docs(eittlandic/grammar): add adjectives
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@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ completely removing it from the sentence.
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The fish was fished from the water
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The fish was fished from the water
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#+html: :::
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#+html: :::
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*** Modifiers :noexport:
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*** Modifiers
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# - If you posit a morphosyntactic category of adjectives, give
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# - If you posit a morphosyntactic category of adjectives, give
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# evidence for not grouping these forms with the verbs or nouns. What
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# evidence for not grouping these forms with the verbs or nouns. What
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# characterizes a form as being an adjective in this language?
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# characterizes a form as being an adjective in this language?
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@ -726,10 +726,162 @@ completely removing it from the sentence.
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# /many/? Exemplify the system up to this point.
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# /many/? Exemplify the system up to this point.
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# - Do numerals agree with their head nouns (number, case, noun
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# - Do numerals agree with their head nouns (number, case, noun
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# class, ...)?
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# class, ...)?
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**** Descriptive Adjectives :noexport:
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**** Descriptive Adjectives
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Similarly to verbs, adjectives in Eittlandic underwent
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Similarly to verbs, adjectives in Eittlandic underwent a
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simplification since Early Old Norse. They now all inflect the same
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way, as the difference between strong and weak adjectives disappeared
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over the years. It is also worth noting distiction between masculine
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and feminine disappeared, merging into a common gender, while neuter
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remains distinct.
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#+name: adjectives-declensions
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#+caption: Declension of adjectives in Eittlandic
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| / | <r> | | |
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| | | Common | Neuter |
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|---+---------+--------+--------|
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| | Sg.Nom. | -r | -t |
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| | Acc. | | -t |
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| | Dat. | -um | -um |
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| | Gen. | -s | -s |
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| | Pl.Nom. | -ar | |
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| | Acc. | | |
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| | Dat. | -um | -um |
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| | Gen. | -ar | -r |
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If an adjective root ends with an unstressed unrounded vowel, all /-um/
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endings become /-vum/ instead. Otherwise, the consonant is doubled
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before the declension’s vowel if there is one.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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- Meðr er Hindirar, þrírr er Hindurar
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The men are Hindi, three are Hindu
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#+html: :::
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The adjectives agree in declension, number, and gender with the noun
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or noun phrase they describe. In terms of word order, they always
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precede the noun or noun phrase, regardles whether the noun is in its
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indefinite or definite form.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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- Latr káttinn kúrar hjá opin dyrin
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The lazy cat naps by the open door
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| lat-r | kátt-inn | kúr-ar | hjá | opin | dyr-in |
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| lazy-SG.NOM | cat-DEF.SG.NOM | nap-3sg.IND.PRES | by | open.SG.ACC | door-DEF.SG.ACC |
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- Rauðt dyrit ok smár vindaugat er opinn
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The red door and the small windows are open
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| rauð-t | dyr-it | ok | smár | vindaug-at | er | opin-n |
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| red-SG.N.NOM | door-DEF.SG.NOM | and | small.PL.N.NOM | window-DEF.PL.NOM | to.be.3pl.IND.PRES | open-PL.N.ACC |
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#+html: :::
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What you will find most often in Eittlandic dictionaries is the
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accusative singular common form of the adjectives, which is its
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unmarked form, while some older or more traditional dictionaries will
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instead use their nominative singular common form.
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*Standard Eittlandic* does not use declensions and will always use the
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unmarked adjective root instead. A few dialects do not use adjective
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declensions either, but they are relatively rare, such as the dialects
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found in the Úlfsaug valley in Northeastern Fjallheim.
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**** Participal Adjectives
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Taking the root of a verb and adding the declension of definite
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articles creates participal adjectives. For instance, /sov(a)/ (to
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sleep) becomes /sovin/ (sleepy) while /hleð(a)/ (to make noise) becomes
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/hleðin/ (noisy).
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#+name: participal-adj-example-sov-sovin
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#+caption: Example of participal adjective using /sov(a)/
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| / | <r> | | |
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| | | Common | Neuter |
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|---+---------+---------+---------|
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| | Sg.Nom. | sovinn | sovit |
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| | Acc. | sovin | sovit |
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| | Dat. | sovin | sovit |
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| | Gen. | sovins | sovits |
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| | Pl.Nom. | sovinn | sovitr |
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| | Acc. | sovin | sovit |
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| | Dat. | sovinum | sovitum |
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| | Gen. | sovin | sovit |
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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- Þat er eit hleðit bil ná!
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This is one noisy car, isn’t it‽
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#+html: :::
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**** Possessive Adjectives
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**** Possessive Adjectives
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Similarly to [[file:./grammar.md#possessive-pronouns][possessive pronouns]], possessive adjectives mark ownership
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or relationship from an element with another. However, possessive
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adjectives modify a noun or noun phrase and are not free forms.
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Possessive adjectives are very similar to possessive pronouns, their
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base root is the same but possessive adjectives agree with the
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possessed element in person, number, gender, and declension. Agreement
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in number follows both the number of possessor and possessed. Hence,
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/várt/ is a possessive adjectives marking one nominative element being
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possessed by several people in the first person, while /mínar/ is a
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possessive adjective marking several nominative elements being
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possessed by one individual in the first person.
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#+name: possessive-adjectives-1-and-2
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#+caption: Possessive adjectives for the first and second person
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| / | <r> | | | | | | | | |
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| | | 1s C. | 1s N. | 2s C. | 2s N. | 1p C. | 1p N. | 2p C. | 2p N. |
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|---+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------|
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| | Sg.Nom. | mínn | mínt | þínn | þínt | várr | várt | yðr | yðt |
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| | Acc. | mín | mínt | þín | þínt | vár | várt | yð | yðt |
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| | Dat. | mínum | mínum | þínum | þínum | várum | várum | yðum | yðum |
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| | Gen. | míns | míns | þíns | þíns | várs | várs | yðs | yðs |
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| | Pl.Nom. | mínar | mín | þínar | þín | várar | vár | yðar | yð |
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| | Acc. | mín | mín | þín | þín | vár | vár | yð | yð |
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| | Dat. | mínum | mínum | þínum | þínum | várum | várum | yðum | yðum |
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| | Gen. | mínar | mínn | þínar | þínn | várar | várr | yðar | yðr |
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In the third person, gender of the possessor is also followed by the
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possessive adjective when there is a singular possessor. This means
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the gender of the adjectives must also agree both with the gender of
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the possessor and the possessed when the former is singular.
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#+name: possessive-adjectives-3
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#+caption: Possessive adjectives for the third person
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| / | <r> | | | | | | |
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| | | 3sc C. | 3sc N. | 3sn C. | 3sn N. | 3p C. | 3p N. |
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|---+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------|
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| | Sg.Nom. | hennar | hent | þass | þast | þeirr | þeirt |
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| | Acc. | henn | hent | þass | þast | þeir | þeirt |
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| | Dat. | hennum | henum | þasum | þasum | þeirum | þeirum |
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| | Gen. | hens | hens | þass | þass | þeirs | þeirs |
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| | Pl.Nom. | hennar | henn | þasar | þass | þeirar | þeir |
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| | Acc. | henn | henn | þass | þass | þeir | þeir |
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| | Dat. | hennum | hennum | þasum | þasum | þeirum | þeirum |
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| | Gen. | hennar | henn | þasar | þass | þeirar | þeirr |
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#+html: ::: tip Examples
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- Hundinn þeirar hlaupið in í parkit
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Their dogs are running in the park (i.e. several people’s dogs)
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| hund-r | þeir-ar | hlaup-ið | in | í | park-it |
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| dog-pl.NOM | 3sc.c.ADJ.POSS-pl.NOM | run-3p.PRES.IND | in | DAT | park-DET.sg.DAT |
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- Ek kent sonin yðum historja
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I taught your son history
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| ek | ken-t | son-in | yð-um | historja |
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| 1sg.NOM | teach-1s.PST.IND | son-DEF.DAT.sg | 2p.POSS-DAT.SG | history.ACC |
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- Mínn káttr es svartr með ein hvít flekk á hennum bjálf, á hennum hóst.
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My cat is black with a white spot on her fur, on her chest.
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| mín-n | kátt-r | es | svart-r | með | ein | hvít | flekk | á | hen-num | bjálf | á | hen-num | hóst |
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| 1sg.POSS-sg.NOM.C | cat-sg.NOM | 3sg.PRES.IND | black-sg.NOM | with | one.ACC | white.ACC | spot.ACC | DAT | 3sg.POSS-sg.DAT.C | fur.sg.ACC | DAT | 3sg.POSS.sg.DAT.C | chest.sg.ACC |
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#+html: :::
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**** Non-Numeral Quantifiers :noexport:
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**** Non-Numeral Quantifiers :noexport:
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**** Numerals :noexport:
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**** Numerals :noexport:
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