/eittlandic/phonology', + '/eittlandic/grammar', + '/eittlandic/names-and-places', + '/eittlandic/dictionary', ], }, { @@ -65,30 +51,12 @@ export default defineUserConfig({ link: '/proto-nyqy/', collapsible: true, children: [ - { - text: 'Introduction', - link: '/proto-nyqy/introduction', - }, - { - text: 'Culture and People', - link: '/proto-nyqy/culture-and-people', - }, - { - text: 'Linguistic Typology', - link: '/proto-nyqy/typology', - }, - { - text: 'Phonology', - link: '/proto-nyqy/phonology', - }, - { - text: 'Syntax', - link: '/proto-nyqy/syntax', - }, - { - text: 'Dictionary', - link: '/proto-nyqy/dictionary', - }, + '/proto-nyqy/introduction', + '/proto-nyqy/culture-and-people', + '/proto-nyqy/typology', + '/proto-nyqy/phonology', + '/proto-nyqy/syntax', + '/proto-nyqy/dictionary', ], }, '/zikãti', diff --git a/docs/eittlandic/country.org b/docs/eittlandic/country.org index 512d8d0..c824e28 100644 --- a/docs/eittlandic/country.org +++ b/docs/eittlandic/country.org @@ -3,15 +3,15 @@ * The Country of Eittland ** Eittlandic Geography -Eittland is an active volcanic island. In its center we can find the +Eittland is an active volcanic island. In its centre we can find the most active volcanoes, surrounded by glaciers and some regular mountains. It is surrounded by some taiga, taiga plains covered mainly by ashen pines (/pinus fraxinus/), and a large cold desert covering most -of the center of the island and its northern eastern part. Outside +of the centre of the island and its northern eastern part. Outside this largely unpopulated region, Eastern Eittland mainly consists of grasslands with some temperate rainforests on its southern shores as well as some occasional wetland and marshes. On the other hand, -Western Eittland has a lot more temperate deciduos forests, temperate +Western Eittland has a lot more temperate deciduous forests, temperate rainforests and some more wetlands and marshes still. Three small cold deserts spawn in Western Eittland, including one north-east of Đeberget not far from the city. More details can be found in the map @@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ fjords and the numerous fjords found in the western part of the island are characteristic of much older parts of Eittland. The Fjord themselves were formed during the last ice age, while the smoother shore lines formed since. Western Eittland also has two main bays -which are two very old caldeira volcanoes. It is not known whether +which are two very old caldera volcanoes. It is not known whether they will be one day active again or not. ** Culture The Eittlandic people share a common basis for their culture which -remained rather conservative for much longer than the other nordic +remained rather conservative for much longer than the other Nordic people due to its resistance towards Christianity conversion. The number of people adhering to Norse beliefs remained very high through the ages and only recently began declining, going from 93% of @@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ any Eittlandic dialect, all of them being immigrants or children of immigrants. It is therefore safe to say Eittlandic is still going strong and does not face any risk of disappearing anytime soon, although we might be at the start of the decline of the historical -dialects of Eittland in favor of Standard Eittlandic. +dialects of Eittland in favour of Standard Eittlandic. In this document, you will see references to both Standard Eittlandic and Modern Eittlandic. Although some people use the terms @@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ and “Greenlandic” for “Greenland”. However, the second but least probable theory is the island is named after /eitr/, a mythical poison from which the first Jøtunn Ymir was created. Eittland’s waters near the volcanoes containing high amounts -of sulfur, a poison, could be what named the island. This association +of sulphur, a poison, could be what named the island. This association with poison, as well as the association to the place where it was found, /Ginnungagap/, could have acted as a deterrent to prevent people outsiders from coming. @@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ the mountains would also call the inner lands /Fjallheim/, meaning peninsula of Eittland. Lastly, the name /Eldøy/, /Fire Island/, was used to refer both to Eittland and Iceland due to their volcanic activity. Nowadays, the name morphed into /Eldfjall/ to refer to the volcanic -cluster at the center of the Island. +cluster at the centre of the Island. ** History *** Early Eittlandic History (late 8th century - 14th century) @@ -171,15 +171,15 @@ Halfdansson. Eittland thus became a vassal state to the Norwegian crown while retaining autonomy from it, which was granted due to the distance between the two countries. -Shortly after however, the beginning of the christianisation of the -nordic countries and especially of Norway created a new immigration -boost in Eittland with norsemen seeking a pagan land untouched by -christian faith. In 935, a year after Haakon I Haraldsson became king +Shortly after however, the beginning of the Christianisation of the +Nordic countries and especially of Norway created a new immigration +boost in Eittland with Norsemen seeking a pagan land untouched by +Christian faith. In 935, a year after Haakon I Haraldsson became king of Norway and began trying to introduce Christianity to its people, the newly crowned king Áleifr I Ásmundson of Eittland adopted a new law forbidding the Christian faith to be imported, promoted, and -practiced in Eittland. This decision forever weakened the alliance -between the two countries and detariorated their relationship. +practised in Eittland. This decision forever weakened the alliance +between the two countries and deteriorated their relationship. As more and more people in Eittland were moving to its western part due to larger opportunities with its farmlands, king Áleifr I chose in @@ -198,15 +198,15 @@ in [[file:country.md#Political-Organization][Political Organization]]. *** Crusades and Independence (13th century - 1400) As soon as the 13th century, and through the 14th century, the Teutonic Order and the Livonian Order, backed by the Holy Roman -Empire, proposed crusades against Eittland to get rid of its norse +Empire, proposed crusades against Eittland to get rid of its Norse faith. However, these never came to be due to the distance between -Eittland and mainland Europe, despite the papal authorisations in +Eittland and mainland Europe, despite the papal authorizations in 1228, 1257, 1289, 1325, and 1367. In 1397, the creation of the Kalmar Union kicked a new crusade, this time backed by the Union itself as well as the Teutonic Order --- Eric of Pomerania aimed to unify his country both religiously by getting -rid of the norse faith in Eittland and politically by getting rid of +rid of the Norse faith in Eittland and politically by getting rid of its established monarchy. A contingent sailed to Eittland to submit the island, however they were met with fierce resistance by the locals on arrival. Estimates show that while some 2,400 Eittlandic people @@ -226,20 +226,20 @@ simple, unknown health condition which coincided with the ongoing events. During the same year, the Althing elected Arvid I Geirson as the new -High King who nominated his brother Havardr I Arvidbróðr as the +High King who nominated his brother Havardr I Arvidsbróðr as the Monarch of Hylfjaltr. While the previous monarchs took a more defensive approach, they chose to become much more aggressive, striving for independence. After demands were sent to the Kalmar Union, Eittland began a series of raids on its territories, ranging from Iceland to the Faroese Islands to even two raids in Norway and Denmark. These raids only aimed trade and military ships but severely -handicaped the Union’s marine. +handicapped the Union’s marine. -On September 17th, 1400 High King Arvid Geirson of Eittland and King +On September 17th, 1400 High King Arvid I Geirson of Eittland and King Erik of the Kalmar Union met in Reykjavík to sign the Treaty of Reykjavík, during which the Kalmar Union recognized the independence of Eittland and renounced its claims to the island. On the other hand, -Eittland ceeded its Greenlandic colonies to the Kalmar Union. Both +Eittland ceded its Greenlandic colonies to the Kalmar Union. Both parties agreed to end the hostilities towards one another. While the Union no longer launched any crusades against Eittland, the @@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ were ultimately defeated thanks to reinforcement from the Kingdom of *** The Absolute Monarchy (1400 - late 1700s) Once independent, Eittland quickly became isolated among the European -nations due as it was percieved as a pagan nation by the rest of the +nations due as it was perceived as a pagan nation by the rest of the continent. For over a century, the country had to be almost entirely self-sufficient. This lead to a more in-depth survey of the resources of the land launched in 1421. Large quantities of iron were discovered @@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ white and green marble, which became its emblem. Walking in the streets of major cities today, we can still see most of the monuments and buildings from during that era made of marble. It is particularly the case in Hylfjaltr, known by the nickname of “The White City” due -to the sheer amount of monuments made of ouf this material. +to the sheer amount of monuments made out of this material. It is around this time religious wars broke out in mainland Europe, and war refugees coming at first from Scandinavia and soon enough from @@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ were accepted on the condition never to try and spread their religion on the island with the risk of expulsion back to continental Europe. At the time, the influx of refugees represented around one percent of its total population, with about two thirds of it being protestants -and the rest catholics. The local protestant population officially +and the rest Catholics. The local protestant population officially founded in 1587 the Church of Eittland. You can find in the chart below a breakdown of the various countries @@ -293,9 +293,9 @@ and regions religious refugees came from. Although Scandinavia was one of the first regions to take refuge in Eittland, most refugees came from the Holy Roman Empire and from France where religious wars were particularly violent. It is estimated most of the Protestant -population of Eittland are mainly from French descent, while the HRE’s -and Scandinavian population came with mixes of Christians and -Protestants. On the other hand most, if not all, of the English +population of Eittland are mainly from French descent, while the Holy +Roman Empire and Scandinavian population came with mixes of Christians +and Protestants. On the other hand most, if not all, of the English population was Christian. #+header: :exports none :eval no-export @@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ plot data u 2:xtic(1) #+html: Breakdown of the country or region of origin of religious refugees in the 1500s -With the beginning of coloniolization of Northern America, Eittland +With the beginning of colonization of Northern America, Eittland became a naval hotspot. Its position allowed ships to cut in half their journey if necessary and replenish their supplies. England and the Netherlands were the first countries to halt in Eittland for such @@ -341,13 +341,13 @@ On Eittland’s second refusal, England declared war and launched a land invasion of the island. The general in charge of the invasion, Sir Andrew Sapping, decided to avoid landing in fjords, judging it too risky and prone to ambushes. Instead, English troops landed in the -flatlands west of Vátrsteinn. While eittlandic troops were massing in -the nearby town of Vestrfjoðarkjapt, a volcano erupted into a +flatlands west of Vátrsteinn. While Eittlandic troops were massing in +the nearby town of Vestrferðaróss, a volcano erupted into a pyroclastic flow. The English landing site being on its path, half of the invading English forces were immediately wiped out, and two thirds -of their vessels were badly dammaged or destroyed. Immediately after +of their vessels were badly damaged or destroyed. Immediately after this, Sir Sapping surrendered to the Eittlandic troops which were -captured as prisonners of war. Due to this defeat and the sudden +captured as prisoners of war. Due to this defeat and the sudden reduction in available men and ships in the English army, the Treaty of Hylfjaltr was signed on the 25 of May of the same year. While England recognized its defeat, Eittland promised not to intervene on @@ -356,10 +356,10 @@ not the intent of Eittland in the first place). After the independence of the United States of America, Eittland not only retained its status as a maritime hotspot but also boomed as one -between Northern America and Europe. Its ports of Kóparvall and +between Northern America and Europe. Its ports of Kóparváll and Tvinnár, near Ðeberget and Hylfjaltr respectively, became the two major ports in Eittland, with Tvinnár generally favoured by ships -coming from Europe and Kóparvall favoured by ships coming from +coming from Europe and Kóparváll favoured by ships coming from Northern America. *** Industrial Revolution and Constitutional Monarchy (18th century) @@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ By the beginning of the 18th century, Eittland begins to heavily industrialize out of a need for larger and more effective ports, requiring themselves lots of various machinery and base materials. Mines in Western Eittland became much more active, extracting primary -resources such as iron, aluminum and other precious metals. +resources such as iron, aluminium and other precious metals. Due to a lack of coal in the Eittlandic island, the country had to buy it from other countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States @@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ found deposits off its Eastern coast. Oil extraction remains to this day a significant part of the Eittlandic economy, although in decline due to the deposits progressively drying up. -Industrial development mostly happen in Eastern Eittland due to its +Industrial development mostly happened in Eastern Eittland due to its flatter terrain compared to Western Eittland. Primary resources extracted from Western Eittland were primarily brought to factories by boat; although the country pushed towards building train tracks, the @@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ eastern and western parts of the country remained separated due to the frequent eruptions of the volcanoes in the central part of the island cutting off any attempt to link the two regions. -Fishing also developped as a significant activity in Eittland, most of +Fishing also developed as a significant activity in Eittland, most of its products was sold within Eittland for its people and only a small portion became available for international market. Nonetheless, Eittlandic fish slowly built a reputation of quality and became sought @@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ right to vote in any election open to the Eittlandic people. On March the High King, giving women the right to be elected at the House of the People while noblewomen got the right to inherit the title of Jarl, making them eligible to the House of the Land. Quickly after, -Kari Niallsdóttr became the first woman ever elected to the House of +Kari Nialsdóttr became the first woman ever elected to the House of the People during the general election of September 1905, while Ása Sigríðsdóttr became the first woman to enter the House of the Land in 1934. @@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ with the ability of acting as a relay between Northern America and Europe, or as a base of operations allowing for a much greater range of action. However, Eittland reaffirmed several times their will to remain neutral in any conflict. After war broke out in mainland -Europe, the United Kindom, fearing Eittland joining the Axis, offered +Europe, the United Kingdom, fearing Eittland joining the Axis, offered Eittland on January 23rd 1940 to join the Allies in order to not only benefit themselves from Eittland’s geographical advantages, but also avoid Germany to benefit from it. This proposal was once again @@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ invasion, British troops and ships arrived in Eittland, attacking the German army from the sea while Eittlanders attacked from land. The last German soldier surrendered on April 14th, eleven days after the beginning of the invasion. Eittland became then a base of operations -of the Allies in the Atlandic, strengthening their position against +of the Allies in the Atlantic, strengthening their position against German U-boats and other warships. Fearing a similar fate awaited Iceland, Eittland suggested to the @@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ country. Eittlandic ports played an important part in bringing US warships and war material to Europe, especially in the months leading up to D-Day -and the different landings in the Mediteranean Sea. +and the different landings in the Mediterranean Sea. **** Eittland-Iceland Alliance (1948 - present) When the war ended in Europe and Iceland gained its independence, a @@ -487,12 +487,12 @@ the unification, while 64% of Eittlandic voters also answered “no”. The two countries still entered a close alliance in February 1948, Iceland relying on Eittland for military protection while an economic alliance was made between both of them. While it evolved in the -following year inspired by the organisations that preceeded the +following year inspired by the organizations that preceded the European Union, some of its aspects later inspired the creation of the Schengen Area some decades later. Iceland and Eittland integrated each other’s economy tightly, while their industries interacted with one another without any restrictions due to borders or customs. The -distinction in nationality also became largly irrelevant between the +distinction in nationality also became largely irrelevant between the two countries: only a few select governmental positions are still reserved to the citizens of their birth country, generally linked to high military ranks or secret services. It was thus possible for @@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ citizens of both countries to move freely between Iceland and Eittland and live in either country as any of its citizens would while goods could also be freely exchanged. -Thus, in 1965, Páll Jónsson became the firts Icelandic citizen elected +Thus, in 1965, Páll Jónsson became the first Icelandic citizen elected to public office as the Town Master of Eldheim in Western Eittland. In May 1982, Bárður Márusson became the first Icelandic citizen to be elected to the House of the People, while Valgeir Þórinnson became the @@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ the /Konunglig Eittlandsuniversitetitsvétalsráðuneyt/ (litt. “Royal Eittland’s University’s Computer Department”), or /Vétalsráðuneyt/ for short. This accompanied a new law raising the annual budget allocated to universities in Eittland to 9% of the nation’s GDP. As the first -lab grew in size and became more and more proeminent internationally, +lab grew in size and became more and more prominent internationally, even becoming one of the leading laboratories along with MIT, Bell Labs and CERN, numerous other laboratories both public and private appeared in Eittland. Nowadays, the /Vétalsráðuneyt/ is still regarded @@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ Although it never applied for membership in the European Union, Eittland is still part of the European Economic Area as well as the Schengen Area, making it easy for European citizen as well as Eittlandic citizens to move freely in Europe. It joined these two -organisations on their creation, in 1994 and in 1995 respectively, +organizations on their creation, in 1994 and in 1995 respectively, after signing both in 1992 and 1985 respectively. In 2008, due to the economic crisis and instability of the Eittlandic @@ -586,39 +586,39 @@ people would like Eittland to join the EU, as seen below. **** Internet and Computer Boom Eittland is home to some of the largest websites in the world, -considered the European counterpart to the United States’ Sillicon +considered the European counterpart to the United States’ Silicon Valley. Some of its best known websites are Raustr, a podcast and blogging platform often compared to a Facebook or VK alternative, as well as Sønmek, a video streaming and sharing platform compared to YouTube and Twitch. An entire governmental department of the Teknikráðuneyt got assigned -to developping and auditing the Linux kernel in 2011. Although it has +to developing and auditing the Linux kernel in 2011. Although it has no official name, it is often referred to as the *pengvinsstyrsamhald*, -or *Penguins’ Batallion* in English. It was later integrated in a larger +or *Penguins’ Battalion* in English. It was later integrated in a larger department dedicated to open source software in general. In 2014, the Eittlandic government announced fully switching to free and open-source software on all levels of government. This became fully effective in 2016, with all software developed for the -government changing their license to the GPL-3.0 or AGPL-3.0 licenses +government changing their licence to the GPL-3.0 or AGPL-3.0 licences and their source code available on the Teknikráðuneyt’s website. -** Political Organisation +** Political Organization *** Kingdoms and Monarchy While Eittland is a single country, it hosts two kingdoms: the Kingdom of Đeberget in the western part of the country, and the Kingdom of Hylfjaltr in its eastern part. This is due to a separation of the -country in two halves during the reign of Eittlands second king +country in two halves during the reign of Eittland’s second king Áleifr I when he realized the difficulties he and the following monarchs of the island would face trying to rule the country alone while the latter is almost always split in two by active volcanoes. -Thus, while the two kingdoms operate very independently of each -other --- each have their own policies on economics, education, -industry, and so on --- they also operate in cooperation as the -Eittlandic High Kingdom with the king of Đeberget at its head when it -comes to common policies, such as military decision and internrational -affairs. +Thus, while the two kingdoms operate very independently of each other +--- each have their own policies on economics, education, industry, +and so on --- they also operate in cooperation as the Eittlandic High +Kingdom with the king of Đeberget at its head when it comes to common +policies, such as military decision and international affairs. + #+html: The Two Eittlandic States This means that while both governments are independent of each other @@ -664,8 +664,8 @@ designate someone to fill in the role of the monarch of Đeberget for the time being. They can also authorize the monarch of Hylfjaltr to do so in case they are unavailable and someone needs to represent the country in front of foreign representatives. The last example was -during the two last years of Eríkr IX’s reign from 1987 to 1989 when -he could not act as High King due to his illness. While he did not +during the two last years of Eríkr V’s reign from 1987 to 1989 when he +could not act as High King due to his illness. While he did not abdicate, he authorized king Harald III to act as High King while he appointed his daughter and present-day High Queen Njall III as the acting monarch of Đeberget. @@ -685,14 +685,14 @@ such as the districts of Đeberget and Hylfjaltr, which the ruler ruled without intermediaries. They are the private possessions of the family of the rulers. -On top of this the center of the island is divided in territories, one +On top of this the centre of the island is divided in territories, one administered by the government of Đeberget and two by the government of Hylfjaltr. These territories are supposedly not inhabited by anyone and are currently natural parks. This is mostly where you can find the mountains and volcanoes of Eittland as well as its cold deserts. Due to the Last Royal Decree of 1826, jarls no longer rule their -jarldom themselves anymore. Instead, a local elected government takes +jarldom themselves any more. Instead, a local elected government takes care of this role now. *** Governments @@ -714,7 +714,7 @@ In 1278, the first formal ministry (or department) was created in the Ðeberget Kingdom, called a /Ráðuneyt/ (litt. “fellowship of counsellors”) with a /Ráðunautr/ at its head, to aid the King Hallþórr V Gunhildson’s in administering agriculture. The Hylfjaltr Kingdom soon -followed, creating its own in 1283 by order of Eyvindor III +followed, creating its own in 1283 by order of Eyvindr III Steingrímson. From then, ráðuneyts were created as needed with a growing number. @@ -723,6 +723,7 @@ In 1826, fearing the revolutionary climate in mainland Europe, Ólafr V passed the appropriately named “Last Royal Decree” in 1826. This act put in place a new form of government based on the British monarchy. + The king transfers all the royal power from the rulers of Đeberget and Hylfjaltr to the House of the People and the House of the Land (the equivalent of the lower and upper Houses respectively). The House of @@ -732,24 +733,24 @@ representative would be elected plus another one for each percentage of the population of the kingdom the jarldom represents. A similar system was created for jarldoms in order to replace jarls -with locally elected governments, as well as the organisation of +with locally elected governments, as well as the organization of municipalities. At first only male landowner of the Nordic Faith could vote and could be elected. In 1886, all men of the Nordic Faith got the right to vote and be elected in the general elections. In 1902, women gained the -right to vote, and they gained the right to be elected in 1915. The law -that allowed women to vote also made the authorities stop enforcing -the restriction on the faith of the participants --- while the -original texts of 1826 and 1886 were clear on the fact only men of the -Nordic Faith were allowed to vote and be elected, women had no such -restriction making it unclear if it only applied to women or if this -restriction was revoked for everyone. Organizers of the next elections -in 1905 chose not to enforce this religious restriction and ever since -then. In 1998, Queen Siv I exceptionally used her powers of High Queen -to pass a law to clarify this issue and formally make Eittland a -non-religious country. This also removed the long unenforced ban on -other religions in Eittland. +right to vote, and they gained the right to be elected in 1915. The +law that allowed women to vote also made the authorities stop +enforcing the restriction on the faith of the participants --- while +the original texts of 1826 and 1886 were clear on the fact only men of +the Nordic Faith were allowed to vote and be elected, women had no +such restriction making it unclear if it only applied to women or if +this restriction was revoked for everyone. Organizers of the next +elections in 1905 chose not to enforce this religious restriction and +ever since then. In 1998, Queen Njall III exceptionally used her +powers of High Queen to pass a law to clarify this issue and formally +make Eittland a non-religious country. This also removed the long +unenforced ban on other religions in Eittland. Note that while the rulers of Đeberget and Hylfjaltr have lost all their power with the “Last Royal Decree”, the High Monarch remained diff --git a/docs/eittlandic/dictionary.org b/docs/eittlandic/dictionary.org index dcb92d9..9e55901 100644 --- a/docs/eittlandic/dictionary.org +++ b/docs/eittlandic/dictionary.org @@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ some abbreviations you should keep in mind: - dat :: dative - def :: definite - Eng :: English +- EON :: Early Old Norse - f :: feminine - gen :: genitive - Ger :: German @@ -54,12 +55,16 @@ be added, for instance /f.adj./ for a feminine adjective. All words are indexed by their spelling as determined by Standard Eittlandic, which roughly corresponds to the accusative of other -dialects. Each noun has its declension presented to the reader as a -guide to how it might generally look in dialects other than Standard -Eittlandic, however variations may exist from one dialect to another. -For instance, while most Eittlandic dialects lost the /ru/ part of the -dat.pl. declention, going from /férum/ to /fém/, some dialects in East -Northern Eittland still retain the former form. +dialects. + +All words are indexed by a standardized traditional spelling, with +occasionally their Standard Eittlandic spelling following it (e.g. +/gleym(a) - gløym/). Each noun has its declension presented to the +reader as a guide to how it might generally look in dialects other +than Standard Eittlandic, however variations may exist from one +dialect to another. For instance, while most Eittlandic dialects lost +the /ru/ part of the dat.pl. declention, going from /férum/ to /fém/, some +dialects in East Northern Eittland still retain the former form. Letters in parenthesis are no longer used when writing Eittlandic but are still underlying vowels that can still affect the pronunciation of @@ -77,7 +82,7 @@ it is indicated between parenthesis in the accusative case, preceeded by a dash, as in /dag(a-n)/. ** A -*** aug(a) +*** aug(a) - ój wn.n. {{{phon(ɔ̀j)}}} 1. eye @@ -90,7 +95,7 @@ wn.n. {{{phon(ɔ̀j)}}} | Gen. | augas | augats | augas | augat | ** Á -*** áng +*** áng - éng interj. {{{phon(ɛŋ)}}} 1. positive counter-factual, see the [[file:./grammar.md#questions][questions]] section of the grammar @@ -114,7 +119,19 @@ sn.n. {{{phon(borð)}}} | Dat. | borð | borðit | borðum | borðitum | | Gen. | borðs | borðits | borðs | borðit | -*** bræð +*** borg +sn.f {{{phon(borg)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/b.php#borg-I][borg]] + +1. city + +| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | +|------+--------+---------+--------+----------| +| Nom. | borgr | borginn | borgr | borginn | +| Acc. | borg | borgin | borg | borgin | +| Dat. | borg | borgin | borgum | borginum | +| Gen. | borgar | borgins | borgar | borgin | + +*** bræð - bréð sm. {{{phon(brɛð)}}} See [[file:dictionary.md#broð][/bróð/]] @@ -154,13 +171,13 @@ See [[file:dictionary.md#bok(r)][/bók/]] ** C ** D -*** djúp +*** djúp - djóp adj. {{{phon(ʒːòp)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/d.php#dj%C3%BApr][djúpr]] 1. deep 2. profound (figuratively) -*** djúplig +*** djúplig - djópleg adv. {{{phon(ʒːòpleɣ)}}}, from OE djúpr (see [[file:dictionary.md#djúp][djúp]]) with OE suffix /-ligr/ (see ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ligr#Old_Norse][-ligr]]) @@ -177,7 +194,7 @@ sn.f. {{{phon(dɔʃː)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/d.php#d%C3%B3tti | Nom. | dóttr | dóttinn | dœttr | dœttinn | | Acc. | dótt | dóttin | dœtt | dœttin | | Dat. | dótt | dóttin | dœttum | dœttinum | -| Gen. | dóttar | dóttins | dœttar | dœttin | +| Gen. | dóttir | dóttins | dœttar | dœttin | ** E *** edd(a) @@ -231,11 +248,37 @@ each appended with a grammatical /-r/ or /-ir/ (which later got reduced to | Dat. | fað | faðin | feðum | feðinum | | Gen. | faðar | faðins | feðar | feðin | +*** far(a) +iv. {{{phon(far)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#fara-A][fara]] + +1. to go + +- infinitive :: far +- imperative :: far +- imperative passive voice :: farsk +- present participle :: farand +- past participle :: farit + +| | | | | | | +| person | | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Past | Passive | +|--------+---+--------------------+---------------------+-------+---------| +| 1s | | ferr | ferir | fert | ferumk | +| 2s | | ferr | ferir | fert | ferisk | +| 3s | | ferr | ferir | fert | ferisk | +| 1p | | farum | farim | farum | farumk | +| 2p | | farið | farið | faruð | farask | +| 3p | | farið | farið | faruð | farask | + *** feð sm. {{{phon(feð)}}} See [[file:dictionary.md#fað][/fað/]] +*** ferð +sn.m. {{{phon(ferð)}}}, from EON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#fj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r][ferðr]] + +1. fjord, bay + *** fé sn.n.mass. {{{phon(fɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#f%C3%A9][fé]] (cattle) @@ -261,7 +304,7 @@ sn.m. {{{phon(fiʃk)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#fiskr][fiskr | Gen. | fiskar | fiskins | fiskar | fiskin | ** G -*** gauð +*** gauð - jauð wn.f. {{{phon(jɔʊð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/g.php#gau%C3%B0][gauð]] (/a barking/) 1. a quarrel @@ -274,7 +317,7 @@ wn.f. {{{phon(jɔʊð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/g.php#gau%C3%B0] | Dat. | gauð | gauðit | gauðum | gauðitum | | Gen. | gauðs | gauðits | gauðs | gauðit | -*** gef +*** gef - jev sn.f. {{{phon(jev)}}}, from Early Old Norse [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gj%C7%ABf#Old_Norse][gef]] 1. gift, present @@ -286,11 +329,50 @@ sn.f. {{{phon(jev)}}}, from Early Old Norse [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gj% | Dat. | gef | gefin | gefum | gefinum | | Gen. | gefar | gefins | gefar | gefin | -*** gegn +*** gegn - jegn adv. {{{phon(jeɡn̩)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gegn#Old_Norse][gegn]] 1. against, opposing +*** gleym(a) / gløym +v. {{{phon(ɡløʏm)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/g.php#gleyma][gleyma]] + +1. to forget + +- infinitive :: gleym +- imperative :: gleym +- imperative passive voice :: gleymsk +- present participle :: gleymand +- past participle :: gleymit + +| | | | | | | +| person | | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Past | Passive | +|--------+---+--------------------+---------------------+---------+----------| +| 1s | | gleymr | gleymir | gleymt | gleymumk | +| 2s | | gleymr | gleymir | gleymt | gleymask | +| 3s | | gleymr | gleymir | gleymt | gleymask | +| 1p | | gleymum | gleymir | gleymum | gleymumk | +| 2p | | gleymið | gleymið | gleymuð | gleymask | +| 3p | | gleymið | gleymið | gleymuð | gleymask | + +The verb /gleym/ takes a dative instead of an accusative. + +#+html: ::: tip Example +1. Ek gleymr opt lykillinum + + | ek | gleym-r | opt | lykill-inum | + | 1s.NOM | forget-1s.PRES | often | key-pl.DAT.ART.DEF. | + + I often forget the keys + +2. Hann haft gleymt at far til borgin + + | hann | haft | gleymt | at | far | til | borg-in | + | 3s.m.NOM | have.3s.PST | forget.3s.PST | to.DAT | go.INF | to | city-def.art.s.DAT | + + He forgot to go to the city. +#+html: + ** H *** hav(a) iv. {{{phon(haβ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hafa#Old_Norse][hafa]] @@ -314,7 +396,8 @@ iv. {{{phon(haβ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hafa#Old_Norse][h | 2p | haft | haft | haftuð | haftið | | 3p | hav | hav | haft | haft | -Note that there is no difference between singular and plural when using hav(a) in the passive voice. +Note that there is no difference between singular and plural when +using hav(a) in the passive voice. | | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Indicative Past | Subjunctive Past | |---+---------------------+---------------------+-----------------+------------------| | 1 | havumk | havumk | havumk | heðumk | @@ -333,6 +416,11 @@ wn.f. {{{phon(hɑ:ɪls)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heilsa#Old_ | Dat. | heils | heilsat | heilsum | heilsatum | | Gen. | heilsas | heilsats | heilsas | heilsat | +*** historja +wn.f. {{{phon(heʃtˈorjə)}}}, from Latin [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/historia#Latin][historia]] + +1. history + *** hjól sn.n. {{{phon(çɔl)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hj%C3%B3l#Old_Norse][hjól]] @@ -357,15 +445,15 @@ v. {{{phon(ɬer)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hlera][hlera]] - present participle :: hlerand - past participle :: hlerit -| | | | | | | -| person | | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Past | Passive | -|--------+---+--------------------+---------------------+--------+----------| -| 1s | | hlerr | hlerir | hlert | hlerumk | -| 2s | | hlerr | hlerir | hlert | hlerdisk | -| 3s | | hlerr | hlerir | hlert | hlerdisk | -| 1p | | hlerum | hlerim | hlerum | hlerumk | -| 2p | | hlerið | hlerið | hleruð | hlerdisk | -| 3p | | hlerið | hlerið | hleruð | hlerdisk | +| | | | | | | +| person | | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Past | Passive | +|--------+---+--------------------+---------------------+--------+---------| +| 1s | | hlerr | hlerir | hlert | hlerumk | +| 2s | | hlerr | hlerir | hlert | hlerask | +| 3s | | hlerr | hlerir | hlert | hlerask | +| 1p | | hlerum | hlerim | hlerum | hlerumk | +| 2p | | hlerið | hlerið | hleruð | hlerask | +| 3p | | hlerið | hlerið | hleruð | hlerask | Its secondary argument is always a secondary noun phrase if there is one. @@ -397,11 +485,11 @@ v. {{{phon(ɬuʃt)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hlusta][hlusta | person | | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Past | Passive | |--------+---+--------------------+---------------------+---------+----------| | 1s | | hlustr | hlustir | hlustat | hlustumk | -| 2s | | hlustr | hlustir | hlustat | hlustisk | -| 3s | | hlustr | hlustir | hlustat | hlustisk | +| 2s | | hlustr | hlustir | hlustat | hlustask | +| 3s | | hlustr | hlustir | hlustat | hlustask | | 1p | | hlustum | hlustim | hlustum | hlustumk | -| 2p | | hlustið | hlustið | hlustuð | hlustisk | -| 3p | | hlustið | hlustið | hlustuð | hlustisk | +| 2p | | hlustið | hlustið | hlustuð | hlustask | +| 3p | | hlustið | hlustið | hlustuð | hlustask | Its secondary argument is always a secondary noun phrase if there is one. @@ -447,7 +535,7 @@ v. {{{phon(ɲ̥ɔ̀ːs)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hnj%C3%B3 1. to sneeze -*** hrifs +*** hrifs - hrivs n. {{{phon(r̥ivs)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hrifs][hrifs]] 1. assault, mugging @@ -462,11 +550,16 @@ adv. {{{phon(ʍɑt)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hvat#Old_Norse] 1. what -*** hví +*** hví - hve adv. {{{phon(ʍè)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hv%C3%AD#Old_Norse][hví]] 1. why +*** hvít +adj. {{{phon(ʍɛ̀t)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hv%C3%ADtr][hvítr]] + +1. white + ** I *** ikkí interj. {{{phon(ixːə)}}} @@ -478,14 +571,14 @@ From an unkwnown Greenlandic language, compare with modern Greenlandic ** Í ** J -*** já -{{{phon(jɛ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/j%C3%A1#Old_Norse][já]] +*** já - jé +{{{phon(jɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/j%C3%A1#Old_Norse][já]] 1. (adv) yes 2. (interj) yes (as an exclamation of joy) ** K -*** kaup(a) +*** kaup(a) - kóp n. {{{phon(kɔp)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kaupa#Old_Norse][kaupa]] 1. commerce @@ -503,12 +596,12 @@ sv. {{{phon(kom)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/koma#Old_Norse][ko 1. to come -*** konung +*** Konung - Kononɡ sn.m. {{{phon(ˈkonoŋ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/konungr#Old_Norse][konungr]] 1. king -*** konunɡliɡ +*** konunɡliɡ - konongleg {{{phon(konoŋleɣ)}}}, from [[file:./dictionary.md#konung][konung]] and suffix /-lig/. 1. adv. royaly @@ -527,12 +620,20 @@ sn.n. {{{phon(land)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/land#Old_Norse] | Dat. | land | landit | landum | landitum | | Gen. | lands | landits | lands | landit | +*** lykil +wn.m. {{{phon(lykil)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/l.php#lykill][lykill]] + +1. key (to a keyhole, to a lock,…) +2. musical key + +| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | +|------+--------+----------+---------+-----------| +| Nom. | lykil | lykilit | lykill | lykilitr | +| Acc. | lykil | lykilit | lykil | lykilit | +| Dat. | lykil | lykilit | lykilum | lykilitum | +| Gen. | lykils | lykilits | lykils | lykilit | + ** M -*** myrɡunn -m. {{{phon(ˈmyrɡunː)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myrginn#Old_Norse][myrgunn]] - -1. morning, aurora - *** metr(o) wn.n. {{{phon(metr)}}}, from French “métro” @@ -547,8 +648,30 @@ wn.n. {{{phon(metr)}}}, from French “métro” See also [[file:./dictionary.md#undirland][undirland]] +*** með +adv. {{{phon(með)}}} + +1. with +2. prefix with, co-smth. See + +*** Meðkonung +sn.m. {{{phon(meðˈkonoŋ)}}}, see [[file:./dictionary.md#með][með]] and [[file:./dictionary.md#konung-kononɡ][konung - kononɡ]] + +1. Co-King + +*** mið +adj. {{{phon(mið)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/m.php#mi%C3%B0r][miðr]] + +1. middle (physically and temporaly) +2. midways + +*** myrɡunn +m. {{{phon(ˈmyrɡunː)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myrginn#Old_Norse][myrgunn]] + +1. morning, aurora + ** N -*** ná +*** ná - né adv. {{{phon(nɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/n%C3%A1#Old_Norse][ná]] 1. now @@ -572,7 +695,7 @@ adv. {{{phon(nɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/n%C3%A1#Old_Nor I’m coming from the university. #+html: ::: -*** náng +*** náng - néng interj. {{{phon(nɛŋ)}}} 1. negative counter-factual, see the [[file:./grammar.md#questions][questions]] section of the grammar @@ -588,7 +711,7 @@ Proto-Eskimoan /*nanka/, and Western Greenlandic /naagga/. 1. (adv.) no 2. (interj) no, as an exclamation of panic, regret -*** norvegsúlf(r) +*** norvegsúlf(r) - norvejsólv m. {{{phon(ˈnorβejsˌòlv)}}}, from ON /Noregs/ (genitive of ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/n.php#noregr][Noregr]]) and ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ulfr#Old_Norse][úlfr]] @@ -600,20 +723,30 @@ inherited the simpler /úlfr/ term. Noun composed by Old Norse /noregs/ (genitive of /Noregr/, /Norway/) and /úlfr/. ** O +*** opt - oft +adv. {{{phon(oɸt)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/o.php#opt][opt]] + +1. often + ** Ó -*** óglað +*** óglað - ógjœð adj. {{{phon(ˈɔ̀ɡʲœð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/oo.php#%C3%B3gla%C3%B0r][óglaðr]] 1. very sad, depressed, miserable +*** óss +sn.m. {{{phon(ɔ̀sː)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/oo.php#%C3%B3ss][óss]] + +1. river mouth +2. fjord mouth ** P -*** pengvin +*** pengvin - pengven n. {{{phon(ˈpeŋβen)}}}, from French [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pingouin#French][pingouin]] through Danish [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pingvin#Danish][pingvin]] 1. penguin ** R -*** ráðuneyt(i) +*** ráðuneyt(i) - réðoneyt wn.m. {{{phon(ˈrɛ̀ðoˌnœʏt)}}}, from OI [[https://old-norse.net/html/r.php#r%C3%A1%C3%B0uneyti][ráðuneyti]] 1. Ministry @@ -626,13 +759,13 @@ v. {{{phon(siːʃː)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sitja#Old_Nors 1. to sit 2. to represent (politics) -*** sjá +*** sjá - sjé v. {{{phon(ʃɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sj%C3%A1#Old_Norse][sjá]] 1. to see 2. to understand -*** skilj(a) +*** skilj(a) - skij v. {{{phon(ʃkiːʎ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skilja#Old_Norse][skilja]] 1. to differenciate @@ -687,18 +820,18 @@ and [[file:./dictionary.md#land][land]] See also [[file:./dictionary.md#metr-o][metr(o)]] -*** universitet +*** universitet - oneversetet wn.n. {{{phon(oneˈβersetet)}}}, from German [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t#German][Universität]] 1. university -*** uppá +*** uppá - offá prep. {{{phon(ˈuɸːə̀)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/u.php#upp%C3%A1][uppá]] 1. upon ** Ú -*** úlf(r) +*** úlf(r) - olv m. {{{phon(òlv)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ulfr][úlfr]] 1. wolf-dog. See also /noregsúlfr/. @@ -731,6 +864,11 @@ iv. {{{phon(βer)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vera#Old_Norse][v | 2p | eruð | séð | varð | várið | | 3p | er | sé | var | vár | +*** vest +adv. {{{phon(βeʃt)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/v.php#vestr][vestr]] + +1. West, westward + *** vél sc.f. {{{phon(βɛl)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/v%C3%A9l#Old_Norse][vél]] @@ -759,7 +897,7 @@ See [[file:./dictionary.md#veisheit][veisheit]] for a more general term for /wis ** Z ** Ø ** Œ -*** Œgir +*** Œgir - Œjer m. {{{phon(ˈœjer)}}} 1. A mythical beast residing in the forests of the western @@ -775,3 +913,13 @@ Eittlandic fjords. | Acc. | | | | | | Dat. | | | | | | Gen. | | | | | + +| | | | | | | +| person | | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Past | Passive | +|--------+---+--------------------+---------------------+------+---------| +| 1s | | | | | | +| 2s | | | | | | +| 3s | | | | | | +| 1p | | | | | | +| 2p | | | | | | +| 3p | | | | | | diff --git a/docs/eittlandic/grammar.org b/docs/eittlandic/grammar.org index 531c291..d855d2f 100644 --- a/docs/eittlandic/grammar.org +++ b/docs/eittlandic/grammar.org @@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ Here we also have few changes from the Early Old Norse pronouns for the third persons, singular and plural. An additional set of pronouns contains reflexive pronouns. This one is -relatively small, as it does not agree in person, number, or -gender.However, it still agrees in case. Note that there is no -nominative reflexive pronoun in Eittlandic. +relatively small, as it does not agree in person, number, or gender. +However, it still agrees in case. Note that there is no nominative +reflexive pronoun in Eittlandic. | Nominative | - | | Accusative | sik | | Dative | sér | @@ -82,9 +82,9 @@ Eittlandic and Old Norse, in favour of the sets containing /hinn/ and It is interesting to see that this set of pronouns retained some differences between their masculine and feminine form, which has -become quite rare in Modern Eittlandic. These are used in a similar -way as “that” or “those” in English, designating elements or things -that are judged as distant by the speaker from themselves. +become quite rare in Modern Eittlandic. These are used similarly to +“that” or “those” in English, designating elements or things that are +judged as distant by the speaker from themselves. On the other hand, the following pronouns containing /þess/ relate to the words “this” and “these” in English. @@ -93,25 +93,38 @@ the words “this” and “these” in English. Possessive pronouns in Eittlandic simply are the genitive form of the personal pronouns shown [[file:./grammar.md#personal-pronouns][above]]. The pronoun agrees with the owner in person and number, and in gender when the third person is used, as in -English. They have two different usage. +English. -The first and more formal usage, inherited from Old Norse, is to -precede the noun phrase owned by the owner with the genitive pronoun. -For instance, /mín katt/ means /my cat/ while /þeim katt/ means /their cat/ -(as shown in [[file:./grammar.md#case-marking][Case Marking]], we have no way to know if /katt/, a strong -common word, is singular or plural accusative). +They generally replace a whole nominative proposition, such as with +the example below. -The second and more casual way to express possession is using the -definite form of a word and placing the possessive pronoun after it. -We can adapt the previous examples of /my cat/ and /their cat/ as /kattin -mín/ and /kattin þeim/. +#+html: ::: tip Example +– Havir þú historiabøk? +– Ek haft gleymt mín +#+html: ::: -While these two forms provide a difference in tone, the second form is -more limited as it only allows single word noun phrases to be the -possessed element while the first allows more complex noun phrases. -The sentence /mín kattrinn komand frá heim/ (/my cat coming from home/) -would need to be modified in order to fit the second structure, such -as /kattrinn mín, hvar komr frá heim/ (/my cat, who is coming from home/). +You can compare them to English possessive pronouns like /mine/, /yours/, +or /theirs/. + +# That’s possessive adjectives, move it in the right header + +# The first and more formal usage, inherited from Old Norse, is to +# precede the noun phrase owned by the owner with the genitive pronoun. +# For instance, /mín katt/ means /my cat/ while /þeim katt/ means /their cat/ +# (as shown in [[file:./grammar.md#case-marking][Case Marking]], we have no way to know if /katt/, a strong +# common word, is singular or plural accusative). + +# The second and more casual way to express possession is using the +# definite form of a word and placing the possessive pronoun after it. +# We can adapt the previous examples of /my cat/ and /their cat/ as /kattin +# mín/ and /kattin þeim/. + +# While these two forms provide a difference in tone, the second form is +# more limited as it only allows single word noun phrases to be the +# possessed element while the first allows more complex noun phrases. +# The sentence /mín kattrinn komand frá heim/ (/my cat coming from home/) +# would need to be modified in order to fit the second structure, such +# as /kattrinn mín, hvar komr frá heim/ (/my cat, who is coming from home/). *** Verbs # - What are the distributional properties of verbs? @@ -247,26 +260,27 @@ remaining difference between strong and weak verbs. | 1s | | ferumk | berjumk | | 2s | | ferisk | berjaðisk | | 3s | | ferisk | berjaðisk | -| 1p | | farask | berjaðisk | +| 1p | | farumk | berjumk | | 2p | | farask | berjaðisk | | 3p | | farask | berjaðisk | There is only one minor difference for the subjunctive mood: both the -first person singular and plural change to /-imk/ instead of /-umk/. +first-person singular and plural change to /-imk/ instead of /-umk/. Imperative, on the other hand, only works with the second person in the present tense by appending an /-sk/ at the end of the infinitive of the verb. Due to this uniformisation of the passive voice in Eittlandic, Eittlanders began using the verbs /ver(a)/ and /hav(a)/ (respectively /to -be/ and /to have/) as auxilliaries preceeding the verb in order to convey +be/ and /to have/) as auxiliaries preceding the verb in order to convey the subject, tense, and mood agreement. The verb /ver(a)/ is most often used in active verbs, while the verb /hav(a)/ is generally used with -stative verbs. While all verbs have a default auxilliary, such as +stative verbs. While all verbs have a default auxiliary, such as /ver(a)/ for a verb like /et(a)/ (/to eat/), the speaker may choose to use -the other auxilliary in order to increase or decrease the agency of -the semantic agent (not the syntactic agent), even if it is not -present in the sentence. +the other auxiliary in order to increase or decrease the agency of the +semantic agent (not the syntactic agent), even if it is not present in +the sentence. + #+html: ::: tip Example - Ek var brennumk mik | ek | var | brenn-umk | mik | @@ -300,7 +314,7 @@ completely removing it from the sentence. *** Modifiers :noexport: # - If you posit a morphosyntactic category of adjectives, give -# evidence for not grouping theseforms with the verbs or nouns. What +# evidence for not grouping these forms with the verbs or nouns. What # characterizes a form as being an adjective in this language? # - How can you characterize semantically the class of concepts coded # by this formal category? @@ -313,7 +327,10 @@ completely removing it from the sentence. # - Do numerals agree with their head nouns (number, case, noun # class, ...)? **** Descriptive Adjectives :noexport: -**** Non-Numeral Quantifiers :noexport: +Similarly to verbs, adjectives in Eittlandic underwent + +**** Possessive Adjectives +**** Non-Numeral Quantifiers :noexport: **** Numerals :noexport: *** Adverbs :noexport: @@ -436,7 +453,7 @@ syntactic dative of the verb. **** Yes/No questions Yes/no questions are generally answered by /já/ or /nei/ (/yes/ or /no/ respectively), sometimes with a repeat of the core of the sentence to -confirm the anwser. +confirm the reply. #+html: ::: tip Example - Komr han í dag með faðin hans? @@ -505,7 +522,7 @@ on its erroneous nature. Some yes/no questions are sometimes asked in a very reduced form, without a full verbal sentence and only consisting of a noun phrase. -Think of questions like /Coffe?/ or /Another cookie?/ in English. Such +Think of questions like /Coffee?/ or /Another cookie?/ in English. Such questions in Eittlandic require the final word /vit/. #+html: ::: tip Example @@ -614,26 +631,51 @@ neuter and weak nouns. The declension system completely merged weak nouns which are no longer distinguished by gender. Strong masculine and strong feminine also got merged into strong common. -Declensions are no longer productive in almost all Modern Eittlandic -dialects. They are still mostly used in formal and written speech, but -they are less and less used in less formal circumstances and in oral -speech. The Royal Academy for Literature, which authored Standard -Eittlandic, even recommends not using grammatical cases when using -this dialect as they are reduntand with other syntactic strategies. -While the recommendation is mostly followed, speakers still tend to -use the singular genetive declension oraly. Younger folks at the time -of writing even tend to regularize it as /-ar/ for strong neuter and -weak nouns. +We end up with the following declension system in Eittlandic. + +#+name: tbl:eittlandic-noun-inflexion +#+caption: Eittlandic noun inflexion +| / | | | | | +| | | Strong Common | Strong Neuter | Weak Nouns | +|---+------------+---------------+---------------+------------| +| | Sing. Nom. | -r | | | +| | Acc. | | | | +| | Dat. | | | | +| | Gen. | -(a)r | -s | -s | +| | Plur. Nom. | -r | | -r | +| | Acc. | | | | +| | Dat. | -um | -um | -um | +| | Gen. | -(a)r | -s | -s | + +The /-ar/ ending drops the /a/ when an underlying ending vowel is present +in a word, as with /dótt/ (daughter) becoming /dóttir/ in its genitive +form. In some regions of Eittland, such as in the area of Vátrsteinn, +a strong neuter / weak noun merger is in effect, where strong neuter +merged into weak nouns. In the area of Hvítvall in North Western +Eastern Eittland, a complete merger between the three types of nouns +happened around the 1850s, where everything is declined as a weak +noun. + +Nethertheless, declensions are no longer productive in most Modern +Eittlandic dialects. They are still mostly used in formal and written +speech, but they are less and less frequently used in less formal +circumstances and in oral speech. The Royal Academy for Literature, +which authored the Standard Eittlandic, even recommends not using +grammatical cases when using this dialect as they are seen as +reduntand with other syntactic strategies. While the recommendation is +mostly followed, speakers still tend to use the singular genetive +declension oraly. Younger folks at the time of writing even tend to +regularize it as /-ar/ for strong neuter and weak nouns. One exception to declensions no longer being productive is in and around the Hylfjaltr Kingdom exclave in southern Eittland where -speakers of its local dialect tend instead to favor strong nouns for +speakers of its local dialect tend instead to favour strong nouns for newer terms. Hence, while most dialects agree on “internet” (pl.nom /internetr/, pl.dat /internetum/) being a weak noun, this dialect treats it as either a strong feminine (sg.gen /internetar/, pl.nom&acc /internetr/, pl.dat /internetum/) or a strong neuter (sg.gen /internets/, pl.dat /internetum/) --- the difference is due to subdivisions in said -dialect, mainly between rural and urban areas favoring the former and +dialect, mainly between rural and urban areas favouring the former and the latter respectively. There are some regular exceptions to the declension system. The first @@ -703,7 +745,7 @@ numerals have declensions as discussed in [[file:word-structure-and-classes.md#n | Gen. | ein | einn | eits | **** Definite articles -As in other scandinavian languages, definite articles in Eittlandic +As in other Scandinavian languages, definite articles in Eittlandic act as suffixes to the noun and fully replace its declension as it has case marking itself. The full declension table of definite articles can be found in the table below. As we can see, the definite articles @@ -772,12 +814,12 @@ Modern Eittlandic nouns and adjectives. Due to the presence of declensions with strong nouns and adjectives, its pronouns, and to a certain degree different articles, it can still be said Eittlandic is a gendered language, although it doesn’t hold -much importance in its grammar anymore. Since strong nouns aren’t -productive anymore and weak nouns lost all obvious gender differences, -we can even consider gender as not productive anymore in Eittlandic -and bound to eventually disappear. In fact, the loss of gender is even -stronger in Standard Eittlandic due to the theoretical absence of -declensions in this dialect. +much importance in its grammar any more. Since strong nouns aren’t +productive any more and weak nouns lost all obvious gender +differences, we can even consider gender as not productive any more in +Eittlandic and bound to eventually disappear. In fact, the loss of +gender is even stronger in Standard Eittlandic due to the theoretical +absence of declensions in this dialect. In case a strong noun is used with a strong adjective, both will agree in number and gender. @@ -815,7 +857,7 @@ in number and gender. # - How are predicate adjective formed? (Include a separate section on # predicate adjectives only if they are structurally distinct from # predicate nominals.) -*** Locative Predicat +*** Locative Predicates # - How are locational clauses (or predicate locatives) formed? *** Existential Predicates # - How are existential clauses formed? (Give examples in different diff --git a/docs/eittlandic/names-and-places.org b/docs/eittlandic/names-and-places.org new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9b813ee --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/eittlandic/names-and-places.org @@ -0,0 +1,211 @@ +#+title: Names and Places +#+setupfile: ../headers +* Names and Places +** Names +*** A +**** Arvid I Geirson +Titles: +- King of Western Eittland (1398) +- High King of Western Eittland (1398) + +*** Á +**** Áleifr I Ásmundson +Son of [[file:./names-and-places.md#asmundr-ulfsonn][Ásmundr Úlfsonn]]. + +Titles: +- Second King of Eittland (935 - 936) +- First King of Western Eittland (936) +- First High King of Eittland (936) + +**** Ásgeirr I Biœrgson +Titles: +- King of Western Eittland (? - 1398) +- High-King of Eittland (? - 1398) + +**** Ása Sigríðsdóttr +First woman to be enter the House of the Land. + +Titles: +- Woman of the Land (1934 - 1963) + +**** Ásmundr Úlfsonn +Titles: +- First King of Eittland (915 - 935) + + +*** B +**** Bárður Márusson +First Icelandic citizen to be elected to the House of the People. + +Titles: +- Man of the People (1982 - 2002) + +*** E +**** Eirikr IV Ásgeirsbróðr +Brother of [[file:./names-and-places.md#asgeirr-i-biœrgson][Ásgeirr I Biœrgson]] + +Titles: +- Co-King of Eastern Eittland (? - 1398) + +**** Eyvindr III Hallþórsbróðr +Known for founding the first raðuneyt in Eastern Eittland in 1283. +Brother of [[file:./names-and-places.md#hallþorr-v-gunhildson][Hallþórr V Gunhildson]]. + +Titles: +- Co-King of Eastern Eittland (? - ?) +- Co-King of Western Eittland (? - ?) + +**** Eríkr V +Titles: +- King of Eastern Eittland (? - 1977) +- Acting High Queen of Eittland (1987 - 1989) +- King of Western Eittland (1977 - 1989) +- High King of Eittland (1977 - 1989) + +*** H +**** Hallþórr V Gunhildson +First king to create a raðuneyt in Eittland in 1278. + +Titles: +- King of Eastern Eittland (? - ?) +- King of Western Eittland (? - ?) +- High King of Eittland (? - ?) + +**** Harald III +Brother of [[file:./names-and-places.md#erikr-v][Eríkr V]]. + +Titles: +- Co-King of Eastern Eittland (? - 1987) +- Acting King of Western Eittland (1987 - 1989) + +**** Havardr I Arvidsbróðr +Brother of [[file:./names-and-places.md#arvid-i-geirson][Arvid I Geirson]] + +Titles: +- Co-King of Eastern Eittland (1398) +*** K +**** Kari Nialsdóttr +First woman to be elected to the House of the People. + +Titles: +- Woman of the People (1905 - 1927 and 1935 - 1956) +*** N +**** Njall III Eríksdóttir +Current High Queen of Eittland. Daughter of [[file:./names-and-places.md#erikr-v][Eríkr V]]. + +Titles: +- Queen of Eastern Eittland (1987 - 2003) +- Queen of Western Eittland (2003 - present) +- High Queen of Eittland (2003 - present) + +*** Ó +**** Ólafr V +Known for the /Last Royal Decree/ in 1826, see [[file:./country.md#constitutional-monarchy][Constitutional Monarchy]]. + +Titles: +- King of Eastern Eittland (? - ?) +- King of Western Eittland (? - ?) +- High King for Eittland (? - ?) + +*** P +**** Páll Jónsson +First Icelander to get elected as Town Master in Eittland. + +Titles: +- Town Master of EldHeim (1965 - 1980) + +*** R +**** Ragnarr Sigurðsbróðr +Known for being the driving force ehind the creation of the +/Vétalsráðuneyt/. + +Titles: +- Co-King of Western Eittland + +*** S +**** Steingrímr I Áleifsbróðr +Son of [[file:./names-and-places.md#asmundr-ulfsonn][Ásmundr Úlfsonn]], brother of [[file:./names-and-places.md#aleifr-i-asmundson][Áleifr I Ásmundson]]. + +Titles: +- First Co-King of Eastern Eittland (936) +- First Co-King of Western Eittland + +*** V +**** Valgeir Þórinnson +First Eittlander to be elected to the Icelandic parliament. + +Titles: +- Member of the Icelandic parliament (1983 - 1997) + +** Places +*** B +**** Britensfjallváll +litt. /Britain’s fire plains/ + +Place where British troops landed during the 1775 Anglo-Eittlandic +war. Formerly known as [[file:./names-and-places.md#eldryksvall][Eldryksváll]]. + +*** E +**** Eldøy +litt. /Fire Island/ + +Outdated name for Eittland and Iceland + +**** Eldfjall +litt. /Fire Mountain/ + +General central region of Eittland where most active volcanoes are + +**** Eldryksváll +litt /fire dust plain/ + +Old name of [[file:./names-and-places.md#britensfjallvall][Britensfjallváll]] + +*** F +**** Fjallheim +litt. /mountain home/. + +Northwestern peninsula of Eittland + +*** H +**** Hylfjaltr +Etymology uncertain. + +Capital of Western Eittland. + +*** K +**** Kóparváll +litt. /young seals plains/ + +Major commercial in the same bay as Đeberget, south east of the +capital, in Western Eittland + +*** T +**** Tvinnár +Unclear etymology, popular etymology of /twin years/ + +Major commercial east of Hylfjaltr in Eastern Eittland. + +*** V +**** Vátrsteinn +litt /wet stone/ + +Port city in the Eastern Eittlandic exclave in Southwestern Eittland. + +**** Vestrferðaróss +litt. /wet fjord’s mouth/ + +Eastern Eittlandic port town, east of the [[file:./names-and-places.md#britensfjallvall][Britensfjallváll]] where +British troops landed in 1775. + +**** Vestrheim +litt. /West Home/ + +City in Eastern Eitttland, first settlement in the country. Its +inhabinants are called /Vestrheiming/ (pl. /Vestreimingjar/) + +*** Ð +**** Ðeberget +Etymology uncertain. + +Capital of Eastern Eittland.