1720 lines
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Org Mode
1720 lines
70 KiB
Org Mode
#+title: Eittland
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#+subtitle: A Linguistic Overview of the Land of the Last Nordic Pagans
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#+setupfile: ../headers
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#+language: en
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#+html_head: <meta name="description" content="A Linguistic Overview of Eittland" />
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#+html_head: <meta property="og:title" content="Eittland" />
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#+html_head: <meta property="og:description" content="A Linguistic Overview of the Eittlandic Kingdom" />
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#+subject: Eittland and its languages
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#+uid: https://langue.phundrak.com/en/eittlandic
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#+options: auto-id:t
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#+latex_header: \usepackage{allrunes}
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#+macro: rune (eval (conlanging-to-org-runes $1 'eittlandic))
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#+latex_header: \linespread{1.15}
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#+latex_header: \usepackage{multicol}
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#+latex_header: \setlength{\columnsep}{2cm}
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#+latex_header: \setlength{\columnseprule}{1pt}
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#+latex_header: \usepackage{glossaries}
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#+latex_header: \makeglossaries
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#+latex: \printglossaries
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* Foreword
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Introduction-Foreword-d22hjv20e5j0
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:UNNUMBERED: t
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:END:
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** On This Document
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Foreword-On-This-Document-drs3x130rbj0
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:END:
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Redistribution or sale of this document is strictly prohibited. This
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document is protected by French law on copyright and is completely
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owned by its author[fn:3] (myself, Lucien “Phundrak” Cartier-Tilet).
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This document is dual-licensed under the GFDL license[fn:4] for the
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text and the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license[fn:2] for the images.
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If you got this document by any other mean than a website on the
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~.phundrak.com~ domain, please report it as soon as possible. There is
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currently no agreement with the author to redistribute it by any mean
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possible. If you wish to redistribute it, please contact the author.
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This document is about a constructed language (conlang) I created. It
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will be written as an in-universe document, in an alternate history
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where the Eittlandic Kingdom actually exists in our world, with its
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history intertwined with ours. Any vague part about any linguistical
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or cultural aspect is most likely due to a lack of worldbuilding, so
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if you read something along the lines of “more research needs to be
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done on the subject” simply means I have not yet written on it (or I
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may not plan to).
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** A Warning to the Reader
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Foreword-A-Warning-to-the-Reader-aov3x130rbj0
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:END:
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This document deals with the evolution of a real historic language
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towards a completely made up language, as well as the evolution of a
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similarly made up people in a made up country. I am no linguist,
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ethnologist, nor historian, and making this requires a lot of
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knowledge which I don’t have (if anything, you could consider me an
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armchair linguists: I read lots of books on the subject). Therefore, I
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*will* take shortcuts here and there on various topics.
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Any “fact” you might learn about the Old Norse people, language, or
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history might be altered reality if not straight up wrong, although I
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do try to strive to achieve something believable and as close as I can
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to reality.
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Let me reiterate: I am no expert in the subjects presented here, do
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not take anything I say at face value. I believe the scientific term
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for some stuff written here is “bullshit”.
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This is a work of fiction. Any resemblance to persons living or dead,
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to any real event, or any real people is purely coincidental.
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** List of abbreviations
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Foreword-List-of-abbreviations-0h6jg050rbj0
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:END:
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- adj :: adjective
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- adv :: adverb
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- f :: feminine noun
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- m :: masculine noun
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- n :: neutral noun
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- prep :: preposition
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- v :: verb
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* Eittland
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Eittland-iz98ngl0jaj0
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:END:
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Eittland (Eittlandic: Eittland {{{rune(eittland)}}} {{{phon(ɑɪtlɑ̃d)}}}) is part of
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the family of Nordic countries, with a population of 31.5 millions as
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per the 2019 national census. It has a superficy of 121 km^{2}, making it
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the second largest island in Europe after Great Britain. Its capital
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Đeberget is the largest eittlandic city with a population of 1.641.600
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in 2019. The island is naturally separated in two, its western and
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eastern sides, by a chain of volcanoes spawning on the separation of
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the North American and the Eurasian plates, much like its northern
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sister Iceland. Thus, its Eastern side covers 49km^{2} of the island and
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hosts 11.3 million inhabitants while the western side covers 72km^{2}
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with a population of 20.1 millions.
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** Geography
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Eittland-Geography-gox58hn0jaj0
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:END:
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Eittland is an active volcanic island. In its center we can find the
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most active volcanoes, surrounded by glaciers and some regular
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mountains. It is surrounded by some taiga, taiga plains covered mainly
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by ashen pines (/pinus fraxinus/), and a large cold desert covering most
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of the center of the island and its northern eastern part. Outside of
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this largely unpopulated region, Eastern Eittland mainly consists of
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grasslands with some temperate rainforests on its southern shores as
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well as some occasional wetland and marshes. On the other hand,
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Western Eittland has a lot more temperate deciduos forests, temperate
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rainforests and some more wetlands and marshes still. Three small cold
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deserts spawn in Western Eittland, including one north east of
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Đeberget not far from the city. More details can be found in the map
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[[img:map-biomes]]. Overall, the southern and western parts of Eittland
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can be compared to Scotland in terms of temperatures, or a warmer
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Iceland.
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#+CAPTION: Biomes of the Eittlandic Island
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#+attr_html: :loading lazy
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#+attr_latex: :float sideways
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#+NAME: img:map-biomes
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[[file:img/eittland/map-biomes.png]]
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Eastern Eittland is also recognizable by its great amount of flat
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shorelines, especially in its northern and eastern parts which are part
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of the more recent paths of lava flows. On the other hand, its few
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fjords and the numerous fjords found in the western part of the island
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are characteristic of much older parts of Eittland. The Fjord
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themselves were formed during the last ice age, while the smoother
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shore lines formed since. Western Eittland also has two main bays
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which are two very old caldeira volcanoes. It is not known whether
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they will be one day active again or not.
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** Culture
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Eittland-Culture-q6uf2gs0uaj0
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:END:
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The Eittlandic people share a common basis for their culture which
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remained rather conservative for much longer than the other nordic
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people due to its resistance towards Christianity conversion. The
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number of people adhering to Norse beliefs remained very high through
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the ages and only recently began declining, going from 93% of
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Eittlanders declaring themselves follower of the Norse Faith in 1950
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to 68% in 2019. This decline is also due to either people converting
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to a religion or due to the immigration boom from the last seventy
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years, though the main reason is the decline in people identifying to
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any faith at all --- the number of atheists went from only 2% of
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Eittlanders in 1940 to 15% in 2019. The evolution of the religious
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population is shown in the chart [[chart:religions]], and a geographical
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distribution of these in 2019 can be found in the map [[map:religion]] ---
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note that only the main religion is shown in a particular area and
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religions with less people in said area are not shown. You can also
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see on said map the population repartition of Eittland.
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#+headers: :cache yes :exports results
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#+begin_src gnuplot :file img/eittland/religions.png :var data=eittland-religions
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set title "Religions in Eittland since 1950"
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set key invert reverse Left outside
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set yrange [0:100]
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set grid y
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set ylabel "Percentage"
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set border 3
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set style data histograms
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set style histogram rowstacked
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set style fill solid border -1
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set boxwidth 1
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plot data u 2:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 title 'Norse Faith', \
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data u 3:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 title 'Atheism', \
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data u 4:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 title 'Church of Eittland', \
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data u 5:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 title 'Christianity', \
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data u 6:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 title 'Buddhism', \
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data u 7:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 title 'Other'
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#+end_src
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#+name: chart:religions
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#+caption: Religious Evolution of Eittland Since 1900
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#+attr_html: :loading lazy
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#+RESULTS[706a2c4928c3c4c8979c0ce62acab59f9eb1bebf]:
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[[file:img/eittland/religions.png]]
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#+attr_html: :loading lazy
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#+attr_latex: :float sideways
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#+name: map:religion
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#+caption: Religious population of Eittland
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[[file:./img/eittland/map-religion.png]]
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There is also a regional cultural difference between Western, Eastern,
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and Southern Eittland marked with some differences in traditions and
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language. There is currently a nationalist movement in Southern
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Eittland so a new state is created within the Kingdom of Eittland. The
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repartition of the different eittlandic cultures is shown in the map
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[[map:culture]].
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#+name: map:culture
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#+caption: Cultural Map of Eittland
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#+attr_html: :loading lazy
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#+attr_latex: :float sideways
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[[file:./img/eittland/map-cultural.png]]
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Standard Eittlandic is a relatively young language, created in the
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1960s by the government in order to create a standard dialect to
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facilitate communications between Eittlanders and make learning the
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language easier. Standard Eittlandic is now enforced as the /de facto/
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legal language of the High Kingdom of Eittland, used by its
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government, schools, and universities, but the local dialects are
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still widely spoken privately and in business which remains regional.
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They still have a strong presence in popular media and are still
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spoken by younger generations, but a decline has been registered since
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the 90s among young people living in cities, speaking more and more in
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Standard Eittlandic instead. Dialects are also rarely used on the
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internet outside of private conversation. An estimate of 17% of the
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Eittlandic population younger than 25 in 2017 do not speak any
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dialectal Eittlandic outside of Standard Eittlandic, although only 2%
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of them do not understand their family’s dialectal Eittlandic.
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Standard Eittlandic also became the default dialect for Eittlandic
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communities living outside of Eittland --- in these communities the
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inability of speaking other dialects rise to 61% while the ability to
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understand them rises to 25% among Eittlanders younger than 25 in 2018
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and who still have Eittlandic as their mother tongue.
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It is estimated only 0.05% of people living in Eittland do not speak
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any Eittlandic dialect, all of them being immigrants or children of
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immigrants. It is therefore safe to say Eittlandic is still going
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strong and does not face any risk of disappearing anytime soon,
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although we might be at the start of the decline of the historical
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dialects of Eittland in favor of Standard Eittlandic.
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In this document, we will mostly address Standard Eittlandic, although
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some dialectal variation will be mentioned.
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** Name of the Country
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Eittland-Name-of-the-Country-hun23je06bj0
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:END:
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The root of the name of “Eittland” is the accusative of /einn/ (Old
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Norse /one/, /alone/) and /land/ (Old Norse /country/, /land/. This is due to
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how remote it seemed to the people who discovered, before Iceland and
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Greenland were known. Hence, a possible translation of “Eittland” can
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be /Lonely Land/. The term “Eittlandic” is relatively transparent
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considering the term “Icelandic” for “Iceland” and “Greenlandic” for
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“Greenland”.
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** History
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Eittland-History-9n168hn0jaj0
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:END:
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According to historical records, Eittland was first found in 763 by
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Norwegian explorers. Its first settlement appeared in 782 on its
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eastern shores with hopes of finding new farmland. The population grew
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rapidly after the discovery of the southern shores, and in 915
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Eittland became self-governing with Ásmundr Úlfsonn declared the first
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Eittlandic king. However, in order to avoid any unnecessary conflicts,
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the new king swore allegiance to the Norwegian king Harald I
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Halfdansson. Eittland thus became a vassal state to the Norwegian
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crown while retaining autonomy from it, which was granted due to the
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distance between the two countries.
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Shortly after however, the beginning of the christianisation of the
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nordic countries and especially of Norway created a new immigration
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boost in Eittland with norsemen seeking a pagan land untouched by
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christian faith. In 935, a year after Haakon I Haraldsson became king
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of Norway and began trying to introduce Christianity to its people,
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the newly crowned king Áleifr I Ásmundson of Eittland adopted a new
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law forbidding the Christian faith to be imported, promoted, and
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practiced in Eittland. This decision forever weakened the alliance
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between the two countries.
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As more and more people in Eittland were moving to its western part
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due to larger opportunities with its farmlands, king Áleifr I chose in
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936 to move the capital of Eittland from Hylfjaltr to Đeberget and
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split in half the country. He appointed his brother Steingrímr, later
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known as Steingrímr I Áleifsbróðr, as his co-ruler and gave him
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authority over Eastern Eittland while he kept ruling himself over
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Western Eittland. This choice is due to the difficulty of going from
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one side of the island to the other by land --- lava flows often
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forcefully close and destroy paths joining the two parts together.
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This gave birth to the two states of the Kingdom of Đeberget (also
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called the /Western Eittlandic Kingdom/) and the Kingdom of Hylfjaltr
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(also called the /Eastern Eittlandic Kingdom/). More on that can
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** Political Organization
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Eittland-Political-Organization-z5v4e9p0jaj0
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:END:
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*** Kingdoms and Monarchy
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Eittland-Political-Organization-Political-subdivisions-z32drvy0jaj0
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:END:
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While Eittland is a single country, it is host to two kingdoms: the
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Kingdom of Đeberget in the western part of the country, and the
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Kingdom of Hylfjaltr in its eastern part. This is due to a separation
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of the country in two halves during the reign of Eittlands second king
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Áleifr I when he realized the difficulties he and the following
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monarchs of the island would face trying to rule the country alone
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while the latter is almost always split in two by active volcanoes.
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Thus, while the two kingdoms operate very independently from each
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other --- each have their own policies on economics, education,
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industry, and so on --- they also operate in cooperation as the
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Eittlandic High Kingdom with the king of Đeberget at its head when it
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comes to common policies, such as military decision and internrational
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affairs.
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#+attr_html: :loading lazy
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#+attr_latex: :float sideways
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#+CAPTION: The Two Eittlandic States
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#+NAME: img:map-political
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[[file:./img/eittland/map-political.png]]
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This means that while both governments are independent from each other
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and are legally equals to each other, the western monarch is the one
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with the authority to decide on national actions after negotiations
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between them and the eastern monarch. This is reflected by the throne
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rooms found in official buildings such as the royal palaces where
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three thrones can be found: a central, very large throne surrounded by
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two other identical thrones, the right one for the monarch of
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Hylfjaltr and the left one for the king of Đeberget. Most of the time,
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both monarchs sit on their side throne, including when they meet each
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||
other as the monarchs of Hylfjaltr and Đeberget. However, when the
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monarch of Đeberget is meant to act as the High Monarch of Eittland,
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they step up to the central throne and then represent the country as a
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whole.
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At the end of the reign of the High King, either through abdication or
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their death, his successor is enthroned within a month. Then, within a
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year, the new High King has to appoint a new monarch for Hylfjaltr.
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Traditionally, the new co-ruler is a brother of the current High
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Monarch, however history showed it could be sometimes an uncle, a son,
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a sister or even sometimes a daughter. When the eastern monarch either
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||
abdicates or dies, the High Monarch has a month to designate a new
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||
one.
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||
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Up until the 14th century, the monarch of Hylfjaltr was rarely the
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||
successor of the High Monarch. However, High King Ólafr I changed this
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||
tradition and created a new one. He named his brother and co-ruler
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King of Eittland and his son Prince of Eittland. From here on, the
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King (or occasionally the Queen) of Eastern Eittland was meant to
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||
become the new High Monarch of Eittland and make the Prince (or
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||
occasional Princess) the ruler of Hylfjaltr. Then, once the reign of
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the King ends, the Prince becomes the new High King and nominates a
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||
new King and a new Prince. This was done to ensure the upcoming High
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||
Monarch would be prepared in ruling the whole country by first ruling
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||
the state. If anything were to happen to the Prince or Princess of
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||
Eittland while the King or Queen of Hylfjaltr is on the throne, they
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||
would have to nominate a new heir among the other possible heirs
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||
possible for the late High Monarch.
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||
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||
When the High Monarchs steps up to the central throne, they may
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||
designate someone to fill in the role of the monarch of Đeberget for
|
||
the time being. They can also authorize the monarch of Hylfjaltr to do
|
||
so in case they are unavailable and someone need to represent the
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||
country in front of foreign representatives. The last example was
|
||
during the two last years of Eríkr IX’s reign from 1987 to 1989 when
|
||
he could not act as High King due to his illness. While he did not
|
||
abdicate, he authorized king Harald III to act as High King while he
|
||
appointed his daughter and present-day High Queen Njall III as the
|
||
acting monarch of Đeberget.
|
||
|
||
*** Regions and Jarldoms
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Eittland-Political-Organization-Regions-and-Jarldoms-vxsav301jaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
While each kingdom is ruled by a monarch and the country is ruled by
|
||
the High Monarch, the kingdoms are divided into several kinds of
|
||
subdivisions. The most common one is the jarldom, historically ruled
|
||
by and still represented by a jarl during ceremonies. “Jarl”
|
||
translates as “Earl” in English, and they were the nobles in charge of
|
||
managing parts of the land in the name of the ruler.
|
||
#+attr_html: :loading lazy
|
||
#+attr_latex: :float sideways
|
||
#+CAPTION: Eittlandic Provinces
|
||
#+NAME: img:map-provinces
|
||
[[file:./img/eittland/map-provinces.png]]
|
||
|
||
Some parts of the land are directly under the control of the crown,
|
||
such as the districts of Đeberget and Hylfjaltr, which the ruler ruled
|
||
without intermediaries. They are the private possessions of the family
|
||
of the rulers.
|
||
|
||
On top of this the center of the island is divided in territories, one
|
||
administered by the government of Đeberget and two by the government
|
||
of Hylfjaltr. These territories are supposedly not inhabited by anyone
|
||
and are currently natural parks. This is mostly where you can find the
|
||
mountains and volcanoes of Eittland as well as its cold deserts.
|
||
|
||
Due to the Last Royal Decree of 1826, jarls no longer rule their
|
||
jarldom themselves anymore. Instead, a local elected government takes
|
||
care of this role now.
|
||
|
||
*** Governments
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Eittland-Political-Organization-Government-zoeav301jaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
**** Monarchy and Things
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Eittland-Political-Organization-Governments-Monarchy-and-Things-f4i3ii11jaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
The first form of government created in Eittland revolved around
|
||
Things, assemblies of various size occasionally created at various
|
||
levels of the state to decide on important matters. The Things allow
|
||
at first any adult man to participate, but as the population grew some
|
||
restrictions were put in place in order to limit the amount of
|
||
participants. Only one man could represent a household starting
|
||
from 982. Then, starting from 998, only jarls were allowed to the
|
||
ruler’s Thing, and only ten jarls from each kingdom, elected among all
|
||
the jarls from the same kingdom, would be allowed to attend the High
|
||
Monarch’s Thing. These jarls would then act as representatives of the
|
||
kingdom to the High King and his counsellors.
|
||
|
||
In 1278, the first formal ministry (or department) was created in the
|
||
Ðeberget Kingdom, called a /Ráðuneyt/ (litt. “fellowship of
|
||
counsellors”) with a /Ráðunautr/ at its head, to aid the King Hallþórr V
|
||
Gunhildson’s in administering agriculture. The Hylfjaltr Kingdom soon
|
||
followed, creating its own in 1283 by order of Eyvindor III
|
||
Steingrímson. From then, ráðuneyts were created as needed with a
|
||
growing number.
|
||
|
||
**** Constitutional Monarchy
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Eittland-Political-Organization-Governments-Constitutional-Monarchy-k7y3ii11jaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
In 1826, fearing the revolutionary climate in mainland Europe, Ólafr V
|
||
passed the appropriately named “Last Royal Decree” in 1826. This act
|
||
put in place a new form of government based on the British monarchy.
|
||
|
||
All the royal power from the rulers of Đeberget and Hylfjaltr is
|
||
transferred to the House of the People and the House of the Land (the
|
||
equivalent of the lower and upper Houses respectively). The House of
|
||
the People was composed of men elected during general elections every
|
||
eight years. It was decided for each jarldom and district, one
|
||
representative would be elected plus another one for each percentage
|
||
of the population of the kingdom the jarldom represents.
|
||
|
||
A similar system was created for jarldoms in order to replace jarls
|
||
with locally elected governments, as well as the organisation of
|
||
municipalities.
|
||
|
||
At first only male land owner of the Nordic Faith could vote and could
|
||
be elected. In 1886, all men of the Nordic Faith got the right to vote
|
||
and be elected in the general elections. In 1902, women gained the
|
||
right to vote and they gained the right to be elected in 1915. The law
|
||
that allowed women to vote also made the authorities stop enforcing
|
||
the restriction on the faith of the participants --- while the
|
||
original texts of 1826 and 1886 were clear on the fact only men of the
|
||
Nordic Faith were allowed to vote and be elected, no such restrictions
|
||
were made for women, making it unclear if only women had no faith
|
||
restriction or if this restriction was removed for everyone.
|
||
Organizers of the next elections in 1914 chose not to enforce this
|
||
religious restriction and it stopped being enforced since then. In
|
||
1998, Queen Siv I exceptionally used her powers of High Queen to pass a
|
||
law to clarify this issue and formally make Eittland a non-religious
|
||
country. This also removed the long unenforced ban on other religions
|
||
in Eittland.
|
||
|
||
It is to be noted that while the rulers of Đeberget and Hylfjaltr have
|
||
lost all their power with the “Last Royal Decree”, the High Monarch
|
||
remained unaffected by the text though they act as if it were the
|
||
case. To replace them, the eastern and western governments elect a
|
||
single national representative meant to act as the head of both states
|
||
instead of the High Monarch who now holds only a ceremonial position.
|
||
However, it happens from time to time the High Monarch passes a law,
|
||
although they only write down in the law already well established
|
||
traditions, such as the ban on the religious restrictions for voters
|
||
which had not been enforced for almost a century by that point.
|
||
|
||
Today, Ráðuneyts still exist, but their head is designated no longer
|
||
by the monarch but by the House of the People. Here is the list of
|
||
Ministries that currently exist in Eittland:
|
||
- /Bærráðuneyt/ :: Agriculture Ministry
|
||
- Dæmaráðuneyt :: Justice Ministry
|
||
- Erlendslandsráðuneyt :: Foreign Affair Ministry
|
||
- Fræðiráðuneyt :: Education Ministry
|
||
- Heilsráðuneyt :: Health Ministry
|
||
- Konungdómráðuneyt :: Kingdom Ministry (State Affairs)
|
||
- Náttúrráðuneyt :: Nature Ministry (including ecology)
|
||
- Rógráðuneyt :: War Ministry
|
||
- Teknikráðuneyt :: Technology Ministry
|
||
- Kaupráðuneyt :: Economy Ministry
|
||
- Vinnaráðuneyt :: Employment Ministry
|
||
|
||
With the separation of the State with its religious departments
|
||
following the law of 1998, the Heiðniráðuneyt (the Heathendom
|
||
Department) became an entity separate from the Government. Its
|
||
Ráðunautr used to be exceptionally appointed by the House of the Land,
|
||
unlike the rest of Ráðunautrs.
|
||
|
||
* Structural Overview
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-ax13bot058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
** Typological Outline of the Eittlandic Language :noexport:
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Typological-Outline-of-the-Eittlandic-Language-osk84ty0jaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Is the language dominantly isolating or polysynthetic?
|
||
# - If the language is at all polysynthetic, is it dominantly
|
||
# agglutinative or fusional? Give examples of its dominant pattern
|
||
# and any secondary patterns.
|
||
# - If the language is at all agglutinative, is it dominantly
|
||
# prefixing, suffixing or neither?
|
||
# - Illustrate the major and secondary patterns (including infixation,
|
||
# stem modification, reduplication, suprasegmental modification, and
|
||
# suppletion).
|
||
# - If the language is at all polysynthetic, is it dominantly
|
||
# "head-marking", "dependent-marking", or mixed?
|
||
# - Give some examples of each type of marking the language exhibits.
|
||
|
||
** Phonetic Inventory and Translitteration
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-1hrhtyt058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Evolution from Early Old Norse to Eittlandic
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-1m6a2h60uaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
Eittlandic evolved early on from Early Old Norse, and as such some
|
||
vowels it evolved from are different than the Old Norse vowels and
|
||
consonants some other Nordic languages evolved from. In this chapter,
|
||
we will see the main list of attested phonetic evolution Eittlandic
|
||
lived through.
|
||
|
||
The history of Eittlandic goes from the late 8th century until
|
||
modern-day Eittlandic. Its history is divided as shown on table
|
||
[[table:history-eittlandic-language]]. It is not an exact science though
|
||
as changes happened progressively through the country. Changes were
|
||
also progressive, meaning the dates chosen to go from one language to
|
||
the other are relatively arbitrary. In evolution examples, it will be
|
||
indicated whether the Eittlandic pronunciation is specific to a
|
||
certain time area (with /Early Middle Eittlandic/, /Late Old Eittlandic/,
|
||
etc…) but if it only specifies /Eittlandic/ it means no significant
|
||
changes in pronunciation occurred since the phonetic rule shown.
|
||
Meaning is also shown between parenthesis. In case of semantic shift,
|
||
its new meaning in Eittlandic is shown --- the same goes for the
|
||
word’s spelling.
|
||
|
||
#+name: table:history-eittlandic-language
|
||
| Period | Language |
|
||
|-----------------------------+-------------------|
|
||
| 8th century - 12th century | Old Eittlandic |
|
||
| 13th century - 16th century | Middle Eittlandic |
|
||
| 17th century - today | Modern Eittlandic |
|
||
|
||
It is generally considered the gj-shift of the 13th century is the
|
||
evolution that marks the change from Old Eittlandic to Middle
|
||
Eittlandic while the great vowel shift marks the change from Middle
|
||
Eittlandic to Modern Eittlandic between the 16th and the 17th century.
|
||
|
||
**** hʷ > ʍ
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-w-β-z5s6wdb0uaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
One of the first evolution of the Eittlandic was the evolution of the
|
||
{{{phon(hʷ)}}} into a {{{phon(ʍ)}}} (written <hv>). It differs from other nordic
|
||
languages which evolved their {{{phon(hʷ)}}} into a {{{phon(v)}}}, like in
|
||
Icelandic or in Norwegian. However, this evolution is cause to debate,
|
||
mainly due to the original phoneme {{{phon(hʷ)}}} which could be inherited
|
||
from Proto-Norse instead.
|
||
+ Example :: Early Old Norse or Late Proto-Norse /hvat/ (what)
|
||
{{{phon(hʷɑt)}}} > Eittlandic /hvat/ (what) {{{phon(ʍɑt)}}}
|
||
|
||
**** C / #h_ > C[-voice]
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-C-h-voice-o4r8mvg08bj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
When preceded by a {{{phon(h)}}}, word-initial consonants such as <l>, <r>,
|
||
<n> would lose their voicing and become voiceless consonants. Note
|
||
<hj> went to {{{phon(ç)}}}.
|
||
|
||
+ Example ::
|
||
- Early Old Norse /hlóð/ (/hearth/) {{{phon(hloːð)}}} > Old Eittlandic /hlóð/
|
||
{{{phon(l̥oːð)}}}
|
||
- Early Old-Norse /hneisa/ (/shame, disgrace/) {{{phon(hneisɑ)}}} > Early Old
|
||
Eittlandic {{{phon(n̥eisɑ)}}}
|
||
- Early Old Norse /hrifs/ (/robbery/) {{{phon(hrifs)}}} > Old Norse {{{phon(r̥ifs)}}}
|
||
- Early Old Norse /hjól/ (wheel) {{{phon(hjoːl)}}} > Old Eittlandic {{{phon(çoːl)}}}
|
||
|
||
**** g / {#,V}_{V,#} > ɣ
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-g-V-V-ɣ-9mlkdpi08bj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
In word-initial position and followed by a vowel or when between
|
||
vowels, Early Old Norse {{{phon(g)}}} gets palatalized into a {{{phon(ɣ)}}}.
|
||
+ Example :: Early Old Norse /gegn/ (/against, right opposite/) {{{phon(gegn̩)}}}
|
||
> Old Eittlandic {{{phon(ɣegn̩)}}}
|
||
|
||
**** V / _# > ∅ ! j _
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-V-f74dgz60uaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
When finishing a word, short unaccented vowels disappeared.
|
||
Historically, they first went through a weakening transforming them
|
||
into a {{{phon(ə)}}}, but they eventually disappeared before long vowels got
|
||
affected by the first part of the rule. However, it did not apply to
|
||
final vowels following a <j>.
|
||
|
||
+ Example :: Old Norse /heilsa/ (/health/) {{{phon(heilsɑ)}}} > Late Old
|
||
Eittlandic /heils/ {{{phon(heils)}}}.
|
||
|
||
Reflecting this change, the last vowel got lost in the Eittlandic
|
||
orthography. However, this rule did not get applied consistently with
|
||
a good deal of people that kept them well until the [[#Great-Vowel-Shift-7spk7j70uaj0][Great Vowel Shift]].
|
||
|
||
**** V / j_# > ə
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-V-j-ə-3v60pdk08bj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
While the final short vowel of words did not disappear when preceded
|
||
by a <j>, they still weakened to a schwa.
|
||
+ Example :: Old Norse /sitja/ (/to sit/) {{{phon(sitjɑ)}}} > Old Eittlandic
|
||
{{{phon(sitjə)}}}
|
||
|
||
**** Vː / _# > ə
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-Vː-ə-9w7dgz60uaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
When at the end of a word, long unaccented vowels get weakened into a
|
||
schwa.
|
||
|
||
+ Example :: Old Norse /erþó/ (as though) {{{phon(erθoː)}}} > Late Old
|
||
Eittlandic {{{phon(erθə)}}}.
|
||
|
||
Notice how in the modern orthography the <ó> didn’t get lost, unlike
|
||
with the previous rule. Unlike the schwa from the previous rule, the
|
||
current schwa still bears the long vowel feature although it is not
|
||
pronounced anymore by that point, influencing the rule described in §[[#Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-ə-C-voice-ysvblnk08bj0]].
|
||
|
||
**** ɣ / {#,V}_ > j !
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-g-V-j-133jvi70uaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
During the 13th century, continued palatalization of the letter <g>
|
||
when beginning or preceding a vowel transformed it from {{{phon(g)}}} in
|
||
Proto-Norse to {{{phon(ɣ)}}} in Old Eittlandic to {{{phon(j)}}} in Early Modern
|
||
Eittlandic.
|
||
+ Example :: Old Norse /gauð/ (a barking) {{{phon(gɑuð)}}} > Early Middle
|
||
Eittlandic /gauð/ (a barking, a quarrel) {{{phon(jɑuð)}}}.
|
||
|
||
This is the first rule of the gj-shift along with the three next
|
||
rules, marking the passage from Old Eittlandic to Middle Eittlandic.
|
||
|
||
**** gl > gʲ
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-gl-gʲ-ys7bn4c0uaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
The exception to the above rule is the <g> remains a hard {{{phon(g)}}} when
|
||
followed by an <l> in which case {{{phon(gl)}}} becomes {{{phon(gʲ)}}}.
|
||
|
||
+ Example :: Old Norse /óglaðr/ (sad, moody) {{{phon(oːɡlɑðr̩)}}} > Early
|
||
Middle Eittlandic /óglaðr/ (very sad, miserable) {{{phon(oːɡʲɑðr̩)}}}
|
||
|
||
**** d g n s t / _j > C[+palat]
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-d-g-h-n-s-t-j-C-palat-l22e89c0uaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
Another exception to the rule in
|
||
§[[#Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-t-C-ʔ-x7lfpz90uaj0]]
|
||
is the <g> remains a hard {{{phon(g)}}} when followed by a {{{phon(j)}}}, in which
|
||
case {{{phon(gj)}}} becomes {{{phon(j)}}}. Other phonemes {{{phon(d)}}}, {{{phon(h)}}},
|
||
{{{phon(n)}}}, {{{phon(s)}}}, and {{{phon(t)}}} also get palatalized, merging with the
|
||
following {{{phon(j)}}}. In the end, we have the conversion table given by
|
||
the table [[cons:palatalization]].
|
||
|
||
#+name: cons:palatalization
|
||
| Early Old Norse | Eittlandic |
|
||
|-----------------+------------|
|
||
| {{{phon(dj)}}} | {{{phon(dʒ)}}} |
|
||
| {{{phon(gj)}}} | {{{phon(j)}}} |
|
||
| {{{phon(nj)}}} | {{{phon(ɲ)}}} |
|
||
| {{{phon(sj)}}} | {{{phon(ʃ)}}} |
|
||
| {{{phon(tj)}}} | {{{phon(tʃ)}}} |
|
||
|
||
Note this is also applicable to devoiced consonants from the rule
|
||
described in
|
||
§[[#Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-C-h-voice-o4r8mvg08bj0]].
|
||
+ Example ::
|
||
- Early Old Norse /djúp/ (/deep/) {{{phon(djuːp)}}} > Middle Eittlandic /djúp/
|
||
(/deep, profound/) {{{phon(dʒuːp)}}}
|
||
- Early Old Norse /gjøf/ (/gift/) {{{phon(gjøf)}}} > Early Middle Eittlandic
|
||
{{{phon(jøf)}}}
|
||
- Early Old Norse /snjór/ (/snow/) {{{phon(snjoːr)}}} > Middle Eittlandic
|
||
{{{phon(sɲoːr)}}}
|
||
- Early Old Norse /hnjósa/ (/to sneeze/) {{{phon(hnjoːsɑ)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ɲ̥oːs)}}}
|
||
- Early Old Norse /sjá/ (/to see/) {{{phon(sjɑː)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃɑː)}}}
|
||
- Early Old Norse /skilja/ (/to understand, to distinguish/)
|
||
{{{phon(skiljɑ)}}} > Early Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiljə)}}}
|
||
- Old Eittlandic /sitja/ (/to sit/) {{{phon(sitjə)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(sitʃə)}}}
|
||
|
||
**** u / V_ > ʊ
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-u-V-ʊ-wqbdfb90uaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
When following another vowel, {{{phon(u)}}} becomes an {{{phon(ʊ)}}}.
|
||
|
||
+ Example :: Old Norse /kaup/ (/bargain/) {{{phon(kɑup)}}} > Early Middle
|
||
Eittlandic {{{phon(kɑʊp)}}}
|
||
|
||
**** {s,z} / _C[+plos] > ʃ
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-s-z-C-plos-ʃ-ʒ-i4p0n0b0uaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
If {{{phon(s)}}} or {{{phon(z)}}} precede a plosive consonant, they become
|
||
palatalized into a {{{phon(ʃ)}}} --- the distinction between <s> and <z> is
|
||
lost.
|
||
|
||
+ Example ::
|
||
- Old Norse /fiskr/ (/fish/) {{{phon(fiskr̩)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(fiʃkr̩)}}}
|
||
- Early Old Norse /vizka/ (/wisdom/) {{{phon(βizkɑ)}}} > Middle Eittlandic /viska/ {{{phon(βiʃk)}}}
|
||
|
||
Note that in the Modern Eittlandic orthography, the <z> is replaced
|
||
with an <s>.
|
||
|
||
**** f / {V,C[+voice]}_ {V,C[+voice],#} > v
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-f-V-V-v-v22g0u70uaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
When a <f> is either surrounded by voice phonemes or is preceded by a
|
||
voiced phoneme and ends a word, it gets voiced into a {{{phon(v)}}}.
|
||
+ Example :: Old Norse /úlf/ (wolf) {{{phon(uːlf)}}} > Middle Eittlandic /úlv/ {{{phon(uːlv)}}}.
|
||
|
||
**** l / _j > ʎ
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-l-j-ʎ-hapblzj08bj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
When followed by a <j>, any <l> becomes a {{{phon(ʎ)}}}, merging with the
|
||
following <j>.
|
||
|
||
+ Example :: Early Middle Eittlandic /skilja/ (to understand, to
|
||
distinguish) {{{phon(ʃkiljə)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiʎə)}}}
|
||
|
||
**** ə[-long] / C_# > ∅
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-ə-C-voice-ysvblnk08bj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
As described in the rule
|
||
§[[#Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-Vː-ə-9w7dgz60uaj0]],
|
||
the schwa resulting from it kept its long vowel feature although it
|
||
wasn’t pronounced anymore. This resulted in the current rule making
|
||
all schwas resulting from short vowels at the end of words to
|
||
disappear when following a voiced consonant. This basically boils down
|
||
to any former short vowel following a <j> in word-final position.
|
||
+ Example :: Middle Eittlandic (to understand, to distinguish)
|
||
{{{phon(ʃkiʎə)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiʎ)}}}
|
||
|
||
**** ɑʊ > oː
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-aʊ-oː-4w88tmg08bj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
Sometime in the 15th century, any occurence of <au>, pronounced by
|
||
then {{{phon(ɑʊ)}}}, began shifting to {{{phon(oː)}}}.
|
||
|
||
+ Example :: Early Middle Eittlandic /kaup/ (/bargain/) {{{phon(/kɑʊp/)}}} > Late
|
||
Middle Eittlandic /kaup/ (/commerce/) {{{koːp}}}
|
||
|
||
**** C[+long +plos -voice] > C[+fric] ! / _C > C[+long +plos] > C[-long]
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-C-long-plos-voice-C-fric-C-C-long-plos-C-long-77287t90uaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
Unless followed by another consonant, any unvoiced long plosive
|
||
consonant becomes a short affricate while other long plosives simply
|
||
become shorter.
|
||
+ Example ::
|
||
- Old Norse /edda/ (great grandmother) {{{phon(edːɑ)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic
|
||
/edda/ (great grandmother, femalle ancestor) {{{phon(edɑ)}}}
|
||
- Old Norse /Eittland/ {{{phon(eitːlɑnd)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(eitlɑnd)}}}
|
||
- Old Norse /uppá/ (/upon/) {{{phon(upːɑː)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(upɸə)}}}
|
||
|
||
**** r > ʁ (Eastern Eittlandic)
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-r-ʁ-Eastern-Eittlandic-b20i1pm0bbj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
From the beginning of the 16th century, the Eastern Eittlandic {{{phon(r)}}}
|
||
began morphing into an {{{phon(ʁ)}}} in all contexts except in word-final
|
||
<-r>, remanants of Old Norse’s nominative <-R>. This is typical in the
|
||
Eastern region of Eittland and it can be even heard in some dialects
|
||
of Southern Eittlandic.
|
||
|
||
+ Example ::
|
||
- Old Norse /dratta/ (/to trail/ or /walk like a cow/) {{{phon(drɑtʃ)}}} > Eastern Modern
|
||
Eittlandic /dratt/ (/act mindlessly/) {{{phon(dʁɑtʃ)}}}
|
||
- Early Old Norse /fjárdráttr/ (/(unfairly) making money/)
|
||
{{{phon(fjɑːdrɑːtːr̩)}}} > Eastern Modern Eittlandic /fjárdráttr/ (/to scam/)
|
||
{{{phon(fjɛʁdʁɛtr̩)}}}
|
||
|
||
**** Great Vowel Shift
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Great-Vowel-Shift-7spk7j70uaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
The great vowel shift happened during the 16th and 17th century during
|
||
which long vowels underwent a length loss, transforming them into
|
||
different short vowels. Only three rules governed this shift:
|
||
- V[+high +long] > V[-high -long]
|
||
- V[+tense +long] > V[-tense -long]
|
||
- V[-tense +long] > V[-long -low]
|
||
|
||
Hence, the vowels evolved as shown in table [[vow:eittland:evolution]].
|
||
#+name: vow:eittland:evolution
|
||
#+caption: Evolution of Old Norse long vowels to Eittlandic short vowels
|
||
| Orthography | Old Eittlandic vowel | Modern Eittlandic Vowel |
|
||
|-------------+----------------------+-------------------------|
|
||
| á | {{{phon(ɑː)}}} | {{{phon(ɛ)}}} |
|
||
| é | {{{phon(eː)}}} | {{{phon(ɛ)}}} |
|
||
| í | {{{phon(iː)}}} | {{{phon(e)}}} |
|
||
| ó | {{{phon(oː)}}} | {{{phon(ɔ)}}} |
|
||
| œ (ǿ) | {{{phon(øː)}}} | {{{phon(œ)}}} |
|
||
| ú | {{{phon(uː)}}} | {{{phon(o)}}} |
|
||
| ý | {{{phon(yː)}}} | {{{phon(ø)}}} |
|
||
|
||
As you can see, some overlap is possible from Old Norse vowels and
|
||
Modern Eittlandic vowels. For instance, Eittlanders will read <e> and
|
||
<í> both as an {{{phon(e)}}}.
|
||
|
||
+ Examples ::
|
||
- Middle Eittlandic /sjá/ (/to see/) {{{phon(ʃɑː)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃɛ)}}}
|
||
- Old Norse /fé/ (/cattle/) {{{phon(feː)}}} > Modern Eittlandic /fé/ (wealth) {{{phon(fɛ)}}}
|
||
- Late Proto-Norse /hví/ (/why/) {{{phon(hʷiː)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ʍe)}}}
|
||
- Old Norse /bók/ (/beech/, /book/) {{{phon(boːk)}}} > Modern Eittlandic (/book/)
|
||
{{{phon(bɔk)}}}
|
||
- Early Old Norse /œgir/ (/frightener/, /terrifier/) {{{phon(øːɡir)}}} > Modern
|
||
Eittlandic /Œgir/ (a kind of mythical beast) {{{phon(œjir)}}}
|
||
- Middle Eittlandic /úlv/ (/wolf/) {{{phon(uːlv)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(olv)}}}
|
||
|
||
Diphthongs also evolved following these rules:
|
||
- {{{phon(ei)}}} > {{{phon(ɑɪ)}}}
|
||
- {{{phon(ou)}}} > {{{phon(ɔʊ)}}}
|
||
- {{{phon(øy)}}} > {{{phon(œʏ)}}}
|
||
|
||
**** V / _N > Ṽ[-tense] ! V[+high] (Southern Eittlandic)
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-V-N-Ṽ-V-high-ulb1ey80uaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
When preceding a nasal, any vowel that is not high as determined by
|
||
the figure [[tree:vowels]] gets nasalized when preceding a nasal consonant
|
||
and loses its tenseness if it has any. Hence, the pronunciation of the
|
||
<a> in /Eittland/ is {{{phon(ã)}}}. However, Old Norse /runa/ (rune) {{{phon(runɑ)}}}
|
||
becomes /run/ (letter, character, rune) {{{phon(run)}}} without any
|
||
nasalization.
|
||
|
||
Note this evolution is mostly proeminent in the southern regions of
|
||
Eittland and the city of Hundraðskip. It is less often documented in
|
||
Eastern Eittland and almost undocumented in Western Eittland. It is
|
||
more often documented in casual conversation buch rarer in formal
|
||
conversation, especially when the majority of the speakers in a group
|
||
are not southerners.
|
||
|
||
**** t / _C > ʔ ! _ʃ
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-t-C-ʔ-x7lfpz90uaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
When a {{{phon(t)}}} precedes another consonant, it becomes a glottal stop.
|
||
+ Example :: Early Modern Eittlandic /Eittland/ {{{phon(ɑɪtlɑnd)}}} > Modern
|
||
Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪʔlɑnd)}}}
|
||
|
||
**** V^{U} > ə ! diphthongs (Western Eittlandic)
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-V-U-ə-diphthongs-fjh0pnr0uaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
A recent evolution in Western Eittland is weakening any unstressed
|
||
vowel that is not a diphthong to a schwa. It is only documented in
|
||
casual speech but almost never in formal speech.
|
||
|
||
+ Example ::
|
||
- Standard Eittlandic /ádreif/ (spray) {{{phon(ɛdrɑɪv)}}} > Western Casual
|
||
Eittlandic {{{phon(ɛdrɑɪv)}}}
|
||
- Standard Eittlandic /einlægr/ (/sincere/) {{{phon(ɑɪnlæɡr)}}} > Western
|
||
Casual Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪnləɡr)}}}
|
||
|
||
*** Vowel Inventory
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Vowels-vishtyt058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
Modern Standard Eittlandic has a total of ten simple vowels and three
|
||
diphthongs. Unlike its ancestor language, Old Norse, it does not bear
|
||
any distinction in vowel length anymore since the great vowel shift
|
||
(see §[[#Great-Vowel-Shift-7spk7j70uaj0]]). The table [[tab:vow:ipa]] lists
|
||
the Eittlandic simple vowels while the table [[tab:vow:dipththongs]] lists
|
||
the Eittlandic diphthongs.
|
||
|
||
#+name: tab:vow:ipa
|
||
| / | < | |
|
||
| <r> | <c> | <c> |
|
||
| | front | back |
|
||
|-----------+-------+------|
|
||
| close | i y | u |
|
||
| close-mid | e ø | o |
|
||
| open-mid | ɛ œ | ɔ |
|
||
| open | | ɑ |
|
||
|
||
#+name: tab:vow:dipththongs
|
||
| diphthong | phonetics |
|
||
| <c> | <c> |
|
||
|-----------+-----------|
|
||
| ei | {{{phon(ɑɪ)}}} |
|
||
| au | {{{phon(ɔʊ)}}} |
|
||
| ey | {{{phon(œʏ)}}} |
|
||
|
||
#+name: vow-dot-gen
|
||
#+header: :var vowels=vowels-featural-list
|
||
#+begin_src emacs-lisp :wrap "src dot :file eittland/vowel-feature-tree.png"
|
||
(conlanging-list-to-graphviz vowels)
|
||
#+end_src
|
||
|
||
#+RESULTS[95f3d873f1a8b7fac926422e03feb73e9734ec2a]: vow-dot-gen
|
||
#+begin_src dot :file eittland/vowel-feature-tree.png
|
||
graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jbs0vhl86d2"[label="vowels"];"+high-0jbs0vhl86db"[label="+high"];"vowels-0jbs0vhl86d2"--"+high-0jbs0vhl86db";"+round-0jbs0vhl86de"[label="+round"];"+high-0jbs0vhl86db"--"+round-0jbs0vhl86de";"+front-0jbs0vhl86dg"[label="+front"];"+round-0jbs0vhl86de"--"+front-0jbs0vhl86dg";"/y/-0jbs0vhl86dj"[label="/y/"];"+front-0jbs0vhl86dg"--"/y/-0jbs0vhl86dj";"-front-0jbs0vhl86do"[label="-front"];"+round-0jbs0vhl86de"--"-front-0jbs0vhl86do";"/u/-0jbs0vhl86dr"[label="/u/"];"-front-0jbs0vhl86do"--"/u/-0jbs0vhl86dr";"-round-0jbs0vhl86e3"[label="-round"];"+high-0jbs0vhl86db"--"-round-0jbs0vhl86e3";"/i/-0jbs0vhl86e6"[label="/i/"];"-round-0jbs0vhl86e3"--"/i/-0jbs0vhl86e6";"-high-0jbs0vhl86ek"[label="-high"];"vowels-0jbs0vhl86d2"--"-high-0jbs0vhl86ek";"+round-0jbs0vhl86en"[label="+round"];"-high-0jbs0vhl86ek"--"+round-0jbs0vhl86en";"+tense-0jbs0vhl86ep"[label="+tense"];"+round-0jbs0vhl86en"--"+tense-0jbs0vhl86ep";"+front-0jbs0vhl86es"[label="+front"];"+tense-0jbs0vhl86ep"--"+front-0jbs0vhl86es";"/ø/-0jbs0vhl86ev"[label="/ø/"];"+front-0jbs0vhl86es"--"/ø/-0jbs0vhl86ev";"-front-0jbs0vhl86f2"[label="-front"];"+tense-0jbs0vhl86ep"--"-front-0jbs0vhl86f2";"/o/-0jbs0vhl86f4"[label="/o/"];"-front-0jbs0vhl86f2"--"/o/-0jbs0vhl86f4";"-tense-0jbs0vhl86ff"[label="-tense"];"+round-0jbs0vhl86en"--"-tense-0jbs0vhl86ff";"+low-0jbs0vhl86fh"[label="+low"];"-tense-0jbs0vhl86ff"--"+low-0jbs0vhl86fh";"/œ/-0jbs0vhl86fk"[label="/œ/"];"+low-0jbs0vhl86fh"--"/œ/-0jbs0vhl86fk";"-low-0jbs0vhl86fp"[label="-low"];"-tense-0jbs0vhl86ff"--"-low-0jbs0vhl86fp";"/ɔ/-0jbs0vhl86fs"[label="/ɔ/"];"-low-0jbs0vhl86fp"--"/ɔ/-0jbs0vhl86fs";"-round-0jbs0vhl86gm"[label="-round"];"-high-0jbs0vhl86ek"--"-round-0jbs0vhl86gm";"+tense-0jbs0vhl86gp"[label="+tense"];"-round-0jbs0vhl86gm"--"+tense-0jbs0vhl86gp";"/e/-0jbs0vhl86gr"[label="/e/"];"+tense-0jbs0vhl86gp"--"/e/-0jbs0vhl86gr";"-tense-0jbs0vhl86gw"[label="-tense"];"-round-0jbs0vhl86gm"--"-tense-0jbs0vhl86gw";"+low-0jbs0vhl86gz"[label="+low"];"-tense-0jbs0vhl86gw"--"+low-0jbs0vhl86gz";"/ɑ/-0jbs0vhl86h1"[label="/ɑ/"];"+low-0jbs0vhl86gz"--"/ɑ/-0jbs0vhl86h1";"-low-0jbs0vhl86h6"[label="-low"];"-tense-0jbs0vhl86gw"--"-low-0jbs0vhl86h6";"/ɛ/-0jbs0vhl86h9"[label="/ɛ/"];"-low-0jbs0vhl86h6"--"/ɛ/-0jbs0vhl86h9";}
|
||
#+end_src
|
||
|
||
#+name: tree:vowels
|
||
#+attr_html: :alt Eittlandic Vowel Featural Tree :class gentree :loading lazy
|
||
#+caption: Eittlandic Vowels Featural Tree
|
||
#+RESULTS[7867f85cb842efcdbf63b57169c32fb8e2b6831c]:
|
||
[[file:img/eittland/vowel-feature-tree.png]]
|
||
|
||
**** Private Data :noexport:
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Vowels-Private-Data-jt8bq9m0eaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
#+name: vowels-featural-list
|
||
- vowels
|
||
- +high
|
||
- +round
|
||
- +front
|
||
- /y/
|
||
- -front
|
||
- /u/
|
||
- -round
|
||
- /i/
|
||
- -high
|
||
- +round
|
||
- +tense
|
||
- +front
|
||
- /ø/
|
||
- -front
|
||
- /o/
|
||
- -tense
|
||
- +low
|
||
- /œ/
|
||
- -low
|
||
- /ɔ/
|
||
- -round
|
||
- +tense
|
||
- /e/
|
||
- -tense
|
||
- +low
|
||
- /ɑ/
|
||
- -low
|
||
- /ɛ/
|
||
|
||
*** Consonant Inventory
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Consonants-xethtyt058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Private Data :noexport:
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Consonants-Private-Data-sfcbpfm0eaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
*** Pitch and Stress
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Pitch-and-Stress-br8ank61e8j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
*** Regional accents
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Regional-accents-l8w7rux0sbj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
Eittlandic is a language in which three distinct main dialects exist
|
||
with their own accent. These three main dialects are Eastern
|
||
Eittlandic spoken in the majority Kingdom of Hylfjaltr, Western
|
||
Eittlandic spoken in the majority of the Kingdom of Ðeberget, and
|
||
Southern Eittlandic spoken on the southern parts of the island,
|
||
regardess of the legal kingdom (see the map shown in
|
||
§[[#Eittland-Culture-q6uf2gs0uaj0]]. Three main elements of their
|
||
respective accent were presented above in
|
||
§§[[#Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-r-ʁ-Eastern-Eittlandic-b20i1pm0bbj0]],
|
||
[[#Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-V-N-Ṽ-V-high-ulb1ey80uaj0]],
|
||
and
|
||
[[#Evolution-from-Early-Old-Norse-to-Eittlandic-V-U-ə-diphthongs-fjh0pnr0uaj0]].
|
||
|
||
Some regional variation can be also found in these dialects, although
|
||
less significant and less consistantly than the changes mentioned
|
||
above. As such, we can find in some rural parts of the Eastern
|
||
Eittlandic dialect area high vowels slightly more open than their
|
||
equivalent in Standard Eittlandic, as shown in table [[vow:accent:east]]
|
||
#+name: vow:accent:east
|
||
#+caption: Equivalence Between Eastern Eittlandic and Standard Eittlandic
|
||
| <c> | <c> |
|
||
| Rural Eastern Eittlandic | Standard Eittlandic |
|
||
|--------------------------+---------------------|
|
||
| {{{phon(i)}}} | {{{phon(ɪ)}}} |
|
||
| {{{phon(y)}}} | {{{phon(ʏ)}}} |
|
||
| {{{phon(u)}}} | {{{phon(ʊ)}}} |
|
||
|
||
On the other hand, Southern Eittlandic tends to front its {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into
|
||
{{{phon(a)}}} after nasal consonants and glides and into {{{phon(ɐ)}}} otherwise.
|
||
|
||
** Phonotactics
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Phonotactics-r2whtyt058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Syllable Structure
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonotactics-Syllable-Structure-hhx3zk40f8j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
*** Allophony
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonotactics-Allophony-x185lum0jaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Word Structure
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Word-Structure-n6vhtyt058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** World Classes :noexport:
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-aywhtyt058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Names
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Names-ztxhtyt058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - What are the distributional properties of nouns?
|
||
# - What are the structural properties of nouns?
|
||
# - What are the major formally distinct subcategories of nouns?
|
||
# - What is the basic structure of the noun word (for polysynthetic
|
||
# languages) and/or noun phrases (for more isolating languages)?
|
||
**** Countables and Uncountables
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Names-Countables-and-Uncountables-sqyhtyt058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
**** Proper Nouns
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Names-Proper-Nouns-0ozhtyt058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Pronouns and Anaphoric Clitics
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Pronouns-and-Anaphoric-Clitics-9k0ityt058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Does the language have free pronouns and/or anaphoric clitics?
|
||
# (These are distinct from grammatical agreement.)
|
||
# - Give a chart of the free pronouns and/or anaphoric clitics.
|
||
**** Personal Pronouns
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Pronouns-and-Anaphoric-Clitics-Personal-Pronouns-cps4r0u058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
**** Demonstrative Pronouns
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Pronouns-and-Anaphoric-Clitics-Demonstrative-Pronouns-2qt4r0u058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
**** Possessive Pronouns
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Pronouns-and-Anaphoric-Clitics-Possessive-Pronouns-2pu4r0u058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Verbs
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-xg1ityt058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - What are the distributional properties of verbs?
|
||
# - What are the structural properties of verbs?
|
||
# - What are the major subclasses of verbs?
|
||
# - Describe the order of various verbal operators within the verbal
|
||
# - word or verb phrase.
|
||
# - Give charts of th
|
||
# - tense/aspect/mode, etc. Indicate major allomorphic variants.
|
||
# - Are directional and/or locational notions expressed in the verb or
|
||
# - verb phrase at all?
|
||
# - Is this operation obligatory, i.e. does one member of the
|
||
# paradigm have to occur in every finite verb or verb phrase?
|
||
# - Is it productiv
|
||
# verb stems, and does it have the same meaning with each one?
|
||
# (Nothing is fully productive, but some operations are more
|
||
# productive than others.)
|
||
# - Is this operation primarily coded morphologically, analytically,
|
||
# or lexically? Are there any exceptions to the general case?
|
||
# - Where in the verb phrase or verbal word is this operation likely
|
||
# to appear? Can it occur in more than one place?
|
||
**** Verbal Structure
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Verbs-Verbal-Structure-zfubf8u058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
**** Verbal Derivations
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Verbs-Verbal-Derivations-tezbf8u058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
**** Verbal Inflexions
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Verbs-Verbal-Inflexions-443cf8u058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Modifiers
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-yw5cf8u058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - If you posit a morphosyntactic category of adjectives, give
|
||
# evidence for not grouping theseforms with the verbs or nouns. What
|
||
# characterizes a form as being an adjective in this language?
|
||
# - How can you characterize semantically the class of concepts coded
|
||
# by this formal category?
|
||
# - Do adjectives agr
|
||
# noun class)?
|
||
# - What kind of syst
|
||
# - How high can a fluent native speaker count without resorting
|
||
# either to words from another language or to a generic word like
|
||
# /many/? Exemplify the system up to this point.
|
||
# - Do numerals agree with their head nouns (number, case, noun
|
||
# class, ...)?
|
||
**** Descriptive Adjectives
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-Descriptive-Adjectives-pcpelau058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
**** Non-Numeral Quantifiers
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-Non-Numeral-Quantifiers-zsselau058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
**** Numerals
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-Numerals-4gvelau058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Adverbs
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Adverbs-6lxelau058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - What characterikes a form as being an adverb in this language? If
|
||
# you posit a distinct class of adverbs, argue for why these forms
|
||
# should not be treated as nouns, verbs, or adjectives.
|
||
# - For each kind of adverb listed in this section, list a few members
|
||
# of the type, and specify whether there are any restrictions
|
||
# relavite to that type, e.g. where they can come in a clause, any
|
||
# morphemes common to the type, etc.
|
||
# - Are any of these classes of adverbs related to older
|
||
# complement-taking (matrix) verbs?
|
||
*** Adpositions
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Adpositions-isib3bu058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Grammatical Particules
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Grammatical-Particules-q0kb3bu058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
** Constituants Order Typology :noexport:
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Constituants-Order-Typology-xaujqgu058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Constituants Order in Main Clauses
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Constituants-Order-Typology-Constituants-Order-in-Main-Clauses-6bvjqgu058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - What is the neutral order of free elements in the unit?
|
||
# - Are there variations?
|
||
# - How do the variant orders function?
|
||
# - Specific to the main clause constituent order: What is the
|
||
# pragmatically neutral order of constituents (A/S, P, and V) in
|
||
# basic clauses of the language?
|
||
*** Constituants Order in Nominal Clauses
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Constituants-Order-Typology-Constituants-Order-in-Nominal-Clauses-195lqgu058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Describe the order(s) of elements in the noun phrase.
|
||
*** Constituants Order in Verbal Clauses
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Constituants-Order-Typology-Constituants-Order-in-Verbal-Clauses-f76lqgu058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Where do auxliari
|
||
# verb?
|
||
# - Where do verb-phrase adverbs occur with respect to the verb and
|
||
# auxiliaries?
|
||
*** Adpositional Phrases
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Constituants-Order-Typology-Adpositional-Phrases-g57lqgu058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Is the language dominantly prepositional or post-positional? Give
|
||
# examples.
|
||
# - Do many adpositions come from nouns or verbs?
|
||
*** Comparatives
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Constituants-Order-Typology-Comparatives-u18lqgu058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Does the language have one or more grammaticalized comparative
|
||
# constructions? If so, what is the order of the standard, the
|
||
# marker and the quality by which an item is compared to the
|
||
# standard?
|
||
*** Questions
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Constituants-Order-Typology-Questions-qx8lqgu058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - In yes/no questions, if there is a question particle, where does
|
||
# it occur?
|
||
# - In information qu
|
||
** Structure of a Nominal Group :noexport:
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-nu66umu058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Composed Words
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Composed-Words-7w76umu058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Is there noun-noun compounding that results in a noun (e.g.
|
||
# /windshield/)?
|
||
# - How do you know it is compounding?
|
||
# - Is there noun-verb (or verb-noun) compounding that results in a
|
||
# noun (e.g. /pickpocket/, /scarecrow/)?
|
||
# - Are these process
|
||
# can-opener)? How common is compounding?
|
||
*** Denominalization
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Denominalization-c296umu058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Are there any processes (productive or not) that form a verb from
|
||
# a noun?
|
||
# - An adjective from a noun?
|
||
# - An adverb from a noun?
|
||
*** Numbers
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Numbers-n0a6umu058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Is number express
|
||
# - Is the distinction between singular and non-singular obligatory,
|
||
# optional, or completely absent in the noun phrase?
|
||
# - If number marking is “optional”, when does it tend to occur, and
|
||
# when does it tend not to occur?
|
||
# - If number marking is obligatory, is number overtly expressed for
|
||
# all noun phrases or only some subclasses of noun phrases, such as
|
||
# animate?
|
||
# - What non-singular distinctions are there?
|
||
*** Grammatical Case
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Grammatical-Case-bya6umu058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Do nouns exhibit morphological case?
|
||
# - If so, what are the cases? (The functions of the cases will be
|
||
# elaborated in lat
|
||
*** Articles and Demonstratives
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Articles-and-Demonstratives-owb6umu058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Do noun phrases have articles?
|
||
# - If so, are they obligatory or optional, and under what
|
||
# circumstances do they occur?
|
||
# - Are they separate words, or bound morphemes?
|
||
# - Is there a class of classes of demonstratives as distinct from
|
||
# articles?
|
||
# - How many degrees of distance are there in the system of
|
||
# demontsratives?
|
||
# - Are there other distinctions beside distances?
|
||
*** Possessives
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Possessives-8xc6umu058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - How are possessors expressed in the noun phrase?
|
||
# - Do nouns agree with their possessors? Do possessors agree with
|
||
# possessed nouns? Neither, or both?
|
||
# - Is there a distinction between alienable and inalienable
|
||
# possesson?
|
||
# - Are there other types of possession?
|
||
# - When the possessor is a full noun, where does it usually come with
|
||
# respect to the possessed noun?
|
||
*** Classes (including Gender)
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Classes-including-Gender-i2e6umu058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Is there a noun class system?
|
||
# - What are the classes and how are they manifested in the noun
|
||
# phrase?
|
||
# - What dimension of reality is most central to the noun class system
|
||
# (e.g. animacy, shape, function, etc.)? What other dimensions are
|
||
# relevant?
|
||
# - Do the classifiers occur with numerals? Adjectives? Verbs?
|
||
# - What is their function in these contexts?
|
||
*** Diminution/Augmentation
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Diminution-Augmentation-41f6umu058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Does the language employ diminutive and/or augmentative operators
|
||
# in the noun or noun phrase?
|
||
# - Questions to answ
|
||
# - Is this operation obligatory, i.e. does one member of the
|
||
# paradigm have to occur in every full noun phrase?
|
||
# - Is it productiv
|
||
# full noun phras
|
||
# one? (Nothing is fully productive, but some operations are more
|
||
# so than others.)
|
||
# - Is this operation primarily expressed lexically,
|
||
# morphologically, or analytically?
|
||
# - Where in the noun phrase is this operation likely to be located?
|
||
# - Can it occur in more than one place?
|
||
** Predicates and Linked Constructions :noexport:
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Predicates-and-Linked-Constructions-9vn42yu058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Nominal Predicates
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Predicates-and-Linked-Constructions-Nominal-Predicates-6zo42yu058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - How are proper inclusion and equative predicates formed?
|
||
# - What restrictions are there, if any, on the TAM marking of such
|
||
# clauses?
|
||
*** Adjective Predicates
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Predicates-and-Linked-Constructions-Adjective-Predicates-11q42yu058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - How are predicate adjective formed? (Include a separate section on
|
||
# predicate adjectives only if they are structurally distinct from
|
||
# predicate nominals.)
|
||
*** Locative Predicat
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Predicates-and-Linked-Constructions-Locative-Predicates-y5r42yu058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - How are locational clauses (or predicate locatives) formed?
|
||
*** Existential Predicates
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Predicates-and-Linked-Constructions-Existential-Predicates-wds42yu058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - How are existential clauses formed? (Give examples in different
|
||
# tense/aspects, especially if there is significant variation.)
|
||
# - How are negative
|
||
# - Are there extended uses of existential morphology? (Provide
|
||
# pointers to other relevant sections of the grammar.)
|
||
*** Possessive Clauses
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Predicates-and-Linked-Constructions-Possessive-Clauses-6gt42yu058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - How are possessiv
|
||
** Verbal Groups Structure :noexport:
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Verbal-Groups-Structure-hhu42yu058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
** Intransitive Clauses :noexport:
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Intransitive-Clauses-x3k4i1v058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
** Ditransitive Clauses :noexport:
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Ditransitive-Clauses-2yl4i1v058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
** Dependent Type Clauses :noexport:
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Dependent-Type-Clauses-gln4i1v058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Non-Finite
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Dependent-Type-Clauses-Non-Finite-99p4i1v058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Semi-Finite
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Dependent-Type-Clauses-Semi-Finite-urq4i1v058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Finite
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Dependent-Type-Clauses-Finite-44s4i1v058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
* Functional System :noexport:
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Functional-System-va2ityt058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
** Grammatical Relationship
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Functional-System-Grammatical-Relationship-dj9g86v058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
# Examplify some simple intransitive, transitive, and ditransitive
|
||
# clauses. Three-argument clauses may not unequivocally exist.
|
||
# - What are the grammatical erlations of this language? Give
|
||
# morphosyntactic evidence for each one that you propose.
|
||
# - Subject?
|
||
# - Ergative?
|
||
# - Absolutive?
|
||
# - Direct object?
|
||
# - Indirect object?
|
||
# There are basically four possible sources of evidence for
|
||
# grammatical relations:
|
||
# - morphological case on NPs
|
||
# - person marking on verbs
|
||
# - constituent ord
|
||
# - some pragmatic hierarchy
|
||
# - Is the system of grammatical relations in basic (affirmative,
|
||
# declarative) clauses organized according to a
|
||
# nominative/accusative, ergative/absolutive, tripartite, or some
|
||
# other system?
|
||
# - Is there a split system for organizing grammatical relations? If
|
||
# so, what determin
|
||
# - Is there split instransitivity? If so, what semantic or
|
||
# discourse/pragmatic factor conditions the split?
|
||
# - Does the system for pronouns and/or person marking on verbs
|
||
# operate on the same basis as that of full NPs?
|
||
# - Are there different grammatical-relation systems depending on
|
||
# the clause type (e.g. main vs. dependent clauses, affirmative
|
||
# vs. negative clauses)?
|
||
# - Are there different grammatical-relation assignment systems
|
||
# depending on th
|
||
# - Are there any syntactic processes (e.g. conjunction reduction,
|
||
# relativization) that operate on an ergative/absolutive basis?
|
||
** Constructions Link
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Functional-System-Constructions-Linked-to-Voice-and-Valence-g5ceo8v058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
** Valence Increase
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Functional-System-Valence-Increase-dsdeo8v058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Causative
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Functional-System-Valence-Increase-Causative-hafeo8v058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Applicative
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Functional-System-Valence-Increase-Applicative-7pgeo8v058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Dative Shift
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Functional-System-Valence-Increase-Dative-Shift-n3ieo8v058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Dative Interest
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Functional-System-Valence-Increase-Dative-Interest-tgjeo8v058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** External Possession
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Functional-System-Valence-Increase-External-Possession-opkeo8v058j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
* Dictionary
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-y2icocp0h5j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
#+latex: \begin{multicols*}{2}
|
||
** A
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-A-wtcczzm0jaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Á
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-Á-4kfczzm0jaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Æ
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-Æ-2diczzm0jaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** B
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-B-ae79d268
|
||
:END:
|
||
- bók :: f. {{{phon(bɔk)}}}
|
||
1. book
|
||
|
||
** C
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-C-29dc766b
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** D
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-D-h7lczzm0jaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
- djúp :: adj. {{{phon(dʒop)}}}
|
||
1. deep
|
||
2. profound (figuratively)
|
||
- djúpligr :: adv. {{{phon(dʒopliɡr̩)}}}
|
||
1. deeply
|
||
|
||
** Đ
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-Đ-jpnczzm0jaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** E
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-E-54360434
|
||
:END:
|
||
- edda :: f. {{{phon(ed)}}}
|
||
1. great grandmother
|
||
2. female ancestor, beyond the grandmother
|
||
- Eittland :: n. {{{phon(ɑɪʔlɑnd)}}}
|
||
1. (n) High Kingdom of Eittland, island of Eittland
|
||
|
||
** É
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-É-aeqczzm0jaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** F
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-F-r4tczzm0jaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
- fé :: n. {{{phon(fɛ)}}}
|
||
1. wealth
|
||
- fiskr :: m. {{{phon(fiʃkr̩)}}}
|
||
1. fish
|
||
|
||
** G
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-G-5a9af03c
|
||
:END:
|
||
- gauð :: n. {{{phon(jɔʊð)}}}
|
||
1. a barking
|
||
2. a quarrel
|
||
- gegn :: adv. {{{phon(jeɡn̩)}}}
|
||
1. against, opposing
|
||
- gjøf :: f. {{{phon(jøv)}}}
|
||
1. gift, present
|
||
|
||
** H
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-H-5qvczzm0jaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
- heilsa :: f. {{{phon(hɑɪls)}}}
|
||
1. health
|
||
- hjól :: n. {{{phon(çɔl)}}}
|
||
1. wheel
|
||
- hlóð :: n. {{{phon(l̥ɔð)}}}
|
||
1. hearth
|
||
2. living room
|
||
- hneisa :: f. {{{phon(n̥ɑɪs)}}}
|
||
1. shame, disgrace
|
||
2. social isolation
|
||
- hneisingr :: n. {{{phon(n̥ɑɪsinɡr̩)}}}
|
||
1. hermit
|
||
2. (modern) shut-in, hikikomori
|
||
- hnjósa :: v. {{{phon(ɲ̥ɔs)}}}
|
||
1. to sneeze
|
||
- hrifs :: n. {{{phon(r̥ivs)}}}
|
||
1. assault, mugging
|
||
- hvat :: adv. {{{phon(ʍɑt)}}}
|
||
1. what
|
||
- hví :: adv. {{{phon(ʍe)}}}
|
||
1. why
|
||
|
||
** I
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-I-a81a4697
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Í
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-Í-s9yczzm0jaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** J
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-J-88f57f6a
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** K
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-K-bl1dzzm0jaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
- kaup :: n. {{{phon(kɔp)}}}
|
||
1. commerce
|
||
2. bargain, barter
|
||
|
||
** L
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-L-j64dzzm0jaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** M
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-M-cccfd958
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** N
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-N-0ef6f2af
|
||
:END:
|
||
- noregsúlfr :: m. {{{phon(norejsolvr̩)}}}
|
||
1. wolf, litt. Norway’s wolf. Wolf do not naturally live in Eittland
|
||
and their only relatives introduced to the island were dogs and
|
||
wolf-dogs which inherited the simpler /úlfr/ term. Noun composed by
|
||
Old Norse /noregs/ (genitive of /Noregr/, /Norway/) and /úlfr/.
|
||
|
||
** O
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-O-cf8f0e3f
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Ó
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-Ó-y77dzzm0jaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
- óglaðr :: adj. {{{phon(ɔɡʲɑðr̩)}}}
|
||
1. very sad, depressed, miserable
|
||
|
||
** Ø
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-8fcb6e1e
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Œ
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-Œ-0c780f53
|
||
:END:
|
||
- Œgir :: m. {{{phon(œjir)}}}
|
||
1. A mythical beast residing in the forests of the western
|
||
Eittlandic fjords.
|
||
|
||
** P
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-P-2b7ab301
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Q
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-Q-b1ec8323
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** R
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-R-fmcdzzm0jaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** S
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-S-e9e187ae
|
||
:END:
|
||
- sitja :: v. {{{phon(sitʃ)}}}
|
||
1. to sit
|
||
2. to represent (politics)
|
||
- sjá :: v. {{{phon(ʃɛ)}}}
|
||
1. to see
|
||
2. to understand
|
||
- skilja :: v. {{{phon(ʃkiʎ)}}}
|
||
1. to differenciate
|
||
2. to segregate, to separate
|
||
3. to understand a difference
|
||
- snjór :: m. {{{phon(sɲɔr)}}}
|
||
1. snow
|
||
|
||
** T
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-T-phfdzzm0jaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Þ
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-Þ-t6idzzm0jaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** U
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-U-fa109e34
|
||
:END:
|
||
- uppá :: prep. {{{phon(upɸə)}}}
|
||
1. upon
|
||
|
||
** Ú
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-Ú-c35e6434
|
||
:END:
|
||
- úlfr :: m. {{{phon(olvr̩)}}}
|
||
1. wolf-dog. See also /noregsúlfr/.
|
||
|
||
** V
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-V-urkdzzm0jaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
- veisheit :: f. {{{phon(βɑɪshɑɪt)}}}
|
||
1. knowledge or wisdom. From German /Weisheit/. See also /vizka/
|
||
- viska :: f. {{{phon(βiʃk)}}}
|
||
1. practical knowledge or wisdom, acquired from experience
|
||
See /veisheit/ for a more general term for /wisdow/
|
||
|
||
** Y
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-Y-a217cb68
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Ý
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionary-Ý-iendzzm0jaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Z
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-Z-144a2853
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
|
||
#+latex: \end{multicols*}
|
||
|
||
* Private Data :noexport:
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Private-Data-q4hgd1d0uaj0
|
||
:END:
|
||
#+name: eittland-religions
|
||
| / | < | | | | | |
|
||
| Year | Norse Faith | Atheism | Church of Eittland | Christianity | Buddhism | Other |
|
||
|------+-------------+---------+--------------------+--------------+----------+-------|
|
||
| 1900 | 97 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
|
||
| 1950 | 93 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
|
||
| 1975 | 84 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
|
||
| 2000 | 75 | 9 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
|
||
| 2019 | 68 | 15 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 3 |
|
||
|
||
* Footnotes
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: Footnotes-uybi3030e5j0
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
[fn:4] https://www.gnu.org/licenses/#FDL
|
||
|
||
[fn:3] [[https://phundrak.com][phundrak.com]]
|
||
|
||
[fn:2] [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/][creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/]]
|
||
|
||
[fn:1] [[https://langue.phundrak.com][langue.phundrak.com]]
|