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docs(eittlandic/grammar): add adjectives

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Lucien Cartier-Tilet 2024-09-12 21:05:21 +02:00
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@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ completely removing it from the sentence.
The fish was fished from the water
#+html: :::
*** Modifiers :noexport:
*** Modifiers
# - If you posit a morphosyntactic category of adjectives, give
# evidence for not grouping these forms with the verbs or nouns. What
# characterizes a form as being an adjective in this language?
@ -726,10 +726,162 @@ completely removing it from the sentence.
# /many/? Exemplify the system up to this point.
# - Do numerals agree with their head nouns (number, case, noun
# class, ...)?
**** Descriptive Adjectives :noexport:
Similarly to verbs, adjectives in Eittlandic underwent
**** Descriptive Adjectives
Similarly to verbs, adjectives in Eittlandic underwent a
simplification since Early Old Norse. They now all inflect the same
way, as the difference between strong and weak adjectives disappeared
over the years. It is also worth noting distiction between masculine
and feminine disappeared, merging into a common gender, while neuter
remains distinct.
#+name: adjectives-declensions
#+caption: Declension of adjectives in Eittlandic
| / | <r> | | |
| | | Common | Neuter |
|---+---------+--------+--------|
| | Sg.Nom. | -r | -t |
| | Acc. | | -t |
| | Dat. | -um | -um |
| | Gen. | -s | -s |
| | Pl.Nom. | -ar | |
| | Acc. | | |
| | Dat. | -um | -um |
| | Gen. | -ar | -r |
If an adjective root ends with an unstressed unrounded vowel, all /-um/
endings become /-vum/ instead. Otherwise, the consonant is doubled
before the declension’s vowel if there is one.
#+html: ::: tip Example
- Meðr er Hindirar, þrírr er Hindurar
The men are Hindi, three are Hindu
#+html: :::
The adjectives agree in declension, number, and gender with the noun
or noun phrase they describe. In terms of word order, they always
precede the noun or noun phrase, regardles whether the noun is in its
indefinite or definite form.
#+html: ::: tip Example
- Latr káttinn kúrar hjá opin dyrin
The lazy cat naps by the open door
| lat-r | kátt-inn | kúr-ar | hjá | opin | dyr-in |
| lazy-SG.NOM | cat-DEF.SG.NOM | nap-3sg.IND.PRES | by | open.SG.ACC | door-DEF.SG.ACC |
- Rauðt dyrit ok smár vindaugat er opinn
The red door and the small windows are open
| rauð-t | dyr-it | ok | smár | vindaug-at | er | opin-n |
| red-SG.N.NOM | door-DEF.SG.NOM | and | small.PL.N.NOM | window-DEF.PL.NOM | to.be.3pl.IND.PRES | open-PL.N.ACC |
#+html: :::
What you will find most often in Eittlandic dictionaries is the
accusative singular common form of the adjectives, which is its
unmarked form, while some older or more traditional dictionaries will
instead use their nominative singular common form.
*Standard Eittlandic* does not use declensions and will always use the
unmarked adjective root instead. A few dialects do not use adjective
declensions either, but they are relatively rare, such as the dialects
found in the Úlfsaug valley in Northeastern Fjallheim.
**** Participal Adjectives
Taking the root of a verb and adding the declension of definite
articles creates participal adjectives. For instance, /sov(a)/ (to
sleep) becomes /sovin/ (sleepy) while /hleð(a)/ (to make noise) becomes
/hleðin/ (noisy).
#+name: participal-adj-example-sov-sovin
#+caption: Example of participal adjective using /sov(a)/
| / | <r> | | |
| | | Common | Neuter |
|---+---------+---------+---------|
| | Sg.Nom. | sovinn | sovit |
| | Acc. | sovin | sovit |
| | Dat. | sovin | sovit |
| | Gen. | sovins | sovits |
| | Pl.Nom. | sovinn | sovitr |
| | Acc. | sovin | sovit |
| | Dat. | sovinum | sovitum |
| | Gen. | sovin | sovit |
#+html: ::: tip Example
- Þat er eit hleðit bil ná!
This is one noisy car, isn’t it‽
#+html: :::
**** Possessive Adjectives
Similarly to [[file:./grammar.md#possessive-pronouns][possessive pronouns]], possessive adjectives mark ownership
or relationship from an element with another. However, possessive
adjectives modify a noun or noun phrase and are not free forms.
Possessive adjectives are very similar to possessive pronouns, their
base root is the same but possessive adjectives agree with the
possessed element in person, number, gender, and declension. Agreement
in number follows both the number of possessor and possessed. Hence,
/várt/ is a possessive adjectives marking one nominative element being
possessed by several people in the first person, while /mínar/ is a
possessive adjective marking several nominative elements being
possessed by one individual in the first person.
#+name: possessive-adjectives-1-and-2
#+caption: Possessive adjectives for the first and second person
| / | <r> | | | | | | | | |
| | | 1s C. | 1s N. | 2s C. | 2s N. | 1p C. | 1p N. | 2p C. | 2p N. |
|---+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------|
| | Sg.Nom. | mínn | mínt | þínn | þínt | várr | várt | yðr | yðt |
| | Acc. | mín | mínt | þín | þínt | vár | várt | yð | yðt |
| | Dat. | mínum | mínum | þínum | þínum | várum | várum | yðum | yðum |
| | Gen. | míns | míns | þíns | þíns | várs | várs | yðs | yðs |
| | Pl.Nom. | mínar | mín | þínar | þín | várar | vár | yðar | yð |
| | Acc. | mín | mín | þín | þín | vár | vár | yð | yð |
| | Dat. | mínum | mínum | þínum | þínum | várum | várum | yðum | yðum |
| | Gen. | mínar | mínn | þínar | þínn | várar | várr | yðar | yðr |
In the third person, gender of the possessor is also followed by the
possessive adjective when there is a singular possessor. This means
the gender of the adjectives must also agree both with the gender of
the possessor and the possessed when the former is singular.
#+name: possessive-adjectives-3
#+caption: Possessive adjectives for the third person
| / | <r> | | | | | | |
| | | 3sc C. | 3sc N. | 3sn C. | 3sn N. | 3p C. | 3p N. |
|---+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------|
| | Sg.Nom. | hennar | hent | þass | þast | þeirr | þeirt |
| | Acc. | henn | hent | þass | þast | þeir | þeirt |
| | Dat. | hennum | henum | þasum | þasum | þeirum | þeirum |
| | Gen. | hens | hens | þass | þass | þeirs | þeirs |
| | Pl.Nom. | hennar | henn | þasar | þass | þeirar | þeir |
| | Acc. | henn | henn | þass | þass | þeir | þeir |
| | Dat. | hennum | hennum | þasum | þasum | þeirum | þeirum |
| | Gen. | hennar | henn | þasar | þass | þeirar | þeirr |
#+html: ::: tip Examples
- Hundinn þeirar hlaupið in í parkit
Their dogs are running in the park (i.e. several people’s dogs)
| hund-r | þeir-ar | hlaup-ið | in | í | park-it |
| dog-pl.NOM | 3sc.c.ADJ.POSS-pl.NOM | run-3p.PRES.IND | in | DAT | park-DET.sg.DAT |
- Ek kent sonin yðum historja
I taught your son history
| ek | ken-t | son-in | yð-um | historja |
| 1sg.NOM | teach-1s.PST.IND | son-DEF.DAT.sg | 2p.POSS-DAT.SG | history.ACC |
- Mínn káttr es svartr með ein hvít flekk á hennum bjálf, á hennum hóst.
My cat is black with a white spot on her fur, on her chest.
| mín-n | kátt-r | es | svart-r | með | ein | hvít | flekk | á | hen-num | bjálf | á | hen-num | hóst |
| 1sg.POSS-sg.NOM.C | cat-sg.NOM | 3sg.PRES.IND | black-sg.NOM | with | one.ACC | white.ACC | spot.ACC | DAT | 3sg.POSS-sg.DAT.C | fur.sg.ACC | DAT | 3sg.POSS.sg.DAT.C | chest.sg.ACC |
#+html: :::
**** Non-Numeral Quantifiers :noexport:
**** Numerals :noexport: