From 1cd503f1c9c8d88d3574523f3db619cfb4e48437 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Lucien Cartier-Tilet Date: Thu, 12 Sep 2024 21:05:21 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] docs(eittlandic/grammar): add adjectives --- docs/eittlandic/grammar.org | 158 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++- 1 file changed, 155 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/docs/eittlandic/grammar.org b/docs/eittlandic/grammar.org index 5e1d47b..04a9ebb 100644 --- a/docs/eittlandic/grammar.org +++ b/docs/eittlandic/grammar.org @@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ completely removing it from the sentence. The fish was fished from the water #+html: ::: -*** Modifiers :noexport: +*** Modifiers # - If you posit a morphosyntactic category of adjectives, give # evidence for not grouping these forms with the verbs or nouns. What # characterizes a form as being an adjective in this language? @@ -726,10 +726,162 @@ completely removing it from the sentence. # /many/? Exemplify the system up to this point. # - Do numerals agree with their head nouns (number, case, noun # class, ...)? -**** Descriptive Adjectives :noexport: -Similarly to verbs, adjectives in Eittlandic underwent +**** Descriptive Adjectives +Similarly to verbs, adjectives in Eittlandic underwent a +simplification since Early Old Norse. They now all inflect the same +way, as the difference between strong and weak adjectives disappeared +over the years. It is also worth noting distiction between masculine +and feminine disappeared, merging into a common gender, while neuter +remains distinct. + +#+name: adjectives-declensions +#+caption: Declension of adjectives in Eittlandic +| / | | | | +| | | Common | Neuter | +|---+---------+--------+--------| +| | Sg.Nom. | -r | -t | +| | Acc. | | -t | +| | Dat. | -um | -um | +| | Gen. | -s | -s | +| | Pl.Nom. | -ar | | +| | Acc. | | | +| | Dat. | -um | -um | +| | Gen. | -ar | -r | + +If an adjective root ends with an unstressed unrounded vowel, all /-um/ +endings become /-vum/ instead. Otherwise, the consonant is doubled +before the declension’s vowel if there is one. + +#+html: ::: tip Example +- Meðr er Hindirar, þrírr er Hindurar + + The men are Hindi, three are Hindu +#+html: ::: + +The adjectives agree in declension, number, and gender with the noun +or noun phrase they describe. In terms of word order, they always +precede the noun or noun phrase, regardles whether the noun is in its +indefinite or definite form. + +#+html: ::: tip Example +- Latr káttinn kúrar hjá opin dyrin + + The lazy cat naps by the open door + + | lat-r | kátt-inn | kúr-ar | hjá | opin | dyr-in | + | lazy-SG.NOM | cat-DEF.SG.NOM | nap-3sg.IND.PRES | by | open.SG.ACC | door-DEF.SG.ACC | +- Rauðt dyrit ok smár vindaugat er opinn + + The red door and the small windows are open + + | rauð-t | dyr-it | ok | smár | vindaug-at | er | opin-n | + | red-SG.N.NOM | door-DEF.SG.NOM | and | small.PL.N.NOM | window-DEF.PL.NOM | to.be.3pl.IND.PRES | open-PL.N.ACC | +#+html: ::: + +What you will find most often in Eittlandic dictionaries is the +accusative singular common form of the adjectives, which is its +unmarked form, while some older or more traditional dictionaries will +instead use their nominative singular common form. + +*Standard Eittlandic* does not use declensions and will always use the +unmarked adjective root instead. A few dialects do not use adjective +declensions either, but they are relatively rare, such as the dialects +found in the Úlfsaug valley in Northeastern Fjallheim. + +**** Participal Adjectives +Taking the root of a verb and adding the declension of definite +articles creates participal adjectives. For instance, /sov(a)/ (to +sleep) becomes /sovin/ (sleepy) while /hleð(a)/ (to make noise) becomes +/hleðin/ (noisy). + +#+name: participal-adj-example-sov-sovin +#+caption: Example of participal adjective using /sov(a)/ +| / | | | | +| | | Common | Neuter | +|---+---------+---------+---------| +| | Sg.Nom. | sovinn | sovit | +| | Acc. | sovin | sovit | +| | Dat. | sovin | sovit | +| | Gen. | sovins | sovits | +| | Pl.Nom. | sovinn | sovitr | +| | Acc. | sovin | sovit | +| | Dat. | sovinum | sovitum | +| | Gen. | sovin | sovit | + +#+html: ::: tip Example +- Þat er eit hleðit bil ná! + + This is one noisy car, isn’t it‽ +#+html: ::: **** Possessive Adjectives +Similarly to [[file:./grammar.md#possessive-pronouns][possessive pronouns]], possessive adjectives mark ownership +or relationship from an element with another. However, possessive +adjectives modify a noun or noun phrase and are not free forms. + +Possessive adjectives are very similar to possessive pronouns, their +base root is the same but possessive adjectives agree with the +possessed element in person, number, gender, and declension. Agreement +in number follows both the number of possessor and possessed. Hence, +/várt/ is a possessive adjectives marking one nominative element being +possessed by several people in the first person, while /mínar/ is a +possessive adjective marking several nominative elements being +possessed by one individual in the first person. + +#+name: possessive-adjectives-1-and-2 +#+caption: Possessive adjectives for the first and second person +| / | | | | | | | | | | +| | | 1s C. | 1s N. | 2s C. | 2s N. | 1p C. | 1p N. | 2p C. | 2p N. | +|---+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------| +| | Sg.Nom. | mínn | mínt | þínn | þínt | várr | várt | yðr | yðt | +| | Acc. | mín | mínt | þín | þínt | vár | várt | yð | yðt | +| | Dat. | mínum | mínum | þínum | þínum | várum | várum | yðum | yðum | +| | Gen. | míns | míns | þíns | þíns | várs | várs | yðs | yðs | +| | Pl.Nom. | mínar | mín | þínar | þín | várar | vár | yðar | yð | +| | Acc. | mín | mín | þín | þín | vár | vár | yð | yð | +| | Dat. | mínum | mínum | þínum | þínum | várum | várum | yðum | yðum | +| | Gen. | mínar | mínn | þínar | þínn | várar | várr | yðar | yðr | + +In the third person, gender of the possessor is also followed by the +possessive adjective when there is a singular possessor. This means +the gender of the adjectives must also agree both with the gender of +the possessor and the possessed when the former is singular. + +#+name: possessive-adjectives-3 +#+caption: Possessive adjectives for the third person +| / | | | | | | | | +| | | 3sc C. | 3sc N. | 3sn C. | 3sn N. | 3p C. | 3p N. | +|---+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------| +| | Sg.Nom. | hennar | hent | þass | þast | þeirr | þeirt | +| | Acc. | henn | hent | þass | þast | þeir | þeirt | +| | Dat. | hennum | henum | þasum | þasum | þeirum | þeirum | +| | Gen. | hens | hens | þass | þass | þeirs | þeirs | +| | Pl.Nom. | hennar | henn | þasar | þass | þeirar | þeir | +| | Acc. | henn | henn | þass | þass | þeir | þeir | +| | Dat. | hennum | hennum | þasum | þasum | þeirum | þeirum | +| | Gen. | hennar | henn | þasar | þass | þeirar | þeirr | + +#+html: ::: tip Examples +- Hundinn þeirar hlaupið in í parkit + + Their dogs are running in the park (i.e. several people’s dogs) + + | hund-r | þeir-ar | hlaup-ið | in | í | park-it | + | dog-pl.NOM | 3sc.c.ADJ.POSS-pl.NOM | run-3p.PRES.IND | in | DAT | park-DET.sg.DAT | +- Ek kent sonin yðum historja + + I taught your son history + + | ek | ken-t | son-in | yð-um | historja | + | 1sg.NOM | teach-1s.PST.IND | son-DEF.DAT.sg | 2p.POSS-DAT.SG | history.ACC | +- Mínn káttr es svartr með ein hvít flekk á hennum bjálf, á hennum hóst. + + My cat is black with a white spot on her fur, on her chest. + + | mín-n | kátt-r | es | svart-r | með | ein | hvít | flekk | á | hen-num | bjálf | á | hen-num | hóst | + | 1sg.POSS-sg.NOM.C | cat-sg.NOM | 3sg.PRES.IND | black-sg.NOM | with | one.ACC | white.ACC | spot.ACC | DAT | 3sg.POSS-sg.DAT.C | fur.sg.ACC | DAT | 3sg.POSS.sg.DAT.C | chest.sg.ACC | +#+html: ::: + **** Non-Numeral Quantifiers :noexport: **** Numerals :noexport: