10 KiB
Cas grammaticaux du Hjalpi Vernaculaire
- Chart for review for the basic cases
- Location
- Motion from
- Motion to
- Motion via
- Time
- Morphosyntactic alignment
- Relation
- Semantics
- State
Grammatical states marques with a star ( * ) are grammatical states that do not exist as declensions in the Divine Language.
Chart for review for the basic cases
| / | < | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| interior | surface | adjacency | state | |
| from | Elative | Delative | Ablative | Excessive |
| at/in | Inessive | Superessive | Adessive | Essive |
| (in)to | Illative | Sublative | Allative | Translative |
| via | Perlative | Prolative |
\newpageLocation
- Adessive case ADE iŗ-
- adjacent location
Example: near/at/by the house, íŗmén
- Antessive case ANTE vwo-
- anterior location
Example: before the house, vwómén
- Apudessive case APUD ne-
- location next to something
Example: next to the house, némén
- Inessive case -ŕo-
- inside something
Example: inside the house, méŕón
- Intrative case ITRT -fu-
- between something
Example: between the houses, méfún
- Locative case LOC la-
- location (general case)
Example: at/on/in the house, lámén
- Pertingent case ma-
- in contact with something
Example: touching the house, mámén
- Postessive case POSTE -uß
- posterior location
Example: behind the house, ménúß
- Subessive case SUBE nwo-
- under something
Example: under/below the house, nwómén
- Superessive case SUPE ßta-
- on the surface
Example: on (top of) the house, ßtámén
\newpageMotion from
- Ablative case ABL li-
- movement away from something
Example: away from the house, límén
- Delative case DEL ßa-
- movement from the surface
Example: from (the top of) the house, ßámén
- *Egressive case EGRE
- marking the beginning of a movement or time
Example: beginning from the house
- Elative case ELA -ykń
- out of something
Example: out of the house, ménýkń
- Initiative case INITI -akļ
- starting point of an action
Example: beginning from the house, ménákļ
\newpageMotion to
- Allative case ALL -li-
-
- *in Hungarian and in Finnish: movement to (the adjacency of). Example: to the house
- in Estonian and in Finnish: movement onto something. Example: onto the house, mélín
- Illative case ILL -ën-
- movement into something
Example: into the house, mênén
- Lative case LAT -la
- movement to something (general case)
Example: to/into the house, ménlá
- Sublative case SUBL -iţ
- movement onto the surface or below something
Example: on(to) the house / under the house, méníţ
- Terminative case TERM -aen
- marking the end of a movement or time
Example: as far as the house, ménáén
\newpageMotion via
- Perlative case PER žu-
- movement through or along
Example: through/along the house, žúmén
- Prolative case PROL še-
- movement using a surface or way (= prosecutive case, vialis case)
Example: by way of/through the house, šémén
\newpageTime
- Accusative case ACC -źu
- indicating duration of time known as the accusative of duration of time
Example: for many years, łaižegźu
- Essive case ESS -oiþyd-
- used for specifying days and dates when something happens
Example: on the first day of the week, žóíþýdójorém
- Limitative case LIMIT -amp
- specifying a deadline
Example: by the first day of the week, žójorémámp
- Temporal case TEMP -igni
- specifying a time
Example: at seven o’clock, ţuheol ţupńtwan ţéálnatigni (GEN-hour GEN-seven precise-TEMP, at the precise hour of seven)
\newpageMorphosyntactic alignment
- Absolutive case (1) ABS -a
- patient, experiencer; subject of an intransitive verb and direct object of a transitive verb. In the divine language, the absolutive case is only used for the subject of an intransitive verb.
Example: he pushed the door and it opened, kjaŗa (door)
- *Absolutive case (2) ABS
- patient, involuntary experiencer
Example: he pushed the door and it opened; he slipped
- *Absolutive case (3) ABS
- patient, experiencer; instrument
Example: he pushed the door with his hand and it opened
- *Accusative case (1)
- patient
Example: he pushed the door and it opened
- Accusative case (2) ACC -vo
- direct object of a transitive verb
Example: I see her, kjeŗvo
- Agentive case AGE te-
- agent, specifies or asks about who or what; specific agent that is subset of a
general topic or subject. Equivalent to the -ga particle in Japanese Example: it was she who committed the crime; as for him, his head hurts, tekjeŗ, tegar
- Ergative case ERG -jo
- agent; subject of a transitive verb
Example: he pushed the door and it opened
- *Ergative-genitive case EGN
- agent, possession
Example: he pushed the door and it opened; her dog
- Instructive INSTRUCTIVE -eň
- means, answers question how?
Example: by the means of the houses, ménéň
- Instrumental INS/INSTR -dļ
- instrument, answers question using which thing?
Example: with the house, méndļ
- *Instrumental-comitative case
- instrument, in company of something
Example: with the house
- *Nominative case (1)
- agent, experiencer; subject of a transitive or intransitive verb
Example: he pushed the door and it opened
- *Nominative case (2)
- agent; voluntary experiencer
Example: he pushed the door and it opened; she paused
- Nominative case NOM (3) pa-
- In the divine language, the person linked to the word; transforms a verbal group into a nominal group
Example: horseman, panael (the man linked to horses, implied riding horses)
- *Objective case (1) OBJ
- direct or indirect object of verb
Example: I saw her; I gave her the book
- *Objective/Oblique (2)
- direct or indirect object of verb or object of preposition; a catch-all case for any situation except nominative or genitive
Example: I saw her; I gave her the book; with her
- Oblique case OBL -ŗeß
- all-round case; any situation except nominative or vocative. In the divine language, is used to quote the element
Example: concerning the house, ménŗéß
- Intransitive case INTR -ai
- the subject of an intransitive verb or the logical complement of a transitive verb (= passive or patient case)
Example: the door opened, mělai
- Pegative case PEG ey-
- agent in a clause with a dative argument
Example: he gave the book to him, eykjaŗ
\newpageRelation
- Ablative case łe-
- all-round indirect case
Example: concerning the house, łémén
- Aversive case EVIT -ńþ-
- avoiding or fear
Example: avoiding the house, mńþén
- *Benefactive case BEN
- for, for the benefit of, intended for
Example: for the house
- Causal case CAUS -oby
- because, because of
Example: because of the house, ménóbý
- *Causal-final case
- efficient or final cause
Example: for a house
- Comitative case COM -ðei-
- in company of something
Example: with the house, méðéín
- Dative case DAT -at-
- shows directon or recipient
Example: for/to the house, mátén
- Distributive case DISTR xelje-
- distribution by piece
Example: per house, xéljémén
- Distributive-temporal case -be
- how often something happens
Example: on Sundays, ðúbémbé
- Genitive case GEN ţu-
- shows relationship, possesssion
Example: of the house; the house’s, ţúmén
- *Ornative case
- endowment with something
Example: equipped with a house
- *Possessed case POSS
- possession by something
Example: the house is owned by someone
- Privative case ei-
- lacking something (in general)
Example: without a houses, éímén
- Semplative case -ŗwo
- similarity to something
Example: that tree is like a house, ménŗwó
- Sociative case to-
- along with something, together with something
Example: with the house, tómén
\newpageSemantics
- Partitive case PTV/PART -ili’-
- used for amounts
Example: three (of the) houses, mílí’én
- *Prepositional case PREP
- when certain prepositions precede the noun
- *Postpositional case POST
- when certain preposition follows the noun
Example: in/on/about the house
- Vocative case VOC -wa
- used for addressing someone, with or without a preposition
Example: Hey, father! O father! Father!, pánámwá
\newpageState
- Abessive case ABE/ABESS e-
- the lack of something, a particular thing
Example: without the house, émén
- Adverbial case ADV -ei
- being as something
Example: as a house, ménéí
- Comparative case COMP -oit
- similarity with something
Example: similar to the house, compared to the house, ménóít
- Equative case -ńt
- comparison with something
Example: like the house, ménńt
- Essive case -oiþyd-
- temporary state of being, general use (essive-formal or essive-modal undefined, or both)
Example: as the house, móíþýdén
- Essive-formal case -ëd
- marking a condition as a quality (a kind of shape)
Example: as a house, ménêd
- Essive-modal case -u’ug
- marking a condition as a quality (a way of being)
Example: as a house, ménú’úg
- *Exessive case
- marking a transition from a condition
Example: from being a house (i.e., “it stops being a house”)
- *Formal case
- marking a condition as a quality
Example: as a house
- Identical case -etur
- showing that something is identical
Example: being identical to the house, ménétúr
- Orientative case ORI fo-
- oriented towards something
Example: turned towards the house, fómén
- Revertive case -ňo-
- backwards to something
Example: against the house, méňón
- Translative case TRANSL -in
- change of a condition into another
Example: (turning) into a house, ménín