[Eittlandic] Update information on case marking in Eittlandic
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@ -202,11 +202,11 @@ legal language of the High Kingdom of Eittland, used by its
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government, schools, and universities, but the local dialects are
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still widely spoken privately and in business which remains regional.
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They still have a strong presence in popular media and are still
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spoken by younger generations, but a decline has been registered since
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the 90s among young people living in cities, speaking more and more in
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Standard Eittlandic instead. Dialects are also rarely used on the
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internet outside of private conversation. An estimate of 17% of the
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Eittlandic population younger than 25 in 2017 do not speak any
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spoken by younger generations, however, a decline has been registered
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since the 90s among young people living in cities, speaking more and
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more in Standard Eittlandic instead. Dialects are also rarely used on
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the internet outside of private conversation. An estimate of 17% of
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the Eittlandic population younger than 25 in 2017 do not speak any
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dialectal Eittlandic outside of Standard Eittlandic, although only 2%
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of them do not understand their family’s dialectal Eittlandic.
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Standard Eittlandic also became the default dialect for Eittlandic
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@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ unlike the rest of Ráðunautrs.
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-ax13bot058j0
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:END:
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** Typological Outline of the Eittlandic Language :noexport:
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** Typological Outline of the Eittlandic Language
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Typological-Outline-of-the-Eittlandic-Language-osk84ty0jaj0
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:END:
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@ -562,6 +562,46 @@ unlike the rest of Ráðunautrs.
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# - If the language is at all polysynthetic, is it dominantly
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# "head-marking", "dependent-marking", or mixed?
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# - Give some examples of each type of marking the language exhibits.
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Over the last centuries, Eittlandic evolved to become a language
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leaning more and more towards an analytic language, losing its
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fusional aspect Old Eittlandic once had. It grammar now greatly relies
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on its syntax as well as on grammatical particules rather than on its
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morphology. Let’s take the following sentence as an example.
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1. barn fisk etar / a child is eating a fish
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| barn | fisk | et-ar |
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| child.NOM | fish.ACC | eat-3sg |
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In this sentence, the word order helps us understand the child is the
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subject of the sentence while its subject is /fisk/, although we have no
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information on their number; the sentence could also very well mean
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/children are eating fishes/. Unlike in Old Eittlandic where we could
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have the following sentences.
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1. barn fiska etar
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| barn | fisk-a | et-ar |
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| child.NOM | fish-pl.ACC | eat-3sg |
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2. fiska barn etar
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| fisk-a | barn | et-ar |
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| fish-pl.ACC | child.NOM | eat-3sg |
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Both have the same meaning as the Eittlandic sentence. However, the
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near-complete (or even complete in Standard Eittlandic) loss of case
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marking makes the sentence /fisk barn etar/ much more gruesome.
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1. fisk barn etar
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| fisk | barn | et-ar |
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| fish.NOM | barn.ACC | eat-3sg |
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Eittlandic is now a SOV language with a much stricter word order than
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it used to be.
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Loss of case marking also affected adjectives which share most of
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their declensions with nouns. The parts where Eittlandic retains its
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fusional aspect is with verbs, where loss of its words’ final vowel
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had much less impact, as we could see in /barn fisk etar/. In this case,
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/etar/ is the third person singular declension of the verb /á et/, a weak
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verb.
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** Phonetic Inventory and Translitteration
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:PROPERTIES:
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@ -1062,7 +1102,7 @@ equivalent in Standard Eittlandic, as shown in table [[vow:accent:east]]
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On the other hand, Southern Eittlandic tends to front its {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into
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{{{phon(a)}}} after nasal consonants and glides and into {{{phon(ɐ)}}} otherwise.
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** Phonotactics
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** Phonotactics :noexport:
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Phonotactics-r2whtyt058j0
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:END:
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@ -1076,7 +1116,7 @@ On the other hand, Southern Eittlandic tends to front its {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonotactics-Allophony-x185lum0jaj0
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:END:
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** Word Structure
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** Word Structure :noexport:
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Word-Structure-n6vhtyt058j0
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:END:
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@ -1255,11 +1295,11 @@ On the other hand, Southern Eittlandic tends to front its {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into
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# - In yes/no questions, if there is a question particle, where does
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# it occur?
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# - In information qu
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** Structure of a Nominal Group :noexport:
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** Structure of a Nominal Group
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-nu66umu058j0
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:END:
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*** Composed Words
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*** Composed Words :noexport:
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Composed-Words-7w76umu058j0
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:END:
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@ -1270,7 +1310,7 @@ On the other hand, Southern Eittlandic tends to front its {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into
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# noun (e.g. /pickpocket/, /scarecrow/)?
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# - Are these process
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# can-opener)? How common is compounding?
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*** Denominalization
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*** Denominalization :noexport:
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Denominalization-c296umu058j0
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:END:
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@ -1278,7 +1318,7 @@ On the other hand, Southern Eittlandic tends to front its {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into
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# a noun?
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# - An adjective from a noun?
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# - An adverb from a noun?
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*** Numbers
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*** Numbers :noexport:
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Numbers-n0a6umu058j0
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:END:
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@ -1298,7 +1338,77 @@ On the other hand, Southern Eittlandic tends to front its {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into
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# - Do nouns exhibit morphological case?
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# - If so, what are the cases? (The functions of the cases will be
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# elaborated in lat
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*** Articles and Demonstratives
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Although present in Early Old Norse, the use of grammatical cases has
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been on the decline since the Great Vowel Shift (see
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§[[#Great-Vowel-Shift-7spk7j70uaj0]]). Due to the general loss of
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word-final short vowels and to regularization of its nouns, Eittlandic
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lost almost all of weak nouns’ inflexions and a good amount in its
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strong nouns’ inflexions. On top of this, the root of most nouns got
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regularized, getting rid of former umlauts. Hence, while in Old Norse
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one might find the table [[tbl:old-norse-noun-inflexions]] presented in
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Cleasby and Vigfusson (1874), Modern Eittlandic is simplified to the
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table [[tbl:eittlandic-example-noun-inflexions]].
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#+name: tbl:old-norse-noun-inflexions
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#+caption: 1st declension of strong nouns and declensions of masculine weak nouns in Old Norse
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| / | <r> | | | | |
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| | | Strong Masculine | Strong Feminine | Strong Neuter | Weak Masculine |
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|---+------------+------------------+-----------------+---------------+----------------|
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| | Sing. Nom. | heim-r | tíð | skip | tím-i |
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| | Acc. | heim | tíð | skip | tím-a |
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| | Gen. | heim-s | tíð-ar | skip-s | tím-a |
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| | Dat. | heim-i | tíð | skip-i | tím-a |
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| | Plur. Nom. | heim-ar | tíð-ir | skip | tím-ar |
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| | Acc. | heim-a | tíð-ir | skip | tím-a |
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| | Gen. | heim-a | tíð-a | skip-a | tím-a |
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| | Dat. | heim-um | tíð-um | skip-um | tím-um |
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#+name: tbl:eittlandic-example-noun-inflexions
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#+caption: Declensions for strong and weak nouns in Modern Eittlandic
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| / | <r> | | | | |
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| | | Strong Masculine | Strong Feminine | Strong Neuter | Weak Nouns |
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|---+------------+------------------+-----------------+---------------+------------|
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| | Sing. Nom. | heim-r | tíð | skip | tím |
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| | Acc. | heim | tíð | skip | tím |
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| | Gen. | heim-s | tíð-s | skip-s | tím-s |
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| | Dat. | heim | tíð | skip | tím |
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| | Plur. Nom. | heim-r | tíð-r | skip | tím-r |
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| | Acc. | heim | tíð-r | skip | tím |
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| | Gen. | heim | tíð | skip | tím |
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| | Dat. | heim-um | tíð-um | skip-um | tím-um |
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As you can see, grammatica cases disappeared in singular nominative
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(except for strong mascuine nouns), accusative, and dative as well as
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in plural accusative and genitive. The only markers remaining are for
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singular genitive, plural nominative and dative as well as singular
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nominative for strong masculine words. Note however that strong nouns
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are no longer productive and get slowly replaced with weak nouns.
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Note also how the last column in table
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[[tbl:eittlandic-example-noun-inflexions]] is not /Weak masculine/ as in
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table [[tbl:old-norse-noun-inflexions]] but /Weak Nouns/. This is due to
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weak nouns’ inflexions merging together, yet again due to the final
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vowel loss and regularization of these inflexions. Only strong nouns
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remain separated, although by minor differences. All nouns get a case
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marker /-s/ for singular genitive, /-r/ for plural nominative, and /-um/ for
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plural dative. However, strong masculine nouns also get an /-r/ on
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singular nominative nouns, strong feminine nouns get an /-r/ on plural
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accusative nouns, and strong neuter nouns lose their /-r/ on plural
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nominative nouns.
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Note also the /-r/ suffix becomes an /-n/ when added to a word ending with
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an <n>. For instance, the word /brún/ (/eyebrow/) becomes /brúnn/ in its
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plural nominative form instead of /brúnr/.
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Case markers are no longer productive and only server for redundancy
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with Modern Eittlandic’s syntax. The Royal Academy for Literature,
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which authored Standard Eittlandic, even recommends not using them to
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simplify the language, as they deemed them no longer necessary for
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understanding Eittlandic. While this recommendation is widely adopted
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by Standard Eittlandic speakers, singular genitive /-s/ still remains
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used even in this dialect.
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*** Articles and Demonstratives :noexport:
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Articles-and-Demonstratives-owb6umu058j0
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:END:
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@ -1311,7 +1421,7 @@ On the other hand, Southern Eittlandic tends to front its {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into
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# - How many degrees of distance are there in the system of
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# demontsratives?
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# - Are there other distinctions beside distances?
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*** Possessives
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*** Possessives :noexport:
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Possessives-8xc6umu058j0
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:END:
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@ -1323,7 +1433,7 @@ On the other hand, Southern Eittlandic tends to front its {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into
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# - Are there other types of possession?
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# - When the possessor is a full noun, where does it usually come with
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# respect to the possessed noun?
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*** Classes (including Gender)
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*** Classes (including Gender) :noexport:
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Classes-including-Gender-i2e6umu058j0
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:END:
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@ -1335,7 +1445,7 @@ On the other hand, Southern Eittlandic tends to front its {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into
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# relevant?
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# - Do the classifiers occur with numerals? Adjectives? Verbs?
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# - What is their function in these contexts?
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*** Diminution/Augmentation
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*** Diminution/Augmentation :noexport:
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Diminution-Augmentation-41f6umu058j0
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:END:
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