docs(zikãti): move file, update grammar and add some vocabulary
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@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ export default defineUserConfig({
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},
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],
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},
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'/zikãti/',
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'/zikãti',
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],
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}),
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});
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After Width: | Height: | Size: 60 KiB |
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@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
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const themeLocales = {
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"/": {
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sidebar: ["/index.md", "/eittlandic/index.md"],
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},
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};
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@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
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#+title: Zikãti
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#+setupfile: headers
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* Zikãti
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Zikãti ({{{phon(d̻͡zikãti)}}}) is an agglutinative language I am currently
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working on as an experiment. It doesn’t have any worldbuilding around
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it yet and may never have. I’m mostly experimenting with vocabulary
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generation with a language relying heavily on affixes modifying the
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meaning of a root word.
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** Phonology
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*** Consonants
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Zikãti has a moderately small consonant inventory with seventeen
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phonemes. Three of these phonemes are prenasalized plosives, and its
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alveolar consonants are laminal.
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- b :: {{{phon(b)}}}
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- d :: {{{phon(d̻)}}}
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- g :: {{{phon(ŋ)}}}
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- h :: {{{phon(h)}}}
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- k :: {{{phon(k)}}}
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- l :: {{{phon(ʟ)}}}
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- m :: {{{phon(m)}}}
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- mb :: {{{phon(ᵐb)}}}
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- n :: {{{phon(n̻)}}}
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- nd :: {{{phon(ⁿd̻)}}}
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- nz :: {{{phon(ⁿd̻͡z)}}}
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- p :: {{{phon(p)}}}
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- q :: {{{phon(kʷ)}}}
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- r :: {{{phon(r̻)}}}
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- s :: {{{phon(s̻)}}}
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- t :: {{{phon(t̻)}}}
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- z :: {{{phon(d̻͡z)}}}
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| | bilabial | lamino-alveolar | velar | labial-velar | glottal |
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|------------------------------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+---------|
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| nasal | m | n | g | | |
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| nasalized plosive | mb | nd | | | |
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| nasalized sibilant affricate | | nz | | | |
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| plosive | p b | t d | k | q | |
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| affricate | | z | | | |
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| fricative | | s | | | h |
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| trill | | r | | | |
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| lateral approximant | | | l | | |
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*** Vowels
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Zikãti has a total of six vowels, which makes it relatively average in
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terms of size. Three of these vowels are nazalised:
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- a :: {{{phon(a)}}}
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- ã :: {{{phon(ã)}}}
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- ẽ :: {{{phon(ɛ̃)}}}
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- i :: {{{phon(i)}}}
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- õ :: {{{phon(ɔ̃)}}}
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- u :: {{{phon(u)}}}
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#+name: vow-dot-gen
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#+header: :var vowels=vowels-featural-list
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#+begin_src emacs-lisp :wrap "src dot :file ./zikati/vowel-feature-tree.png :eval no-export :mkdirp t :results none"
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(conlanging-graphviz-feature-tree vowels :label "vowels")
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#+end_src
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#+RESULTS[186d29b605ead5cf2fc03c537509869aa1e7cfd3]: vow-dot-gen
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#+begin_src dot :file ./zikati/vowel-feature-tree.png :eval no-export :mkdirp t :results none
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graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0ju8102v5o9f"[label="vowels"];"+round-0ju8102v5o9y"[label="+round"];"vowels-0ju8102v5o9f"--"+round-0ju8102v5o9y";"+nasal-0ju8102v5ob0"[label="+nasal"];"+round-0ju8102v5o9y"--"+nasal-0ju8102v5ob0";"/ɔ̃/-0ju8102v5obs"[label="/ɔ̃/"];"+nasal-0ju8102v5ob0"--"/ɔ̃/-0ju8102v5obs";"-nasal-0ju8102v5oba"[label="-nasal"];"+round-0ju8102v5o9y"--"-nasal-0ju8102v5oba";"/u/-0ju8102v5ocj"[label="/u/"];"-nasal-0ju8102v5oba"--"/u/-0ju8102v5ocj";"-round-0ju8102v5oa7"[label="-round"];"vowels-0ju8102v5o9f"--"-round-0ju8102v5oa7";"+low-0ju8102v5odd"[label="+low"];"-round-0ju8102v5oa7"--"+low-0ju8102v5odd";"+nasal-0ju8102v5oe3"[label="+nasal"];"+low-0ju8102v5odd"--"+nasal-0ju8102v5oe3";"/ã/-0ju8102v5oet"[label="/ã/"];"+nasal-0ju8102v5oe3"--"/ã/-0ju8102v5oet";"-nasal-0ju8102v5oec"[label="-nasal"];"+low-0ju8102v5odd"--"-nasal-0ju8102v5oec";"/a/-0ju8102v5ofj"[label="/a/"];"-nasal-0ju8102v5oec"--"/a/-0ju8102v5ofj";"-low-0ju8102v5odm"[label="-low"];"-round-0ju8102v5oa7"--"-low-0ju8102v5odm";"+nasal-0ju8102v5oga"[label="+nasal"];"-low-0ju8102v5odm"--"+nasal-0ju8102v5oga";"/ɛ̃/-0ju8102v5ogz"[label="/ɛ̃/"];"+nasal-0ju8102v5oga"--"/ɛ̃/-0ju8102v5ogz";"-nasal-0ju8102v5ogi"[label="-nasal"];"-low-0ju8102v5odm"--"-nasal-0ju8102v5ogi";"/i/-0ju8102v5oho"[label="/i/"];"-nasal-0ju8102v5ogi"--"/i/-0ju8102v5oho";}
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#+end_src
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#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/zikati/vowel-feature-tree.png" alt="Zikãti Vowel Featural Tree">Zikãti Vowels Featural Tree</ImgFigure>
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**** Private Data :noexport:
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#+name: vowels-featural-list
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#+begin_src emacs-lisp
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'("round"
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("nasal" "/ɔ̃/" "/u/")
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("low"
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("nasal" "/ã/" "/a/")
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("nasal" "/ɛ̃/" "/i/")))
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#+end_src
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*** Syllable and word structure
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| Group | Consonants |
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|-----------+--------------------------------------|
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| C | m n g mb nd nz p b t d z k q s h r l |
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| C_{2} | g p b t d z k q r h |
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| V | i u ẽ õ a ã |
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| V[-nasal] | i u a |
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| V[+nasal] | ã ẽ õ |
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Prefixes follow the (C_{2})V[-nasal] phonetic structure, with C_{2} being
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optional. Suffixes follow the CV[+nasal](C_{2}) structure with C_{2} being
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optional.
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Roots are a bit more complex, with a C(V[+nasal](C_{2})C)V[-nasal](C_{2})
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structure.
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The only consonants that can follow the vowels /õ/ and /ẽ/ are non-nasal
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plosive consonants. These two vowels cannot follow the consonants /m/,
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/n/, or /g/. If such an occurence is created be it while constructing a
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word or when they co-occur between words, a dummy {{{phon(u)}}} is added.
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A word may contain one or more core roots which affixes cannot
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separate but which can aggregate around this word core. A word can
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consist of its bare core only, or the core surrounded by affixes. The
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amount of prefixes and suffixes is independent from each other.
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** Grammar
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*** Word structure
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**** Affixes
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Most words in Zikãti is an agglutination of affixes around one or more
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roots or words. Roots are relatively rare to find by themselves since
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most of them are bound morphenes and not words by themselves, such as
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/kãti/ which expresses the idea of a mountain but doesn’t really mean
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anything on its own, speakers of Zikãti cannot use it by itself.
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For the meaning of some abbreviations in the list of prefixes and
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suffixes, see [[file:zikãti.md#Abbreviations][Abbreviations]].
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***** Prefixes
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- hi- :: INSTV
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- hu- :: TOOL
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- i- :: COL
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- ka- :: POSSIB
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- pi- :: DIM
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- qa- :: AUG
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- qi- :: ADJ
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- qu- :: PROG
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- ra- :: LOC
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- ru- :: NEG
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- ti- :: CAUS
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- zi- :: PERS
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***** Suffixes
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- -dãt :: PART
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- -gãs :: AGAT
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- -hãr :: NECESS
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- -hẽ :: INTR
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- -kõt :: PARTN
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- -nzẽz :: AVER
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- -rã :: TR
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- -sõr :: NOMIN
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- -zãr :: PASS
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*** Word order
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Zikãti is a postpositional language following the SOV word order in
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main clauses, meaning the verb comes last whereas the subject comes
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first and the object slots itself between the subject and the verb.
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However, due to the language’s agglutinative nature, the speaker can
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omit them in the sentence if the verb’s agreement is enough in context
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to determine what is being talked about.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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sahhẽqulur
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- sah-hẽ-qu-lur
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- spirit.mind-INTR-PROG-2sg.NOM.PST
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You were thinking
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#+html: :::
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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zimbi mbisõr mbirãilih
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- zi-mbi mbi-sõr mbi-rã-i-lih
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- PERS-meat.food meat.food-NOMIN meat.food-TR-3s.NOM.NPST-3s.ACC.NPST
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The cook prepares a meal
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#+html: :::
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Other elements that are not the subject or the object, such as a
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dative or an oblique element, get slotted between the subject and the
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object.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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zimbi pimbi ziirailik timbirãhilih
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- zi-mbi pi-mbi zi-i-ra-i-lik ti-mbi-rã-hi-lih
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- PERS-meat.food DIM-COL-LOC-COL-person.human
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CAUS-meat.food-TR-3s.NOM.PST-3s.ACC.PST
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A cook fed a villager a snack
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#+html: :::
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**** Noun phrase order
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In noun phrases, adjectives, relatives clauses, numerals, possessives,
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and genitives preceed the noun while determiners follow it. By order
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of element closest to the noun, they rank as follows:
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- determiner
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- possessive
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- adjective
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- numeral
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- genitive
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- relative
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*** Verbs
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Verbs in Zikãti agree with their subject and object in person and
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number, with anaphoric clitics, but these clitics also indicate the
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tense of the verb. Zikãti has two tenses: past and non-past which
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expresses present and future as well as near-past when its events
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still carry over to the present.
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Anaphoric clitics are suffixed to the verb with the subject first
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followed by the object’s clitic.
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| | non-past subject | non-past object | past subject | past object |
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|-----+------------------+-----------------+--------------+-------------|
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| 1s | qa | tut | raq | qut |
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| 2s | lu | pia | lur | a |
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| 3s | i | lih | hi | lih |
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| 4s | bu | qur | bu | qur |
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| 1px | gai | ar | gai | tar |
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| 1pi | zu | iq | qir | zur |
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| 2p | lai | iaz | uit | iaz |
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| 3p | pi | up | au | up |
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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- kãtikõthẽqa :: I hike
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- kãtikõthẽbu :: it hikes
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- kãtikõthẽgai :: we (but not the interlocutor) hike
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#+html: :::
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** Abbreviations
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- ACC :: accusative
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- ADJ :: adjective
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- adj. :: adjective
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- adv. :: adverb
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- AGAT :: agative (prone to smth, liking)
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- AUG :: augmentative
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- AVER :: avertive, badness
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- CAUS :: causative
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- COL :: collective, collection
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- con. :: concept
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- DIM :: diminutive
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- INSTV :: instantiative
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- INTR :: intransitive verb
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- LOC :: locative
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- n. :: noun
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- NECESS :: necessitive
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- NEG :: negative
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- NOM :: nominative
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- NOMIN :: nominalisation, nominalizer
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- NPST :: non-past
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- PART :: participle
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- PARTN :: partisan
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- PASS :: passive verb
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- PERS :: person
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- POSSIB :: possibility, capacity, ability
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- PROG :: progressive, process
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- PST :: past
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- TOOL :: thing, tool
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- TR :: transitive verb
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- vi. :: intransitive verb
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- vt. :: transitive verb
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** Vocabulary
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*** mbi - meat, food
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- mbi (n.) :: meat, food
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- mbisõr (n.) :: a meal
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- mbihẽ (vi.) :: to cook, to prepare food
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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qumbihẽqa
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- qu-mbi-hẽ-qa
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- PROG-meat.food-INTR-1s
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I’m preparing food / I’m cooking
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#+html: :::
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- mbirã (vt.) :: to cook (something)
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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zimbi mbisõr qumbirãiqur
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- zi-mbi mbi-sõr qu-mbi-rã-i-qur
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- PERS-meat.food meat.food-NOMIN PROG-meat.food-TR-3s.NOM-4s.ACC
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The cook is cooking the meal
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#+html: :::
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- mbirãzãr (vt.) :: to be cooked by
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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mbisõr zimbi qumbirãzãrbulih
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- mbi-sõr zi-mbi qu-mbi-rã-zãr-bu-lih
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- meat.food-NOMIN PERS-meat.food PROG-meat.food-TR-PASS-4s.NOM-3s.ACC
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The meal is being cooked by the cook
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#+html: :::
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- qimbi (adj.) :: edible
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- mbidãt (adj.) :: cooked
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- zimbi (n.) :: a cook, chef
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- rambi (n.) :: a kitchen
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- zirambi (n.) :: a chef
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- humbi (n.) :: a knife
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- humbihẽ (vi.) :: to stick a knife in something
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- humbirã (vt.) :: to cut
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- zihumbirã (n.) :: a butcher
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- humbirãsõr (n.) :: a cut
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- timbirã (vt.) :: to feed someone
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- timbihẽ (vi.) :: to feed oneself
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- qambi (n.) :: a meal, feast
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- pimbi (n.) :: a snack
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*** keti - mountain
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- kãti (n., concept) :: mountain
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- kãtisõr :: a mountain
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- pikãti (n.) :: a hill
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- qakãti (n.) :: summit
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@ -1,133 +0,0 @@
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#+title: Zikãti
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#+setupfile: ../headers
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* Zikãti
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Zikãti ({{{phon(d̻͡zikãti)}}}) is an agglutinative language I am currently
|
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working on as an experiment. It doesn’t have any worldbuilding around
|
||||
it yet and may never have. I’m mostly experimenting with vocabulary
|
||||
generation with a language relying heavily on affixes modifying the
|
||||
meaning of a root word.
|
||||
|
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** Phonology
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*** Consonants
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- b :: {{{phon(b)}}}
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- d :: {{{phon(d̻)}}}
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- g :: {{{phon(ŋ)}}}
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- h :: {{{phon(h)}}}
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- k :: {{{phon(k)}}}
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- l :: {{{phon(ʟ)}}}
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- m :: {{{phon(m)}}}
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- mb :: {{{phon(ᵐb)}}}
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- n :: {{{phon(n̻)}}}
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- nd :: {{{phon(ⁿd̻)}}}
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- nz :: {{{phon(ⁿd̻͡z)}}}
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- p :: {{{phon(p)}}}
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- q :: {{{phon(kʷ)}}}
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- r :: {{{phon(r̻)}}}
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- s :: {{{phon(s̻)}}}
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- t :: {{{phon(t̻)}}}
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- z :: {{{phon(d̻͡z)}}}
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| | bilabial | lamino-alveolar | velar | labial-velar | glottal |
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|------------------------------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+---------|
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| nasal | m | n | g | | |
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| nasalized plosive | mb | nd | | | |
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| nasalized sibilant affricate | | nz | | | |
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| plosive | p b | t d | k | q | |
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| affricate | | z | | | |
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| fricative | | s | | | h |
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| trill | | r | | | |
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| lateral approximant | | | l | | |
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*** Vowels
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- a :: {{{phon(a)}}}
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- ã :: {{{phon(ã)}}}
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- i :: {{{phon(i)}}}
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- u :: {{{phon(u)}}}
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- ŋ :: {{{phon(ŋ)}}}
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- ɲ :: {{{phon(ɲ)}}}
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*** Syllable and word structure
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| Group | Consonants |
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|-------+--------------------------------------|
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| C_{1} | m n g mb nd nz p b t d z k q s h r l |
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| C_{2} | p b t d z k q r h |
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| V_{1} | i u ɲ ŋ a ã |
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| V_{2} | i u a |
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| V_{3} | ɲ ŋ ã |
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Prefixes follow the [C_{2}]V_{2} phonetic structure, with C_{2} being optional.
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Suffixes follow the C_{1}V_{3}[C_{2}] structure with C_{2} being optional.
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Roots are a bit more complex, with a C_{1}[V_{3}[C_{2}]C_{1}]V_{2}[C_{2}] structure.
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The only consonants that can follow the vowels /ŋ/ and /ɲ/ are non-nasal
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plosive consonants. These two vowels cannot follow the consonants /m/,
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/n/, or /g/. If such an occurence is created be it while constructing a
|
||||
word or when they co-occur between words, a dummy {{{phon(u)}}} is added.
|
||||
|
||||
A word may contain one or more core roots which affixes cannot
|
||||
separate but which can aggregate around this word core. A word can
|
||||
consist of its bare core only, or the core surrounded by affixes. The
|
||||
amount of prefixes and suffixes is independent from each other.
|
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** Grammar
|
||||
Zikãti is a nominative and an SOV language, and its verbs are marked
|
||||
with a marker dedicated to tense and a marked dedicated to aspect and
|
||||
mood. The verb does not agree with the subject or the object.
|
||||
|
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*** Affixes
|
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**** Prefixes
|
||||
- -dãt :: participle
|
||||
- -hãr :: must be done
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- -hɲ :: verbalization (intransitive)
|
||||
- -kŋt :: partisan
|
||||
- -nzɲz :: badness
|
||||
- -ŋãs :: liking, prone to
|
||||
- -rã :: verbalization (transitive)
|
||||
- -sŋr :: nominalisation
|
||||
- -zãr :: verbalization (passive)
|
||||
**** Suffixes
|
||||
- a- :: locative
|
||||
- hi- :: instance
|
||||
- hu- :: thing, tool
|
||||
- i- :: collection
|
||||
- ka- :: ability
|
||||
- pi- :: diminutive
|
||||
- qa- :: augmentative
|
||||
- qi- :: adjectivisation
|
||||
- qu- :: process, study
|
||||
- ra- :: place
|
||||
- ru- :: negative
|
||||
- ti- :: causative
|
||||
- zi- :: person
|
||||
** Vocabulary
|
||||
*** mbi - meat, food
|
||||
- mbi :: meat, food
|
||||
- mbisŋr :: a meal
|
||||
- mbihɲ :: to cook (vi.), to prepare food
|
||||
- mbirã :: to cook (something)
|
||||
- mbirãzãr :: to be cooked by (vt.)
|
||||
- qimbi :: edible (adj.)
|
||||
- mbidãt :: cooked (adj.)
|
||||
- zimbi :: a cook, chef (n.)
|
||||
- rambi :: a kitchen (n.)
|
||||
- zirambi :: a chef (n.)
|
||||
- humbi :: a knife (n.)
|
||||
- humbirã :: to stab (vt.)
|
||||
- zihumbirã :: a stabber (n.)
|
||||
- humbirãsŋr :: a stab (n.)
|
||||
- timbirã :: to feed (vt.)
|
||||
- timbihɲ :: to feed (vi.)
|
||||
- qambi :: a meal, feast (n.)
|
||||
- pimbi :: a snack (n.)
|
||||
*** keti - mountain
|
||||
- kãti :: mountain (n.)
|
||||
- pikãti :: hill (n.)
|
||||
- qakãti :: summit (n.)
|
||||
** Abbreviations
|
||||
- adj. :: adjective
|
||||
- adv. :: adverb
|
||||
- n. :: noun
|
||||
- vi. :: intransitive verb
|
||||
- vt. :: transitive verb
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue