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Cas grammaticaux du Hjalpi Vernaculaire

• Chart for review for the basic cases
• Location
• Motion from
• Motion to
• Motion via
• Time
• Morphosyntactic alignment
• Relation
• Semantics
• State

Grammatical states marques with a star ( * ) are grammatical states that do not exist as declensions in the Divine Language.

Chart for review for the basic cases

/	<
	interior	surface	adjacency	state
from	Elative	Delative	Ablative	Excessive
at/in	Inessive	Superessive	Adessive	Essive
(in)to	Illative	Sublative	Allative	Translative
via	Perlative	Prolative

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Location

Adessive case ADE iŗ-

adjacent location Example: near/at/by the house, íŗmén

Antessive case ANTE vwo-

anterior location Example: before the house, vwómén

Apudessive case APUD ne-

location next to something Example: next to the house, némén

Inessive case -ŕo-

inside something Example: inside the house, méŕón

Intrative case ITRT -fu-

between something Example: between the houses, méfún

Locative case LOC la-

location (general case) Example: at/on/in the house, lámén

Pertingent case ma-

in contact with something Example: touching the house, mámén

Postessive case POSTE -uß

posterior location Example: behind the house, ménúß

Subessive case SUBE nwo-

under something Example: under/below the house, nwómén

Superessive case SUPE ßta-

on the surface Example: on (top of) the house, ßtámén

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Motion from

Ablative case ABL li-

movement away from something Example: away from the house, límén

Delative case DEL ßa-

movement from the surface Example: from (the top of) the house, ßámén

*Egressive case EGRE

marking the beginning of a movement or time Example: beginning from the house

Elative case ELA -ykń

out of something Example: out of the house, ménýkń

Initiative case INITI -akļ

starting point of an action Example: beginning from the house, ménákļ

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Motion to

Allative case ALL -li-

• *in Hungarian and in Finnish: movement to (the adjacency of). Example: to the house
• in Estonian and in Finnish: movement onto something. Example: onto the house, mélín

Illative case ILL -ën-

movement into something Example: into the house, mênén

Lative case LAT -la

movement to something (general case) Example: to/into the house, ménlá

Sublative case SUBL -iţ

movement onto the surface or below something Example: on(to) the house / under the house, méníţ

Terminative case TERM -aen

marking the end of a movement or time Example: as far as the house, ménáén

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Motion via

Perlative case PER žu-

movement through or along Example: through/along the house, žúmén

Prolative case PROL še-

movement using a surface or way (= prosecutive case, vialis case) Example: by way of/through the house, šémén

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Time

Accusative case ACC -źu

indicating duration of time known as the accusative of duration of time Example: for many years, łaižegźu

Essive case ESS -oiþyd-

used for specifying days and dates when something happens Example: on the first day of the week, žóíþýdójorém

Limitative case LIMIT -amp

specifying a deadline Example: by the first day of the week, žójorémámp

Temporal case TEMP -igni

specifying a time Example: at seven o’clock, ţuheol ţupńtwan ţéálnatigni (GEN-hour GEN-seven precise-TEMP, at the precise hour of seven)

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Morphosyntactic alignment

Absolutive case (1) ABS -a

patient, experiencer; subject of an intransitive verb and direct object of a transitive verb. *In the divine language, the absolutive case is only used for the subject of an intransitive verb.* Example: he pushed the door and it opened, kjaŗa (door)

*Absolutive case (2) ABS

patient, involuntary experiencer Example: he pushed the door and it opened; he slipped

*Absolutive case (3) ABS

patient, experiencer; instrument Example: he pushed the door with his hand and it opened

*Accusative case (1)

patient Example: he pushed the door and it opened

Accusative case (2) ACC -vo

direct object of a transitive verb Example: I see her, kjeŗvo

Agentive case AGE te-

agent, specifies or asks about who or what; specific agent that is subset of a general topic or subject. Equivalent to the -ga particle in Japanese Example: it was she who committed the crime; as for him, his head hurts, tekjeŗ, tegar

Ergative case ERG -jo

agent; subject of a transitive verb Example: he pushed the door and it opened

*Ergative-genitive case EGN

agent, possession Example: he pushed the door and it opened; her dog

Instructive INSTRUCTIVE -eň

means, answers question how? Example: by the means of the houses, ménéň

Instrumental INS/INSTR -dļ

instrument, answers question using which thing? Example: with the house, méndļ

*Instrumental-comitative case

instrument, in company of something Example: with the house

*Nominative case (1)

agent, experiencer; subject of a transitive or intransitive verb Example: he pushed the door and it opened

*Nominative case (2)

agent; voluntary experiencer Example: he pushed the door and it opened; she paused

Nominative case NOM (3) pa-

In the divine language, the person linked to the word; transforms a verbal group into a nominal group Example: horseman, panael (the man linked to horses, implied riding horses)

*Objective case (1) OBJ

direct or indirect object of verb Example: I saw her; I gave her the book

*Objective/Oblique (2)

direct or indirect object of verb or object of preposition; a catch-all case for any situation except nominative or genitive Example: I saw her; I gave her the book; with her

Oblique case OBL -ŗeß

all-round case; any situation except nominative or vocative. In the divine language, is used to quote the element Example: concerning the house, ménŗéß

Intransitive case INTR -ai

the subject of an intransitive verb or the logical complement of a transitive verb (= passive or patient case) Example: the door opened, mělai

Pegative case PEG ey-

agent in a clause with a dative argument Example: he gave the book to him, eykjaŗ

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Relation

Ablative case łe-

all-round indirect case Example: concerning the house, łémén

Aversive case EVIT -ńþ-

avoiding or fear Example: avoiding the house, mńþén

*Benefactive case BEN

for, for the benefit of, intended for Example: for the house

Causal case CAUS -oby

because, because of Example: because of the house, ménóbý

*Causal-final case

efficient or final cause Example: for a house

Comitative case COM -ðei-

in company of something Example: with the house, méðéín

Dative case DAT -at-

shows directon or recipient Example: for/to the house, mátén

Distributive case DISTR xelje-

distribution by piece Example: per house, xéljémén

Distributive-temporal case -be

how often something happens Example: on Sundays, ðúbémbé

Genitive case GEN ţu-

shows relationship, possesssion Example: of the house; the house’s, ţúmén

*Ornative case

endowment with something Example: equipped with a house

*Possessed case POSS

possession by something Example: the house is owned by someone

Privative case ei-

lacking something (in general) Example: without a houses, éímén

Semplative case -ŗwo

similarity to something Example: that tree is like a house, ménŗwó

Sociative case to-

along with something, together with something Example: with the house, tómén

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Semantics

Partitive case PTV/PART -ili’-

used for amounts Example: three (of the) houses, mílí’én

*Prepositional case PREP

when certain prepositions precede the noun

*Postpositional case POST

when certain preposition follows the noun Example: in/on/about the house

Vocative case VOC -wa

used for addressing someone, with or without a preposition Example: Hey, father! O father! Father!, pánámwá

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State

Abessive case ABE/ABESS e-

the lack of something, a particular thing Example: without the house, émén

Adverbial case ADV -ei

being as something Example: as a house, ménéí

Comparative case COMP -oit

similarity with something Example: similar to the house, compared to the house, ménóít

Equative case -ńt

comparison with something Example: like the house, ménńt

Essive case -oiþyd-

temporary state of being, general use (essive-formal or essive-modal undefined, or both) Example: as the house, móíþýdén

Essive-formal case -ëd

marking a condition as a quality (a kind of shape) Example: as a house, ménêd

Essive-modal case -u’ug

marking a condition as a quality (a way of being) Example: as a house, ménú’úg

*Exessive case

marking a transition from a condition Example: from being a house (i.e., “it stops being a house”)

*Formal case

marking a condition as a quality Example: as a house

Identical case -etur

showing that something is identical Example: being identical to the house, ménétúr

Orientative case ORI fo-

oriented towards something Example: turned towards the house, fómén

Revertive case -ňo-

backwards to something Example: against the house, méňón

Translative case TRANSL -in

change of a condition into another Example: (turning) into a house, ménín