[Proto-Ñyqy, En] Working on the structural overview
The basics of the structural overview of Proto-Ñyqy as well as its phonetics are now covered. The alternative phonetics of phonemes, either their dorsal or non-dorsal counterpart, have been reworked to be more consistent than the previous version. Dictionary reset, and some typo fixes.
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# -*- eval: (require 'org-ref) -*-
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#+title: The Proto-Ñyqy People
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#+subtitle: Their Culture, their Language, and what we know about it
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#+subtitle: Their Culture, their Language
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#+setupfile: ../headers
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#+language: en
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#+html_head: <meta name="description" content="The Culture and the Language of the Proto-Ñyqy people" />
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#+html_head: <meta property="og:title" content="The Proto-Ñyqy people" />
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#+html_head: <meta property="og:description" content="The Culture and the Language of the Proto-Ñyqy People" />
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#+macro: nyqy (eval (conlanging-proto-nyqy-to-org $1))
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#+options: auto-id:t
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#+subject: Proto-Ñyqy Culture and Language
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#+uid: https://langue.phundrak.com/en/proto-nyqy
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@ -17,7 +16,7 @@
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Introduction-Foreword-d22hjv20e5j0
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:END:
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Redistribution or sell of this document is strictly prohibited. This
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Redistribution or sale of this document is strictly prohibited. This
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document is protected by French law on copyright and is completely
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owned by its author[fn:3] (myself, Lucien “Phundrak” Cartier-Tilet).
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This document is released for free in various formats on the author’s
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@ -28,18 +27,18 @@ If you got this document by any other mean than a website on the
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currently no agreement with the author to redistribute it by any mean
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possible. If you wish to redistribute it, please contact the author.
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This document is about a gls:conlang I created. However, it will be
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written as an in-universe document would be. Therefore, any reference
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to other works, documents or people will be completely fictional. If
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there is somewhere written that there “needs to be more research done
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on the subject” or any similar kind of expression, this simply means I
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haven’t written anything on this subject, and I may not plan to. As
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you might notice, the style of writing in this document will be
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inspired mainly by the book /Indo-European Language and Culture/ by
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Benjamin W. Forston. Go read this book if you haven’t already, it’s
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extremely interesting (except for the part with the Old Irish and
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Vedic people and what their kings and queens did with horses, I wish
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to unread that).
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This document is about a constructed language (conlang) I created.
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However, it will be written as an in-universe document would be.
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Therefore, any reference to other works, documents or people will be
|
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completely fictional. If there is somewhere written that there “needs
|
||||
to be more research done on the subject” or any similar kind of
|
||||
expression, this simply means I haven’t written anything on this
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subject, and I may not plan to. As you might notice, the style of
|
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writing in this document will be inspired mainly by the book
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/Indo-European Language and Culture/ by Benjamin W. Forston. Go read
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this book if you haven’t already, it’s extremely interesting (except
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for the part with the Old Irish and Vedic people and what their kings
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and queens did with horses, I wish to unread that).
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This is a work of fiction. Any resemblance to persons living or dead,
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to any real event, or any real people is purely coincidental.
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@ -187,23 +186,24 @@ from it, but they were surely there.
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Note that “Proto-Ñyqy” is the usual and most widely accepted spelling
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of the name of the language and culture, but other spellings are
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accepted such as “Proto Ñy Qy”, “Proto Ñy Ȟy”, “Proto My Qy”, or
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“Proto My Ȟy”, each with their equivalent with one word only after the
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accepted such as “Proto Ñy Qy”, “Proto Ñy Ħy”, “Proto Ḿy Qy”, or
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“Proto Ḿy Ħy”, each with their equivalent with one word only after the
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“Proto” part. As we’ll see below in
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§[[#Phonology-Consonants-crlb9nn0h5j0]], the actual pronunciation of
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consonants is extremely uncertain, and each one of these orthographies
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are based on one of the possible pronunciations of the term
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{{{recon(ñyqy)}}}. In this book, we’ll use the so called “coronal-only”
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orthography, unless mentionned otherwise. Some people also have the
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very bad habit of dubbing this language and culture as simply “Ñyqy”
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(or one of its variants), but this is very wrong, as the term “Ñyqy”
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designates the whole familiy of languages and cultures that come from
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the Proto-Ñyqy people. The Tiltinian languages are as much Tiltinian
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as they are Ñyqy languages, but that does not mean they are the same
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as the Proto-Ñyqy language, even if they are relatively close in terms
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of time. When speaking about something that is “Ñyqy”, we are
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generally speaking about daughter languages and cultures and not about
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the Proto-Ñyqy language and culture itself.
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§[[#Structural-Preview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Consonants-xethtyt058j0]],
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the actual pronunciation of consonants is extremely uncertain, and
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each one of these orthographies are based on one of the possible
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pronunciations of the term {{{recon(ñyqy)}}}. In this book, we’ll use the so
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called “coronal-only” orthography, unless mentionned otherwise. Some
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people also have the very bad habit of dubbing this language and
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culture as simply “Ñyqy” (or one of its variants), but this is very
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wrong, as the term “Ñyqy” designates the whole familiy of languages
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and cultures that come from the Proto-Ñyqy people. The Tiltinian
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languages are as much Tiltinian as they are Ñyqy languages, but that
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does not mean they are the same as the Proto-Ñyqy language, even if
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they are relatively close in terms of time. When speaking about
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something that is “Ñyqy”, we are generally speaking about daughter
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languages and cultures and not about the Proto-Ñyqy language and
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culture itself.
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Note also we usually write this language with groups of morphemes,
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such as a noun group, as one word like we do with {{{recon(ñyqy)}}}.
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@ -280,14 +280,22 @@ probably near nowadays’ Rhesodia. We know this thanks to some of their
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reconstructed words which are typical for the other people that lived
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or still live in hot rainforests, and these terms are older than the
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split between the northern and southern groups. For instance, both
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groups have a common ancestor word for /bongo/, {{{recon(zebac)}}}, as well as
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for the /bonobo/, {{{recon(pawac)}}}, which are only found in these
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groups have a common ancestor word for /bongo/, {{{recon(zebec)}}}, as well as
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for the /bonobo/, {{{recon(pœwec)}}}, which are only found in these
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rainforests.
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** Society
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Culture-of-the-Proto-Ñyqy-People-Society-g29i52n0h5j0
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:END:
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The Proto-Ñyqy was a matriachal society, led most likely by older
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women who had an important spiritual role. This cultural trait is
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found in numerous daughter branches of the Ñyqy family, and it would
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be unreasonable to think a large amount of them would change in the
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same way despite many branches being most likely disconnected from one
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another, and the patriarchal branches almost all retained women as
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their spiritual figurehead, even if political power passed in the
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hands of men.
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** Religion and Beliefs
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:PROPERTIES:
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@ -299,17 +307,772 @@ rainforests.
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:CUSTOM_ID: Culture-of-the-Proto-Ñyqy-People-Personal-names-8ymj52n0h5j0
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:END:
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* Phonology
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* Structural Overview
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Phonology-imgb9nn0h5j0
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-ax13bot058j0
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:END:
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** Vowels
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** Typological Outline of Proto-Ñyqy
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Phonology-Vowels-uvkb9nn0h5j0
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Typological-Outline-of-Proto-Ñyqy-chc1dpt058j0
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:END:
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** Consonants
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# - Is the language dominantly isolating or polysynthetic?
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# - If the language is at all polysynthetic, is it dominantly
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# agglutinative or fusional? Give examples of its dominant pattern
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# and any secondary patterns.
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# - If the language is at all agglutinative, is it dominantly
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# prefixing, suffixing or neither?
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# - Illustrate the major and secondary patterns (including infixation,
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# stem modification, reduplication, suprasegmental modification, and
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# suppletion).
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# - If the language is at all polysynthetic, is it dominantly
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# "head-marking", "dependent-marking", or mixed?
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# - Give some examples of each type of marking the language exhibits.
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Proto-Ñyqy is a language that appears to be strongly analytical and
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isolating. It relies mainly on its syntax when it comes to its grammar
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and seldom on morphological rules if at all. Most of its words contain
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either one or two syllables and its sentenses often revolve around
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linked morphemes which could be interpreted as grammatical particules.
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You can find some examples of Proto-Ñyqy and its translation below as
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well as its glossing.
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1. {{{recon(yq ñe pom qy)}}}
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| yq | ñe | pom | qy |
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| dem.prox3 | home | GEN | 1sg(ABS) |
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This house is mine
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2. {{{recon(cø ne)}}}
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| cø | ñe |
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| 1sg.POSS.INCL | house(ABS) |
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This is my house
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3. {{{recon(pim bú qi coq op)}}}
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| pim | bú | qi | coq | op |
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| mango | 2sg(ERG) | DU | eat | PST |
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We (two) ate a mango
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4. {{{recon(cø pim i bœ mygú coq ug mún op zø qy zúmu op)}}}
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| cø | pim | i | bœ | mygú | coq | ug | mún | op |
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| POSS.1sg | mango | undef.art(ABS) | def.art | monkey(ERG) | eat | SUBJ | PROG | PST |
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| zø | qy | zúmu | op |
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| 3sg(ABS) | 1sg(ERG) | see | PST |
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I saw the monkey that would have been eating a mango of mine
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In the first and second examples, we can notice the absence of a verb
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“to be” or any equivalent, this shows existential predicates did not
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need a verb in order to express the existance of something and its
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attributes. This also reveals the word order of the genitive form in
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Proto-Ñyqy, the genitive particle follows the element it propertizes
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and is followed by its property. For instance, in {{{recon(yq ñe pom qy)}}},
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{{{recon(yq ñe)}}} “this house” has the property of being mine {{{recon(qy)}}} is
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the first person singular). /I/ characterize /this house/, therefore /this
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house is of me/, /this is my house/. The main difference between the
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first and the second examples is the first example is the accent in
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the first example is on the fact that said house is /mine/, whereas in
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the second example “my house” is simply presented to the interlocutor.
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As you can see in the third example, Proto-Ñyqy used to have a dual
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number which has been lost in most of its decendent languages, and the
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remaining languages employ the former dual as their current plural
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dissmissing instead the old plural. As indicated by its name, the dual
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was used when referencing to two elements when an otherwise greater
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amount of elements would have required the plural. Hence, in this
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example, you could consider {{{recon(bú qi)}}} to be kind of a 2DU pronoun.
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# --- it is actually a bit more complex than that, as we’ll see in
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# chapter
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# [[#Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Numbers-n0a6umu058j0]].
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Finally, the fourth example gives us an overview of Proto-Ñyqy syntax,
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such as a different position depending on whether we use an indefinite
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or definite article, as well as a subclause inserted in the main
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clause defining a noun phrase, here {{{recon(zø)}}} refering to {{{recon(mygú)}}}.
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We can also clearly see the word order of main clauses presented as
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Absolutive-Ergative-Verb, Proto-Ñyqy being most likely a mostly
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ergative language.
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It is to be noted that although it is supposed Proto-Ñyqy was a mostly
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analytical language, some people like to write related morphemes
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together as one word, hyphenated or not. Thus, the third example could
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also be written as {{{recon(pim búqi coqop)}}} or {{{recon(pim bú-qi coq-op)}}} by
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some. It is due to the fact Proto-Ñyqy was for a long time thought to
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be an agglutinative language and the habit of writing related
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morphemes as one word stuck around. However, nowadays we know an
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analytical Proto-Ñyqy is instead most likely and scolars began writing
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morphenes separated from each other instead.
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** Phonetic Inventory and Translitteration
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Phonology-Consonants-crlb9nn0h5j0
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-1hrhtyt058j0
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:END:
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*** Vowels
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Vowels-vishtyt058j0
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:END:
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As we stand today, eight vowels were reconstructed for Proto-Ñyqy:
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- e :: {{{phon(*ɛ)}}} as in General American English /“bed”/ [bɛd]
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- i :: {{{phon(*ɪ)}}} as in General American English /“bit”/ [bɪt]
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- o :: {{{phon(*ɔ)}}} as in General American English /“thought”/ [θɔːt]
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- ø :: {{{phon(*ø)}}} as in French /“peu”/ [pø]
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- œ :: {{{phon(*ɤ)}}} as in Scottish Gaelic /“doirbh”/ [d̪̊ɤrʲɤv]
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- u :: {{{phon(*ʊ)}}} as in General American English /“hook”/ [hʊ̞k]
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- ú :: {{{phon(*u)}}} as in General American English /“boot”/ [bu̟ːt]
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- y :: {{{phon(*y)}}} as in French /“dune”/ [d̪yn]
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#+NAME: table:vowels:trans
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#+CAPTION: Proto-Ñyqy Vowels
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#+ATTR_LATEX: :placement [htb]
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| <r> | <c> | <c> |
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| / | < | < |
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| | antérieures | postérieures |
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|-------------+-------------+--------------|
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| fermées | y | ú |
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| pré-fermées | i | u |
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| mi-fermées | ø | œ |
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| mi-ouvertes | e | o |
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We also have a ninth vowel, noted <ə> which denotes an unknown vowel.
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It is most likely this was before the Proto-Ñyqy breakup a simple
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schwa standing where a vowel got reduced either at an earlier stage
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than Proto-Ñyqy or during the breakup of the language. Depending on
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the languages that evolved from Proto-Ñyqy, some got rid of it later
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while some other reinstated it as a full vowel with different rules
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each on which vowel it would become. Thus in the current stage of
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reasearch on Proto-Ñyqy, we cannot know for certain which vowel it
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should have been.
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It is however possible to create a featural tree for the known vowels,
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determining which would have been considered closer to others, as
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seens with figure [[tree:vowels]].
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#+NAME: vow-tree
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#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :wrap "src dot :file proto-nyqy/vowel-feature-tre.png"
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(let ((nyqy-vowels
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'("vowels"
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("+back"
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("+tense"
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("+high" "/u/")
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("-high" "/ɤ/"))
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("-tense"
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("+high" "/ʊ/")
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("-high" "/ɔ/")))
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("-back"
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("+tense"
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("+high" "/y/")
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("-high" "/ø/"))
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("-tense"
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("+high" "/ɪ/")
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("-high" "/ɛ/"))))))
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(conlanging-tree-to-dot nyqy-vowels))
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#+END_SRC
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#+RESULTS[710ba5bdd3ed5f787748cbb05d0460b251e31a9e]: vow-tree
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#+begin_src dot :file proto-nyqy/vowel-feature-tre.png
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graph{graph[dpi=300];node[shape=plaintext];graph[bgcolor="transparent"];0[label="vowels"];1[label="+back"];0 -- 1;11[label="+tense"];1 -- 11;111[label="+high"];11 -- 111;1111[label="/u/"];111 -- 1111;112[label="-high"];11 -- 112;1121[label="/ɤ/"];112 -- 1121;12[label="-tense"];1 -- 12;121[label="+high"];12 -- 121;1211[label="/ʊ/"];121 -- 1211;122[label="-high"];12 -- 122;1221[label="/ɔ/"];122 -- 1221;2[label="-back"];0 -- 2;21[label="+tense"];2 -- 21;211[label="+high"];21 -- 211;2111[label="/y/"];211 -- 2111;212[label="-high"];21 -- 212;2121[label="/ø/"];212 -- 2121;22[label="-tense"];2 -- 22;221[label="+high"];22 -- 221;2211[label="/ɪ/"];221 -- 2211;222[label="-high"];22 -- 222;2221[label="/ɛ/"];222 -- 2221;}
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#+end_src
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#+NAME: tree:vowels
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#+ATTR_HTML: :alt Proto-Ñyqy Vowel Featural Tree :class gentree
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#+CAPTION: Proto-Ñyqy Vowels Featural Tree
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#+RESULTS[93213f3a21282f76f00524121b4d3bd73339769e]:
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[[file:img/proto-nyqy/vowel-feature-tre.png]]
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*** Consonants
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Consonants-xethtyt058j0
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:END:
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the topic of consonants, unlike vowels, is a hot debate among
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linguists. while we are pretty sure proto-ñyqy has twelve consonants,
|
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we are still unsure which consonants they are due to the extreme
|
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unstability of the dorsal feature, and there is seemingly no
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consistency as to how the consonants were stabilized in the different
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languages that emerged from the proto-ñyqy breakup. it is only in the
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recent years Ishy Maeln proposed a new theory that is gaining traction
|
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among proto-ñyqy specialists: each consonant could be pronounced
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either as a dorsal or as a non-dorsal depending on its environment and
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both potential pronunciation can be correct. she even goes further and
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proposes proto-ñyqy had an alternating rule stating a given consonant
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had to be non-dorsal if the previous one was, and vice versa. this
|
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would explain the common pattern of dorsal consonants alternation
|
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found in some early languages found after the breakup such as
|
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proto-mojhal. this phenomenon is more thouroughly explained in
|
||||
§[[#Structural-Preview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Consonants-xethtyt058j0]].
|
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|
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The featural tree of the Proto-Ñyqy language can be found in the figure
|
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[[tree:cons]]. Each grapheme displays below its dorsal pronunciation on
|
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the left and its non-dorsal pronunciation on the right.
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#+name: cons-tree
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#+begin_src emacs-lisp :wrap "src dot :file proto-nyqy/consonant-feature-tree.png"
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(let ((nyqy-consonants '("consonant"
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("+cor"
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("+ant"
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("+voice"
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("+nas" "n\nɳ / n")
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("-nas" "z\nʝ / z"))
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("-voice" "s\nç / s"))
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("-ant"
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("+voice" "j\nɟ / d͡ʒ")
|
||||
("-voice" "c\nc / t͡ʃ")))
|
||||
("-cor"
|
||||
("+voice"
|
||||
("+nas"
|
||||
("+lab" "m\nŋ͡m / m")
|
||||
("-lab" "ñ\nɴ / ɦ̃"))
|
||||
("-nas"
|
||||
("+lab"
|
||||
("+cont" "w\nw / v")
|
||||
("-cont" "b\ng͡b / b"))
|
||||
("-lab" "g\nɡ / ʕ")))
|
||||
("-voice"
|
||||
("+lab" "p\nk͡p / p")
|
||||
("-lab" "q\nq / ħ"))))))
|
||||
(conlanging-tree-to-dot nyqy-consonants))
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS[e0875f85b0f48837f58e96ee5587b35ec0bccdeb]: cons-tree
|
||||
#+begin_src dot :file proto-nyqy/consonant-feature-tree.png
|
||||
graph{graph[dpi=300];node[shape=plaintext];graph[bgcolor="transparent"];0[label="consonant"];1[label="+cor"];0 -- 1;11[label="+ant"];1 -- 11;111[label="+voice"];11 -- 111;1111[label="+nas"];111 -- 1111;11111[label="n
|
||||
ɳ / n"];1111 -- 11111;1112[label="-nas"];111 -- 1112;11121[label="z
|
||||
ʝ / z"];1112 -- 11121;112[label="-voice"];11 -- 112;1121[label="s
|
||||
ç / s"];112 -- 1121;12[label="-ant"];1 -- 12;121[label="+voice"];12 -- 121;1211[label="j
|
||||
ɟ / d͡ʒ"];121 -- 1211;122[label="-voice"];12 -- 122;1221[label="c
|
||||
c / t͡ʃ"];122 -- 1221;2[label="-cor"];0 -- 2;21[label="+voice"];2 -- 21;211[label="+nas"];21 -- 211;2111[label="+lab"];211 -- 2111;21111[label="m
|
||||
ŋ͡m / m"];2111 -- 21111;2112[label="-lab"];211 -- 2112;21121[label="ñ
|
||||
ɴ / ɦ̃"];2112 -- 21121;212[label="-nas"];21 -- 212;2121[label="+lab"];212 -- 2121;21211[label="+cont"];2121 -- 21211;212111[label="w
|
||||
w / v"];21211 -- 212111;21212[label="-cont"];2121 -- 21212;212121[label="b
|
||||
g͡b / b"];21212 -- 212121;2122[label="-lab"];212 -- 2122;21221[label="g
|
||||
ɡ / ʕ"];2122 -- 21221;22[label="-voice"];2 -- 22;221[label="+lab"];22 -- 221;2211[label="p
|
||||
k͡p / p"];221 -- 2211;222[label="-lab"];22 -- 222;2221[label="q
|
||||
q / ħ"];222 -- 2221;}
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+NAME: tree:cons
|
||||
#+ATTR_HTML: :alt Feature Tree of Proto-Ñyqy Consonants :class gentree
|
||||
#+ATTR_LATEX: :float sideways
|
||||
#+CAPTION:Feature Tree of Proto-Ñyqy Consonants
|
||||
#+RESULTS[ffe72afe3ad98a580247d708ff0120e303ee1209]:
|
||||
[[file:img/proto-nyqy/consonant-feature-tree.png]]
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, each one of the consonants have their two alternative
|
||||
indicated below their grapheme. In the case of the coronal consonants,
|
||||
the alternative consonant is obtained by replacing the anterior
|
||||
feature by the dorsal feature when it is present.
|
||||
|
||||
The way of writing consonants was therefore standardized as the
|
||||
following:
|
||||
| Main Grapheme | Dorsal Phoneme | Non-Dorsal Phoneme | Alternate Grapheme |
|
||||
|---------------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------|
|
||||
| ñ | {{{phon(*ɴ)}}} | {{{phon(*ɦ̃)}}} | ḿ |
|
||||
| q | {{{phon(*q)}}} | {{{phon(*ħ)}}} | ħ, h_{1} |
|
||||
| g | {{{phon(*ɢ)}}} | {{{phon(*ʕ)}}} | ȟ, h_{2} |
|
||||
| c | {{{phon(*c)}}} | {{{phon(*t͡ʃ)}}} | ł |
|
||||
| j | {{{phon(*ɟ)}}} | {{{phon(*d͡ʒ)}}} | ʒ |
|
||||
| w | {{{phon(*w)}}} | {{{phon(*v)}}} | l |
|
||||
| m | {{{phon(*ŋ͡m)}}} | {{{phon(*m)}}} | r, r_{1} |
|
||||
| p | {{{phon(*χ)}}} | {{{phon(*p)}}} | xh, r_{2} |
|
||||
| b | {{{phon(*g͡b)}}} | {{{phon(*b)}}} | rh, r_{3} |
|
||||
| n | {{{phon(*ɳ)}}} | {{{phon(*n)}}} | y |
|
||||
| s | {{{phon(*ç)}}} | {{{phon(*s)}}} | x, r_{4} |
|
||||
| z | {{{phon(*ʝ)}}} | {{{phon(*z)}}} | ɣ, r_{5} |
|
||||
For each of these consonants, the letter chosen represents what we
|
||||
suppose was the most common or the default pronunciation of the
|
||||
consonant represented. In the table are also included alternate
|
||||
graphemes you might find in other, mostly older works, though they are
|
||||
mostly deprecated now.
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, Proto-Ñyqy had potentially two different consonants
|
||||
that could be pronounced as {{{phon(*m)}}}. Although it did not influence
|
||||
Proto-Ñyqy as far as we know, it definitively influenced the Pritian
|
||||
branch of the family, with <ñ> and <m> influencing differently the
|
||||
vowel following it.
|
||||
|
||||
Several consonants used to be unknown at the beginnings of the
|
||||
Proto-Ñyqy study, as can be seen with the old usage of <h_{1}, h_{2}, r_{1},
|
||||
r_{2}, r_{3}, r_{4}, and r_{5}>. These are found mostly in the earlier documents
|
||||
but progressively dissapear as our understanding of the Proto-Ñyqy
|
||||
grew during the past century. They are not used anymore, but any
|
||||
student that wishes to read older documents on Proto-Ñyqy should be
|
||||
aware of these.
|
||||
|
||||
*** Pitch and Stress
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Pitch-and-Stress-br8ank61e8j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
It is definitively known Proto-Ñyqy had a stress system that was used
|
||||
both on a clause and on a word level, as it has been inherited by the
|
||||
languages that evolved from it. However, it is not possible to
|
||||
reconstruct it accurately, we only know the vowel <ə> was unstressed
|
||||
and only appeared in words with two syllables or more. However, we do
|
||||
not know if it had any morphological meaning or if it was productive.
|
||||
|
||||
On the other hand, we are much less sure about whether it had an
|
||||
accent system, and if it did whether it was productive or not. Most of
|
||||
the languages that evolved from Proto-Ñyqy had or have one such as the
|
||||
Mojhal-Andelian family, but some don’t such as the Pritian family. The
|
||||
most commonly accepted answer is a pitch system appeared after the
|
||||
breakup of the pitchless branches which happenned earlier than the
|
||||
other branches which do have a pitch system. In reconstructed
|
||||
Proto-Ñyqy however, if such a system was present, pitches were most
|
||||
likely non-phonemic and unproductive. It only gained productivity in
|
||||
later stages, after the first breakups we know, in a common unknown
|
||||
ancestor language of the branches which did or still do have either an
|
||||
accent or a pitch system, and even there the evolutions seem to have
|
||||
happened in different ways depending on the branches. It is therefore
|
||||
impossible to know what the pitch system of Proto-Ñyqy was if it had
|
||||
one.
|
||||
|
||||
** Phonotactics
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Phonotactics-r2whtyt058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
*** Syllable Structure
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonotactics-Syllable-Structure-hhx3zk40f8j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
The prototypical syllable in Proto-Ñyqy appears as a (C)V(C)(C)
|
||||
syllable with at least one consonant around the vowel, either in the
|
||||
onset or in the coda. At most, it can have one consonant in the onset
|
||||
and two in the coda.
|
||||
|
||||
No special rule have been found to rule the onset, it can host any
|
||||
consonant without any effect on the vowel.
|
||||
|
||||
However, it has been found the coda has some rules:
|
||||
- two nasal consonants cannot follow each other
|
||||
- two coronal consonants cannot follow each other
|
||||
- labial consonants are never found with another consonant in the coda
|
||||
|
||||
It has also been found that if two coronal consonants do follow each
|
||||
other in cross-syllabic environments, with the first one in the coda
|
||||
of a first syllable and the second one in the onset of a second
|
||||
syllable, then the former will become voiced as the latter. It has
|
||||
also been found a schwa tends to appear between syllables when the
|
||||
first one ends with two consonants and the second one begins with one.
|
||||
|
||||
*** Consonantal Dorsal Alternation
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonotactics-Consonantal-Dorsal-Alternation-m5xkj480f8j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
As mentioned above in
|
||||
§[[#Structural-Preview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Consonants-xethtyt058j0]],
|
||||
it seems probable according to Maeln’s theory consonants were
|
||||
alternating between dorsals and non-dorsals. We do not know if it only
|
||||
happened between words, within words, or along whole clauses, but this
|
||||
would explain much of the different languages that evolved from
|
||||
Proto-Ñyqy. Table [[word-consonantal-dorsal-alternation]] shows different
|
||||
possible pronunciation of Proto-Ñyqy words with word-wise consonantal
|
||||
dorsal alternation whether the first consonant is to be considered a
|
||||
dorsal consonant or not.
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: word-consonantal-dorsal-alternation
|
||||
#+caption: Different Possible Pronunciation of Proto-Ñyqy Words
|
||||
| Word | Dorsal-Initial | Dorsal-Final |
|
||||
|--------------+----------------+--------------|
|
||||
| {{{recon(pœwec)}}} | {{{phon(*pɤwɛt͡ʃ)}}} | {{{phon(*pɤvɛc)}}} |
|
||||
| {{{recon(zebec)}}} | {{{phon(*zɛg͡bɛt͡ʃ)}}} | {{{phon(*ʝɛbɛc)}}} |
|
||||
|
||||
** Word Structure :noexport:
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Word-Structure-n6vhtyt058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
** World Classes :noexport:
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-aywhtyt058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
*** Names
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Names-ztxhtyt058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# - What are the distributional properties of nouns?
|
||||
# - What are the structural properties of nouns?
|
||||
# - What are the major formally distinct subcategories of nouns?
|
||||
# - What is the basic structure of the noun word (for polysynthetic
|
||||
# languages) and/or noun phrases (for more isolating languages)?
|
||||
**** Countables and Uncountables
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Names-Countables-and-Uncountables-sqyhtyt058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
**** Proper Nouns
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Names-Proper-Nouns-0ozhtyt058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
*** Pronouns and Anaphoric Clitics
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Pronouns-and-Anaphoric-Clitics-9k0ityt058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# - Does the language have free pronouns and/or anaphoric clitics?
|
||||
# (These are distinct from grammatical agreement.)
|
||||
# - Give a chart of the free pronouns and/or anaphoric clitics.
|
||||
**** Personal Pronouns
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Pronouns-and-Anaphoric-Clitics-Personal-Pronouns-cps4r0u058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
**** Demonstrative Pronouns
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Pronouns-and-Anaphoric-Clitics-Demonstrative-Pronouns-2qt4r0u058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
**** Possessive Pronouns
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Pronouns-and-Anaphoric-Clitics-Possessive-Pronouns-2pu4r0u058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
*** Verbs
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-xg1ityt058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# - What are the distributional properties of verbs?
|
||||
# - What are the structural properties of verbs?
|
||||
# - What are the major subclasses of verbs?
|
||||
# - Describe the order of various verbal operators within the verbal
|
||||
# - word or verb phrase.
|
||||
# - Give charts of the various paradigms, e.g. person marking,
|
||||
# - tense/aspect/mode, etc. Indicate major allomorphic variants.
|
||||
# - Are directional and/or locational notions expressed in the verb or
|
||||
# - verb phrase at all?
|
||||
# - Is this operation obligatory, i.e. does one member of the
|
||||
# paradigm have to occur in every finite verb or verb phrase?
|
||||
# - Is it productive, i.e. can the operation be specified for al
|
||||
# verb stems, and does it have the same meaning with each one?
|
||||
# (Nothing is fully productive, but some operations are more
|
||||
# productive than others.)
|
||||
# - Is this operation primarily coded morphologically, analytically,
|
||||
# or lexically? Are there any exceptions to the general case?
|
||||
# - Where in the verb phrase or verbal word is this operation likely
|
||||
# to appear? Can it occur in more than one place?
|
||||
**** Verbal Structure
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Verbs-Verbal-Structure-zfubf8u058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
**** Verbal Derivations
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Verbs-Verbal-Derivations-tezbf8u058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
**** Verbal Inflexions
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Verbs-Verbal-Inflexions-443cf8u058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
*** Modifiers
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-yw5cf8u058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# - If you posit a morphosyntactic category of adjectives, give
|
||||
# evidence for not grouping theseforms with the verbs or nouns. What
|
||||
# characterizes a form as being an adjective in this language?
|
||||
# - How can you characterize semantically the class of concepts coded
|
||||
# by this formal category?
|
||||
# - Do adjectives agree with their heads (e.g. in number, case, and/or
|
||||
# noun class)?
|
||||
# - What kind of system does the language employ for counting?
|
||||
# - How high can a fluent native speaker count without resorting
|
||||
# either to words from another language or to a generic word like
|
||||
# /many/? Exemplify the system up to this point.
|
||||
# - Do numerals agree with their head nouns (number, case, noun
|
||||
# class, ...)?
|
||||
**** Descriptive Adjectives
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-Descriptive-Adjectives-pcpelau058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
**** Non-Numeral Quantifiers
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-Non-Numeral-Quantifiers-zsselau058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
**** Numerals
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-Numerals-4gvelau058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
*** Adverbs
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Adverbs-6lxelau058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# - What characterikes a form as being an adverb in this language? If
|
||||
# you posit a distinct class of adverbs, argue for why these forms
|
||||
# should not be treated as nouns, verbs, or adjectives.
|
||||
# - For each kind of adverb listed in this section, list a few members
|
||||
# of the type, and specify whether there are any restrictions
|
||||
# relavite to that type, e.g. where they can come in a clause, any
|
||||
# morphemes common to the type, etc.
|
||||
# - Are any of these classes of adverbs related to older
|
||||
# complement-taking (matrix) verbs?
|
||||
*** Adpositions
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Adpositions-isib3bu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
*** Grammatical Particules
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Grammatical-Particules-q0kb3bu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
** Constituants Order Typology :noexport:
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Constituants-Order-Typology-xaujqgu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
*** Constituants Order in Main Clauses
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Constituants-Order-Typology-Constituants-Order-in-Main-Clauses-6bvjqgu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# - What is the neutral order of free elements in the unit?
|
||||
# - Are there variations?
|
||||
# - How do the variant orders function?
|
||||
# - Specific to the main clause constituent order: What is the
|
||||
# pragmatically neutral order of constituents (A/S, P, and V) in
|
||||
# basic clauses of the language?
|
||||
*** Constituants Order in Nominal Clauses
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Constituants-Order-Typology-Constituants-Order-in-Nominal-Clauses-195lqgu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# - Describe the order(s) of elements in the noun phrase.
|
||||
*** Constituants Order in Verbal Clauses
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Constituants-Order-Typology-Constituants-Order-in-Verbal-Clauses-f76lqgu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# - Where do auxliaries occur in relation to the semantically “main”
|
||||
# verb?
|
||||
# - Where do verb-phrase adverbs occur with respect to the verb and
|
||||
# auxiliaries?
|
||||
*** Adpositional Phrases
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Constituants-Order-Typology-Adpositional-Phrases-g57lqgu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# - Is the language dominantly prepositional or post-positional? Give
|
||||
# examples.
|
||||
# - Do many adpositions come from nouns or verbs?
|
||||
*** Comparatives
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Constituants-Order-Typology-Comparatives-u18lqgu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# - Does the language have one or more grammaticalized comparative
|
||||
# constructions? If so, what is the order of the standard, the
|
||||
# marker and the quality by which an item is compared to the
|
||||
# standard?
|
||||
*** Questions
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Constituants-Order-Typology-Questions-qx8lqgu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# - In yes/no questions, if there is a question particle, where does
|
||||
# it occur?
|
||||
# - In information questions, where does the question word occur?
|
||||
** Structure of a Nominal Group :noexport:
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-nu66umu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
*** Composed Words
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Composed-Words-7w76umu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# - Is there noun-noun compounding that results in a noun (e.g.
|
||||
# /windshield/)?
|
||||
# - How do you know it is compounding?
|
||||
# - Is there noun-verb (or verb-noun) compounding that results in a
|
||||
# noun (e.g. /pickpocket/, /scarecrow/)?
|
||||
# - Are these processes productive (like noun-verb in English
|
||||
# can-opener)? How common is compounding?
|
||||
*** Denominalization
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Denominalization-c296umu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# - Are there any processes (productive or not) that form a verb from
|
||||
# a noun?
|
||||
# - An adjective from a noun?
|
||||
# - An adverb from a noun?
|
||||
*** Numbers
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Numbers-n0a6umu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# - Is number expressed in the noun phrase?
|
||||
# - Is the distinction between singular and non-singular obligatory,
|
||||
# optional, or completely absent in the noun phrase?
|
||||
# - If number marking is “optional”, when does it tend to occur, and
|
||||
# when does it tend not to occur?
|
||||
# - If number marking is obligatory, is number overtly expressed for
|
||||
# all noun phrases or only some subclasses of noun phrases, such as
|
||||
# animate?
|
||||
# - What non-singular distinctions are there?
|
||||
*** Grammatical Case
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Grammatical-Case-bya6umu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# - Do nouns exhibit morphological case?
|
||||
# - If so, what are the cases? (The functions of the cases will be
|
||||
# elaborated in later sections)
|
||||
*** Articles and Demonstratives
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Articles-and-Demonstratives-owb6umu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# - Do noun phrases have articles?
|
||||
# - If so, are they obligatory or optional, and under what
|
||||
# circumstances do they occur?
|
||||
# - Are they separate words, or bound morphemes?
|
||||
# - Is there a class of classes of demonstratives as distinct from
|
||||
# articles?
|
||||
# - How many degrees of distance are there in the system of
|
||||
# demontsratives?
|
||||
# - Are there other distinctions beside distances?
|
||||
*** Possessives
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Possessives-8xc6umu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# - How are possessors expressed in the noun phrase?
|
||||
# - Do nouns agree with their possessors? Do possessors agree with
|
||||
# possessed nouns? Neither, or both?
|
||||
# - Is there a distinction between alienable and inalienable
|
||||
# possesson?
|
||||
# - Are there other types of possession?
|
||||
# - When the possessor is a full noun, where does it usually come with
|
||||
# respect to the possessed noun?
|
||||
*** Classes (including Gender)
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Classes-including-Gender-i2e6umu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# - Is there a noun class system?
|
||||
# - What are the classes and how are they manifested in the noun
|
||||
# phrase?
|
||||
# - What dimension of reality is most central to the noun class system
|
||||
# (e.g. animacy, shape, function, etc.)? What other dimensions are
|
||||
# relevant?
|
||||
# - Do the classifiers occur with numerals? Adjectives? Verbs?
|
||||
# - What is their function in these contexts?
|
||||
*** Diminution/Augmentation
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Diminution-Augmentation-41f6umu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# - Does the language employ diminutive and/or augmentative operators
|
||||
# in the noun or noun phrase?
|
||||
# - Questions to answer for all nominal operations:
|
||||
# - Is this operation obligatory, i.e. does one member of the
|
||||
# paradigm have to occur in every full noun phrase?
|
||||
# - Is it productive, i.e. can the operation be specified for all
|
||||
# full noun phrases and does it have the same meaning with each
|
||||
# one? (Nothing is fully productive, but some operations are more
|
||||
# so than others.)
|
||||
# - Is this operation primarily expressed lexically,
|
||||
# morphologically, or analytically?
|
||||
# - Where in the noun phrase is this operation likely to be located?
|
||||
# - Can it occur in more than one place?
|
||||
** Predicates and Linked Constructions :noexport:
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Predicates-and-Linked-Constructions-9vn42yu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
*** Nominal Predicates
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Predicates-and-Linked-Constructions-Nominal-Predicates-6zo42yu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# - How are proper inclusion and equative predicates formed?
|
||||
# - What restrictions are there, if any, on the TAM marking of such
|
||||
# clauses?
|
||||
*** Adjective Predicates
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Predicates-and-Linked-Constructions-Adjective-Predicates-11q42yu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# - How are predicate adjective formed? (Include a separate section on
|
||||
# predicate adjectives only if they are structurally distinct from
|
||||
# predicate nominals.)
|
||||
*** Locative Predicates
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Predicates-and-Linked-Constructions-Locative-Predicates-y5r42yu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# - How are locational clauses (or predicate locatives) formed?
|
||||
*** Existential Predicates
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Predicates-and-Linked-Constructions-Existential-Predicates-wds42yu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# - How are existential clauses formed? (Give examples in different
|
||||
# tense/aspects, especially if there is significant variation.)
|
||||
# - How are negative existentials formed?
|
||||
# - Are there extended uses of existential morphology? (Provide
|
||||
# pointers to other relevant sections of the grammar.)
|
||||
*** Possessive Clauses
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Predicates-and-Linked-Constructions-Possessive-Clauses-6gt42yu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# - How are possessive clauses formed?
|
||||
** Verbal Groups Structure :noexport:
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Verbal-Groups-Structure-hhu42yu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
** Intransitive Clauses :noexport:
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Intransitive-Clauses-x3k4i1v058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
** Ditransitive Clauses :noexport:
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Ditransitive-Clauses-2yl4i1v058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
** Dependent Type Clauses :noexport:
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Dependent-Type-Clauses-gln4i1v058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
*** Non-Finite
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Dependent-Type-Clauses-Non-Finite-99p4i1v058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
*** Semi-Finite
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Dependent-Type-Clauses-Semi-Finite-urq4i1v058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
*** Finite
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Dependent-Type-Clauses-Finite-44s4i1v058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
* Functional System :noexport:
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Functional-System-va2ityt058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
** Grammatical Relationship
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Functional-System-Grammatical-Relationship-dj9g86v058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# Examplify some simple intransitive, transitive, and ditransitive
|
||||
# clauses. Three-argument clauses may not unequivocally exist.
|
||||
# - What are the grammatical erlations of this language? Give
|
||||
# morphosyntactic evidence for each one that you propose.
|
||||
# - Subject?
|
||||
# - Ergative?
|
||||
# - Absolutive?
|
||||
# - Direct object?
|
||||
# - Indirect object?
|
||||
# There are basically four possible sources of evidence for
|
||||
# grammatical relations:
|
||||
# - morphological case on NPs
|
||||
# - person marking on verbs
|
||||
# - constituent order
|
||||
# - some pragmatic hierarchy
|
||||
# - Is the system of grammatical relations in basic (affirmative,
|
||||
# declarative) clauses organized according to a
|
||||
# nominative/accusative, ergative/absolutive, tripartite, or some
|
||||
# other system?
|
||||
# - Is there a split system for organizing grammatical relations? If
|
||||
# so, what determines the split?
|
||||
# - Is there split instransitivity? If so, what semantic or
|
||||
# discourse/pragmatic factor conditions the split?
|
||||
# - Does the system for pronouns and/or person marking on verbs
|
||||
# operate on the same basis as that of full NPs?
|
||||
# - Are there different grammatical-relation systems depending on
|
||||
# the clause type (e.g. main vs. dependent clauses, affirmative
|
||||
# vs. negative clauses)?
|
||||
# - Are there different grammatical-relation assignment systems
|
||||
# depending on the tense and/or aspect of the clause?
|
||||
# - Are there any syntactic processes (e.g. conjunction reduction,
|
||||
# relativization) that operate on an ergative/absolutive basis?
|
||||
** Constructions Linked to Voice and Valence
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Functional-System-Constructions-Linked-to-Voice-and-Valence-g5ceo8v058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
** Valence Increase
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Functional-System-Valence-Increase-dsdeo8v058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
*** Causative
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Functional-System-Valence-Increase-Causative-hafeo8v058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
*** Applicative
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Functional-System-Valence-Increase-Applicative-7pgeo8v058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
*** Dative Shift
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Functional-System-Valence-Increase-Dative-Shift-n3ieo8v058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
*** Dative Interest
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Functional-System-Valence-Increase-Dative-Interest-tgjeo8v058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
*** External Possession
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Functional-System-Valence-Increase-External-Possession-opkeo8v058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
* Dictionary
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
|
|
@ -324,6 +1087,8 @@ rainforests.
|
|||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-C-29dc766b
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
- {{{recon(cø)}}} :: {{{def}}}
|
||||
1. (pron) my, first person singular possessive pronoun
|
||||
|
||||
** E
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
|
|
@ -359,6 +1124,8 @@ rainforests.
|
|||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-Ñ-ff7a574f
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
- {{{recon(ñe)}}} :: {{{def}}}
|
||||
1. (n) house
|
||||
|
||||
** O
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
|
|
@ -379,13 +1146,17 @@ rainforests.
|
|||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-P-2b7ab301
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
- {{{recon(pawac)}}} :: {{{def}}}
|
||||
- {{{recon(pœwec)}}} :: {{{def}}}
|
||||
1. (n) bonobo
|
||||
- {{{recon(pom)}}} :: {{{def}}}
|
||||
1. genitive particle
|
||||
|
||||
** Q
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-Q-b1ec8323
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
- {{{recon(qy)}}} :: {{{def}}}
|
||||
1. (pron) first person singular
|
||||
|
||||
** S
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
|
|
@ -411,23 +1182,17 @@ rainforests.
|
|||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-Y-a217cb68
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
- {{{recon(yq)}}} :: {{{def}}}
|
||||
1. demonstrative of proximity, designating something visible by but
|
||||
far from both speakers.
|
||||
|
||||
** Z
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-Z-144a2853
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
- {{{recon(zebac)}}} :: {{{def}}}
|
||||
- {{{recon(zebec)}}} :: {{{def}}}
|
||||
1. (n) bongo
|
||||
|
||||
* Private Data :noexport:
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Private-data-4kqa1530e5j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
#+name: glossary
|
||||
| label | name | description |
|
||||
|---------+---------+------------------------|
|
||||
| conlang | conlang | A constructed language |
|
||||
|
||||
* Footnotes
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Footnotes-uybi3030e5j0
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Reference in New Issue