[Proto-Ñyqy, En] Update creating trees, works on phonetics

New function `conlanging-list-to-graphviz' better suited for easy
graphviz tree creation with org-mode.

Make some chapters noexport to only export interesting content.

Work on phonotactics and on allophones in Proto-Ñyqy.

Add some words to the dictionary.
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Lucien Cartier-Tilet 2021-11-30 19:55:33 +01:00
parent fc12f37e63
commit e1415ded1b
Signed by: phundrak
GPG Key ID: BD7789E705CB8DCA
4 changed files with 191 additions and 110 deletions

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@ -297,12 +297,12 @@ another, and the patriarchal branches almost all retained women as
their spiritual figurehead, even if political power passed in the their spiritual figurehead, even if political power passed in the
hands of men. hands of men.
** Religion and Beliefs ** Religion and Beliefs :noexport:
:PROPERTIES: :PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Culture-of-the-Proto-Ñyqy-People-Religion-and-beliefs-31mj52n0h5j0 :CUSTOM_ID: Culture-of-the-Proto-Ñyqy-People-Religion-and-beliefs-31mj52n0h5j0
:END: :END:
** Personal Names ** Personal Names :noexport:
:PROPERTIES: :PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Culture-of-the-Proto-Ñyqy-People-Personal-names-8ymj52n0h5j0 :CUSTOM_ID: Culture-of-the-Proto-Ñyqy-People-Personal-names-8ymj52n0h5j0
:END: :END:
@ -404,7 +404,9 @@ morphenes separated from each other instead.
:PROPERTIES: :PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Vowels-vishtyt058j0 :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Vowels-vishtyt058j0
:END: :END:
As we stand today, eight vowels were reconstructed for Proto-Ñyqy: As we stand today, eight vowels were reconstructed for Proto-Ñyqy, as
presented in the table [[table:vowels:trans]]. Below is a short guide to
their pronunciation:
- e :: {{{phon(*ɛ)}}} as in General American English /“bed”/ [bɛd] - e :: {{{phon(*ɛ)}}} as in General American English /“bed”/ [bɛd]
- i :: {{{phon(*ɪ)}}} as in General American English /“bit”/ [bɪt] - i :: {{{phon(*ɪ)}}} as in General American English /“bit”/ [bɪt]
- o :: {{{phon(*ɔ)}}} as in General American English /“thought”/ [θɔːt] - o :: {{{phon(*ɔ)}}} as in General American English /“thought”/ [θɔːt]
@ -440,46 +442,60 @@ It is however possible to create a featural tree for the known vowels,
determining which would have been considered closer to others, as determining which would have been considered closer to others, as
seens with figure [[tree:vowels]]. seens with figure [[tree:vowels]].
#+NAME: vow-tree #+NAME: vow-tree
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :wrap "src dot :file proto-nyqy/vowel-feature-tre.png" #+header: :var vowels=vowels-featural-list
(let ((nyqy-vowels #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :wrap "src dot :file proto-nyqy/vowel-feature-tree.png"
'("vowels" (conlanging-list-to-graphviz vowels)
("+back"
("+tense"
("+high" "/u/")
("-high" "/ɤ/"))
("-tense"
("+high" "/ʊ/")
("-high" "/ɔ/")))
("-back"
("+tense"
("+high" "/y/")
("-high" "/ø/"))
("-tense"
("+high" "/ɪ/")
("-high" "/ɛ/"))))))
(conlanging-tree-to-dot nyqy-vowels))
#+END_SRC #+END_SRC
#+RESULTS[710ba5bdd3ed5f787748cbb05d0460b251e31a9e]: vow-tree #+RESULTS[b89b1c11e7fefc81753f805211bdef60f246d43f]: vow-tree
#+begin_src dot :file proto-nyqy/vowel-feature-tre.png #+begin_src dot :file proto-nyqy/vowel-feature-tree.png
graph{graph[dpi=300];node[shape=plaintext];graph[bgcolor="transparent"];0[label="vowels"];1[label="+back"];0 -- 1;11[label="+tense"];1 -- 11;111[label="+high"];11 -- 111;1111[label="/u/"];111 -- 1111;112[label="-high"];11 -- 112;1121[label="/ɤ/"];112 -- 1121;12[label="-tense"];1 -- 12;121[label="+high"];12 -- 121;1211[label="/ʊ/"];121 -- 1211;122[label="-high"];12 -- 122;1221[label="/ɔ/"];122 -- 1221;2[label="-back"];0 -- 2;21[label="+tense"];2 -- 21;211[label="+high"];21 -- 211;2111[label="/y/"];211 -- 2111;212[label="-high"];21 -- 212;2121[label="/ø/"];212 -- 2121;22[label="-tense"];2 -- 22;221[label="+high"];22 -- 221;2211[label="/ɪ/"];221 -- 2211;222[label="-high"];22 -- 222;2221[label="/ɛ/"];222 -- 2221;} graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jae0mb5jxtn"[label="vowels"];"+back-0jae0mb5jxtx"[label="+back"];"vowels-0jae0mb5jxtn"--"+back-0jae0mb5jxtx";"+tense-0jae0mb5jxu1"[label="+tense"];"+back-0jae0mb5jxtx"--"+tense-0jae0mb5jxu1";"+high-0jae0mb5jxu4"[label="+high"];"+tense-0jae0mb5jxu1"--"+high-0jae0mb5jxu4";"/u/-0jae0mb5jxu6"[label="/u/"];"+high-0jae0mb5jxu4"--"/u/-0jae0mb5jxu6";"-high-0jae0mb5jxub"[label="-high"];"+tense-0jae0mb5jxu1"--"-high-0jae0mb5jxub";"/ɤ/-0jae0mb5jxue"[label="/ɤ/"];"-high-0jae0mb5jxub"--"/ɤ/-0jae0mb5jxue";"-tense-0jae0mb5jxuq"[label="-tense"];"+back-0jae0mb5jxtx"--"-tense-0jae0mb5jxuq";"+high-0jae0mb5jxus"[label="+high"];"-tense-0jae0mb5jxuq"--"+high-0jae0mb5jxus";"/ʊ/-0jae0mb5jxuv"[label="/ʊ/"];"+high-0jae0mb5jxus"--"/ʊ/-0jae0mb5jxuv";"-high-0jae0mb5jxv1"[label="-high"];"-tense-0jae0mb5jxuq"--"-high-0jae0mb5jxv1";"/ɔ/-0jae0mb5jxv3"[label="/ɔ/"];"-high-0jae0mb5jxv1"--"/ɔ/-0jae0mb5jxv3";"-back-0jae0mb5jxvp"[label="-back"];"vowels-0jae0mb5jxtn"--"-back-0jae0mb5jxvp";"+tense-0jae0mb5jxvs"[label="+tense"];"-back-0jae0mb5jxvp"--"+tense-0jae0mb5jxvs";"+high-0jae0mb5jxvv"[label="+high"];"+tense-0jae0mb5jxvs"--"+high-0jae0mb5jxvv";"/y/-0jae0mb5jxvy"[label="/y/"];"+high-0jae0mb5jxvv"--"/y/-0jae0mb5jxvy";"-high-0jae0mb5jxw4"[label="-high"];"+tense-0jae0mb5jxvs"--"-high-0jae0mb5jxw4";"/ø/-0jae0mb5jxw7"[label="/ø/"];"-high-0jae0mb5jxw4"--"/ø/-0jae0mb5jxw7";"-tense-0jae0mb5jxwi"[label="-tense"];"-back-0jae0mb5jxvp"--"-tense-0jae0mb5jxwi";"+high-0jae0mb5jxwl"[label="+high"];"-tense-0jae0mb5jxwi"--"+high-0jae0mb5jxwl";"/ɪ/-0jae0mb5jxwo"[label="/ɪ/"];"+high-0jae0mb5jxwl"--"/ɪ/-0jae0mb5jxwo";"-high-0jae0mb5jxwt"[label="-high"];"-tense-0jae0mb5jxwi"--"-high-0jae0mb5jxwt";"/ɛ/-0jae0mb5jxww"[label="/ɛ/"];"-high-0jae0mb5jxwt"--"/ɛ/-0jae0mb5jxww";}
#+end_src #+end_src
#+NAME: tree:vowels #+NAME: tree:vowels
#+ATTR_HTML: :alt Proto-Ñyqy Vowel Featural Tree :class gentree #+ATTR_HTML: :alt Proto-Ñyqy Vowel Featural Tree :class gentree
#+CAPTION: Proto-Ñyqy Vowels Featural Tree #+CAPTION: Proto-Ñyqy Vowels Featural Tree
#+RESULTS[93213f3a21282f76f00524121b4d3bd73339769e]: #+RESULTS[dac9546e31b40b5e6a172a74914ac3fa60f3b1c4]:
[[file:img/proto-nyqy/vowel-feature-tre.png]] [[file:img/proto-nyqy/vowel-feature-tree.png]]
**** Private Data :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Vowels-Private-Data-jt8bq9m0eaj0
:END:
#+name: vowels-featural-list
- vowels
- +back
- +tense
- +high
- /u/
- -high
- /ɤ/
- -tense
- +high
- /ʊ/
- -high
- /ɔ/
- -back
- +tense
- +high
- /y/
- -high
- /ø/
- -tense
- +high
- /ɪ/
- -high
- /ɛ/
*** Consonants *** Consonants
:PROPERTIES: :PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Consonants-xethtyt058j0 :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Consonants-xethtyt058j0
:END: :END:
the topic of consonants, unlike vowels, is a hot debate among The topic of consonants, unlike vowels, is a hot debate among
linguists. while we are pretty sure proto-ñyqy has twelve consonants, linguists. while we are pretty sure proto-ñyqy has twelve consonants,
we are still unsure which consonants they are due to the extreme we are still unsure which consonants they are due to the extreme
unstability of the dorsal feature, and there is seemingly no unstability of the dorsal feature, and there is seemingly no
consistency as to how the consonants were stabilized in the different consistency as to how the consonants stabilized in the different
languages that emerged from the proto-ñyqy breakup. it is only in the languages that emerged from the proto-ñyqy breakup. it is only in the
recent years Ishy Maeln proposed a new theory that is gaining traction recent years Ishy Maeln proposed a new theory that is gaining traction
among proto-ñyqy specialists: each consonant could be pronounced among proto-ñyqy specialists: each consonant could be pronounced
@ -492,60 +508,27 @@ found in some early languages found after the breakup such as
proto-mojhal. this phenomenon is more thouroughly explained in proto-mojhal. this phenomenon is more thouroughly explained in
§[[#Structural-Preview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Consonants-xethtyt058j0]]. §[[#Structural-Preview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Consonants-xethtyt058j0]].
The featural tree of the Proto-Ñyqy language can be found in the figure You can find the featural tree of the Proto-Ñyqy consonants in the
[[tree:cons]]. Each grapheme displays below its dorsal pronunciation on figure [[tree:cons]]. Each grapheme displays below its dorsal
the left and its non-dorsal pronunciation on the right. pronunciation on the left and its non-dorsal pronunciation on the
right.
#+name: cons-tree #+name: cons-tree
#+header: :var consonants=consonants-featural-list
#+begin_src emacs-lisp :wrap "src dot :file proto-nyqy/consonant-feature-tree.png" #+begin_src emacs-lisp :wrap "src dot :file proto-nyqy/consonant-feature-tree.png"
(let ((nyqy-consonants '("consonant" (conlanging-list-to-graphviz consonants)
("+cor"
("+ant"
("+voice"
("+nas" "n\nɳ / n")
("-nas" "z\nʝ / z"))
("-voice" "s\nç / s"))
("-ant"
("+voice" "j\nɟ / d͡ʒ")
("-voice" "c\nc / t͡ʃ")))
("-cor"
("+voice"
("+nas"
("+lab" "m\nŋ͡m / m")
("-lab" "ñ\nɴ / ɦ̃"))
("-nas"
("+lab"
("+cont" "w\nw / v")
("-cont" "b\ng͡b / b"))
("-lab" "g\nɡ / ʕ")))
("-voice"
("+lab" "p\nk͡p / p")
("-lab" "q\nq / ħ"))))))
(conlanging-tree-to-dot nyqy-consonants))
#+end_src #+end_src
#+RESULTS[e0875f85b0f48837f58e96ee5587b35ec0bccdeb]: cons-tree #+RESULTS[4e9a50b96e705bd847ee3fab2534263dd96ca335]: cons-tree
#+begin_src dot :file proto-nyqy/consonant-feature-tree.png #+begin_src dot :file proto-nyqy/consonant-feature-tree.png
graph{graph[dpi=300];node[shape=plaintext];graph[bgcolor="transparent"];0[label="consonant"];1[label="+cor"];0 -- 1;11[label="+ant"];1 -- 11;111[label="+voice"];11 -- 111;1111[label="+nas"];111 -- 1111;11111[label="n graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"consonants-0jae0mrv0dgn"[label="consonants"];"+coronal-0jae0mrv0dgx"[label="+coronal"];"consonants-0jae0mrv0dgn"--"+coronal-0jae0mrv0dgx";"+anterior-0jae0mrv0dh1"[label="+anterior"];"+coronal-0jae0mrv0dgx"--"+anterior-0jae0mrv0dh1";"+voice-0jae0mrv0dh3"[label="+voice"];"+anterior-0jae0mrv0dh1"--"+voice-0jae0mrv0dh3";"+nasal-0jae0mrv0dh6"[label="+nasal"];"+voice-0jae0mrv0dh3"--"+nasal-0jae0mrv0dh6";"n\nɳ / n-0jae0mrv0dh9"[label="n\nɳ / n"];"+nasal-0jae0mrv0dh6"--"n\nɳ / n-0jae0mrv0dh9";"-nasal-0jae0mrv0dhf"[label="-nasal"];"+voice-0jae0mrv0dh3"--"-nasal-0jae0mrv0dhf";"z\nʝ / z-0jae0mrv0dhi"[label="z\nʝ / z"];"-nasal-0jae0mrv0dhf"--"z\nʝ / z-0jae0mrv0dhi";"-voice-0jae0mrv0dht"[label="-voice"];"+anterior-0jae0mrv0dh1"--"-voice-0jae0mrv0dht";"s\nç / s-0jae0mrv0dhw"[label="s\nç / s"];"-voice-0jae0mrv0dht"--"s\nç / s-0jae0mrv0dhw";"-anterior-0jae0mrv0did"[label="-anterior"];"+coronal-0jae0mrv0dgx"--"-anterior-0jae0mrv0did";"+voice-0jae0mrv0dif"[label="+voice"];"-anterior-0jae0mrv0did"--"+voice-0jae0mrv0dif";"j\nɟ / d͡ʒ-0jae0mrv0dii"[label="j\nɟ / d͡ʒ"];"+voice-0jae0mrv0dif"--"j\nɟ / d͡ʒ-0jae0mrv0dii";"- voice-0jae0mrv0dio"[label="- voice"];"-anterior-0jae0mrv0did"--"- voice-0jae0mrv0dio";"c\nc / t͡ʃ-0jae0mrv0dir"[label="c\nc / t͡ʃ"];"- voice-0jae0mrv0dio"--"c\nc / t͡ʃ-0jae0mrv0dir";"-coronal-0jae0mrv0djo"[label="-coronal"];"consonants-0jae0mrv0dgn"--"-coronal-0jae0mrv0djo";"+voice-0jae0mrv0djr"[label="+voice"];"-coronal-0jae0mrv0djo"--"+voice-0jae0mrv0djr";"+nasal-0jae0mrv0dju"[label="+nasal"];"+voice-0jae0mrv0djr"--"+nasal-0jae0mrv0dju";"+labial-0jae0mrv0djw"[label="+labial"];"+nasal-0jae0mrv0dju"--"+labial-0jae0mrv0djw";"m\nŋ͡m / m-0jae0mrv0djz"[label="m\nŋ͡m / m"];"+labial-0jae0mrv0djw"--"m\nŋ͡m / m-0jae0mrv0djz";"-labial-0jae0mrv0dk5"[label="-labial"];"+nasal-0jae0mrv0dju"--"-labial-0jae0mrv0dk5";"ñ\nɴ / ɦ̃-0jae0mrv0dk7"[label="ñ\nɴ / ɦ̃"];"-labial-0jae0mrv0dk5"--"ñ\nɴ / ɦ̃-0jae0mrv0dk7";"-nasal-0jae0mrv0dkk"[label="-nasal"];"+voice-0jae0mrv0djr"--"-nasal-0jae0mrv0dkk";"+labial-0jae0mrv0dkn"[label="+labial"];"-nasal-0jae0mrv0dkk"--"+labial-0jae0mrv0dkn";"+constricted-0jae0mrv0dkq"[label="+constricted"];"+labial-0jae0mrv0dkn"--"+constricted-0jae0mrv0dkq";"w\nw / v-0jae0mrv0dkt"[label="w\nw / v"];"+constricted-0jae0mrv0dkq"--"w\nw / v-0jae0mrv0dkt";"-constricted-0jae0mrv0dky"[label="-constricted"];"+labial-0jae0mrv0dkn"--"-constricted-0jae0mrv0dky";"b\ng͡b / b-0jae0mrv0dl1"[label="b\ng͡b / b"];"-constricted-0jae0mrv0dky"--"b\ng͡b / b-0jae0mrv0dl1";"-labial-0jae0mrv0dld"[label="-labial"];"-nasal-0jae0mrv0dkk"--"-labial-0jae0mrv0dld";"g\nɡ / ʕ-0jae0mrv0dlg"[label="g\nɡ / ʕ"];"-labial-0jae0mrv0dld"--"g\nɡ / ʕ-0jae0mrv0dlg";"-voice-0jae0mrv0dmf"[label="-voice"];"-coronal-0jae0mrv0djo"--"-voice-0jae0mrv0dmf";"+labial-0jae0mrv0dmi"[label="+labial"];"-voice-0jae0mrv0dmf"--"+labial-0jae0mrv0dmi";"p\nk͡p / p-0jae0mrv0dml"[label="p\nk͡p / p"];"+labial-0jae0mrv0dmi"--"p\nk͡p / p-0jae0mrv0dml";"-labial-0jae0mrv0dmr"[label="-labial"];"-voice-0jae0mrv0dmf"--"-labial-0jae0mrv0dmr";"q\nq / ħ-0jae0mrv0dmt"[label="q\nq / ħ"];"-labial-0jae0mrv0dmr"--"q\nq / ħ-0jae0mrv0dmt";}
ɳ / n"];1111 -- 11111;1112[label="-nas"];111 -- 1112;11121[label="z
ʝ / z"];1112 -- 11121;112[label="-voice"];11 -- 112;1121[label="s
ç / s"];112 -- 1121;12[label="-ant"];1 -- 12;121[label="+voice"];12 -- 121;1211[label="j
ɟ / d͡ʒ"];121 -- 1211;122[label="-voice"];12 -- 122;1221[label="c
c / t͡ʃ"];122 -- 1221;2[label="-cor"];0 -- 2;21[label="+voice"];2 -- 21;211[label="+nas"];21 -- 211;2111[label="+lab"];211 -- 2111;21111[label="m
ŋ͡m / m"];2111 -- 21111;2112[label="-lab"];211 -- 2112;21121[label=
ɴ / ɦ̃"];2112 -- 21121;212[label="-nas"];21 -- 212;2121[label="+lab"];212 -- 2121;21211[label="+cont"];2121 -- 21211;212111[label="w
w / v"];21211 -- 212111;21212[label="-cont"];2121 -- 21212;212121[label="b
g͡b / b"];21212 -- 212121;2122[label="-lab"];212 -- 2122;21221[label="g
ɡ / ʕ"];2122 -- 21221;22[label="-voice"];2 -- 22;221[label="+lab"];22 -- 221;2211[label="p
k͡p / p"];221 -- 2211;222[label="-lab"];22 -- 222;2221[label="q
q / ħ"];222 -- 2221;}
#+end_src #+end_src
#+NAME: tree:cons #+NAME: tree:cons
#+ATTR_HTML: :alt Feature Tree of Proto-Ñyqy Consonants :class gentree #+ATTR_HTML: :alt Feature Tree of Proto-Ñyqy Consonants :class gentree
#+ATTR_LATEX: :float sideways #+ATTR_LATEX: :float sideways
#+CAPTION:Feature Tree of Proto-Ñyqy Consonants #+CAPTION:Feature Tree of Proto-Ñyqy Consonants
#+RESULTS[ffe72afe3ad98a580247d708ff0120e303ee1209]: #+RESULTS[9684da582c5607871725d06858e1edc91b7ab4a2]:
[[file:img/proto-nyqy/consonant-feature-tree.png]] [[file:img/proto-nyqy/consonant-feature-tree.png]]
As you can see, each one of the consonants have their two alternative As you can see, each one of the consonants have their two alternative
@ -553,8 +536,11 @@ indicated below their grapheme. In the case of the coronal consonants,
the alternative consonant is obtained by replacing the anterior the alternative consonant is obtained by replacing the anterior
feature by the dorsal feature when it is present. feature by the dorsal feature when it is present.
The way of writing consonants was therefore standardized as the The way of writing consonants was therefore standardized as presented
following: in the table [[table:consonants-pronunciation]].
#+name: table:consonants-pronunciation
#+caption: Possible Pronunciations of the Proto-Ñyqy Consonants
| <c> | <c> | <c> | <c> |
| Main Grapheme | Dorsal Phoneme | Non-Dorsal Phoneme | Alternate Grapheme | | Main Grapheme | Dorsal Phoneme | Non-Dorsal Phoneme | Alternate Grapheme |
|---------------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------| |---------------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------|
| ñ | {{{phon(*ɴ)}}} | {{{phon(*ɦ̃)}}} | ḿ | | ñ | {{{phon(*ɴ)}}} | {{{phon(*ɦ̃)}}} | ḿ |
@ -589,6 +575,47 @@ grew during the past century. They are not used anymore, but any
student that wishes to read older documents on Proto-Ñyqy should be student that wishes to read older documents on Proto-Ñyqy should be
aware of these. aware of these.
**** Private Data :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Consonants-Private-Data-sfcbpfm0eaj0
:END:
#+name: consonants-featural-list
- consonants
- +coronal
- +anterior
- +voice
- +nasal
- n\nɳ / n
- -nasal
- z\nʝ / z
- -voice
- s\nç / s
- -anterior
- +voice
- j\nɟ / d͡ʒ
- - voice
- c\nc / t͡ʃ
- -coronal
- +voice
- +nasal
- +labial
- m\nŋ͡m / m
- -labial
- ñ\nɴ / ɦ̃
- -nasal
- +labial
- +constricted
- w\nw / v
- -constricted
- b\ng͡b / b
- -labial
- g\nɡ / ʕ
- -voice
- +labial
- p\nk͡p / p
- -labial
- q\nq / ħ
*** Pitch and Stress *** Pitch and Stress
:PROPERTIES: :PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Pitch-and-Stress-br8ank61e8j0 :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Pitch-and-Stress-br8ank61e8j0
@ -633,16 +660,49 @@ No special rule have been found to rule the onset, it can host any
consonant without any effect on the vowel. consonant without any effect on the vowel.
However, it has been found the coda has some rules: However, it has been found the coda has some rules:
- two nasal consonants cannot follow each other - two nasal consonants cannot follow each other --- no {{{recon(-ñm)}}}
- two coronal consonants cannot follow each other - two coronal consonants cannot follow each other --- no {{{recon(-ns)}}}
- labial consonants are never found with another consonant in the coda - labial consonants are never found with another consonant in the coda
--- no {{{recon(-ps)}}}
For instance, {{{recon(noc zebec)}}} would be pronounced as {{{recon(noc
gebec)}}}. It is most likely the features to chose from when converting a
consonant from a coronal to a non-coronal were considered as absent by
default. This results in the table
[[table:coronal-to-non-coronal-consonants]] --- as you can see, the pair
<z> and <j> and the pair <s> and <c> convert to the same consonant
respectively.
#+name: table:coronal-to-non-coronal-consonants
#+caption: Conversion Table of Coronal to Non-Coronal Consonants
| <c> | <c> |
| Coronal Consonant | Non-Coronal Consonant |
|-------------------+-----------------------|
| n | ñ |
| z | g |
| s | q |
| j | g |
| c | q |
It has also been found that if two coronal consonants do follow each It has also been found that if two coronal consonants do follow each
other in cross-syllabic environments, with the first one in the coda other in cross-syllabic environments, with the first one in the coda
of a first syllable and the second one in the onset of a second of a first syllable and the second one in the onset of a second
syllable, then the former will become voiced as the latter. It has syllable, then the former will become voiced as the latter.
also been found a schwa tends to appear between syllables when the
first one ends with two consonants and the second one begins with one. Similarly, if two nasal consonants are found near each other in a
cross-syllabic environment, the second nasal consonant will become
denasalized. Thus, we get the conversion table
[[table:consonants-denasalization]].
#+name: table:consonants-denasalization
#+caption: Denasalization Table for Proto-Ñyqy Consonants
| <c> | <c> |
| Nasal Consonant | Non-Nasal Consonant |
|-----------------+---------------------|
| n | z |
| m | w |
| ñ | b |
It has also been found a schwa tends to appear between syllables when
the first one ends with two consonants and the second one begins with
one.
*** Consonantal Dorsal Alternation *** Consonantal Dorsal Alternation
:PROPERTIES: :PROPERTIES:
@ -654,17 +714,22 @@ it seems probable according to Maelns theory consonants were
alternating between dorsals and non-dorsals. We do not know if it only alternating between dorsals and non-dorsals. We do not know if it only
happened between words, within words, or along whole clauses, but this happened between words, within words, or along whole clauses, but this
would explain much of the different languages that evolved from would explain much of the different languages that evolved from
Proto-Ñyqy. Table [[word-consonantal-dorsal-alternation]] shows different Proto-Ñyqy. Table [[table:word-consonantal-dorsal-alternation]] shows
possible pronunciation of Proto-Ñyqy words with word-wise consonantal different possible pronunciation of Proto-Ñyqy words with word-wise
dorsal alternation whether the first consonant is to be considered a consonantal dorsal alternation whether the first consonant is to be
dorsal consonant or not. considered a dorsal consonant or not. Note the nasal switch as well as
the extra schwa insertion in the third example as described above in
chapter
§[[#Structural-Overview-Phonotactics-Syllable-Structure-hhx3zk40f8j0]].
#+name: word-consonantal-dorsal-alternation #+name: table:word-consonantal-dorsal-alternation
#+caption: Different Possible Pronunciation of Proto-Ñyqy Words #+caption: Different Possible Pronunciation of Proto-Ñyqy Words
| <c> | <c> | <c> |
| Word | Dorsal-Initial | Dorsal-Final | | Word | Dorsal-Initial | Dorsal-Final |
|--------------+----------------+--------------| |-----------------+---------------------+--------------------|
| {{{recon(pœwec)}}} | {{{phon(*pɤwɛt͡ʃ)}}} | {{{phon(*pɤvɛc)}}} | | {{{recon(pœwec)}}} | {{{phon(*pɤwɛt͡ʃ)}}} | {{{phon(*pɤvɛc)}}} |
| {{{recon(zebec)}}} | {{{phon(*zɛg͡bɛt͡ʃ)}}} | {{{phon(*ʝɛbɛc)}}} | | {{{recon(zebec)}}} | {{{phon(*zɛg͡bɛt͡ʃ)}}} | {{{phon(*ʝɛbɛc)}}} |
| {{{recon(ñocm noc)}}} | {{{phon(*ɴɔt͡ʃŋ͡m ə ɦɔc)}}} | {{{phon(*ɦɔcm ə ɴot͡ʃ)}}} |
** Word Structure :noexport: ** Word Structure :noexport:
:PROPERTIES: :PROPERTIES:
@ -1082,6 +1147,12 @@ dorsal consonant or not.
:PROPERTIES: :PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-B-ae79d268 :CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-B-ae79d268
:END: :END:
- {{{recon(beñ)}}} :: {{{def}}}
1. (n) tooth/teeth
- {{{recon(bin)}}} :: {{{def}}}
1. (n) something bad, badness
2. (n) mischief, ill-will, maliciousness
3. (n) dirtiness
** C ** C
:PROPERTIES: :PROPERTIES:
@ -1119,11 +1190,20 @@ dorsal consonant or not.
:PROPERTIES: :PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-N-0ef6f2af :CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-N-0ef6f2af
:END: :END:
- {{{recon(noc)}}} :: {{{def}}}
1. (n) old age
2. (n) elderly person
- {{{recon(núc)}}} :: {{{def}}}
1. (n) youth
2. (n) youngster, teenager
** Ñ ** Ñ
:PROPERTIES: :PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-Ñ-ff7a574f :CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-Ñ-ff7a574f
:END: :END:
- {{{recon(ñocm)}}} :: {{{def}}}
1. (n) human being
2. (n) someone
- {{{recon(ñe)}}} :: {{{def}}} - {{{recon(ñe)}}} :: {{{def}}}
1. (n) house 1. (n) house
@ -1191,8 +1271,7 @@ dorsal consonant or not.
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-Z-144a2853 :CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-Z-144a2853
:END: :END:
- {{{recon(zebec)}}} :: {{{def}}} - {{{recon(zebec)}}} :: {{{def}}}
1. (n) bongo 1. (n) bongo (antelope)
* Footnotes * Footnotes
:PROPERTIES: :PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Footnotes-uybi3030e5j0 :CUSTOM_ID: Footnotes-uybi3030e5j0

View File

@ -7,3 +7,5 @@
- archived - archived
- [[file:archived/hjelp.org][Hjelp]] - [[file:archived/hjelp.org][Hjelp]]
- [[file:archived/matter.org][Mattér]] - [[file:archived/matter.org][Mattér]]
- en
- [[file:en/proto-nyqy.org][The Proto-Ñyqy People]]