[Proto-Ñyqy] Pronouns
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@ -884,21 +884,22 @@ reached on this point, most of them might be older innovations.
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-aywhtyt058j0
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:END:
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*** Names
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*** Nouns
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Names-ztxhtyt058j0
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-World-Classes-Nouns-hu0ktba1zfj0
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:END:
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# - What are the distributional properties of nouns?
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# - What are the structural properties of nouns?
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# - What are the major formally distinct subcategories of nouns?
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# - What is the basic structure of the noun word (for polysynthetic
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# languages) and/or noun phrases (for more isolating languages)?
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Names in Proto-Ñyqy generally refer to defined entities, such as
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Nouns in Proto-Ñyqy generally refer to defined entities, such as
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objects, people, concepts, or events. Regardless of their role during
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locution, a noun bears no morphological information such as its
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syntactic role or its number. However, nouns can associate with each
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other and act as adjectives. More on that in
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§[[#Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-Descriptive-Adjectives-pcpelau058j0]].
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other and act as adjectives.
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# More on that in
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# §[[#Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-Descriptive-Adjectives-pcpelau058j0]].
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Noun phrases in Proto-Ñyqy are head-first, meaning the noun in noun
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phrases come relatively early although the former is built around the
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former and not exclusively after it. Noun phrases are mainly found as
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@ -908,14 +909,16 @@ genitive and dative constructions.
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The nouns could most likely take genitive pronouns, but how they
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interacted exactly is yet unsure. The
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**** Countables and Uncountables
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**** Countables and Uncountables :noexport:
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Names-Countables-and-Uncountables-sqyhtyt058j0
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-World-Classes-Nouns-Countables-and-Uncountables-t7dduha1zfj0
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:END:
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**** Proper Nouns
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**** Proper Nouns :noexport:
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Names-Proper-Nouns-0ozhtyt058j0
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-World-Classes-Nouns-Proper-Nouns-cczduha1zfj0
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:END:
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*** Pronouns and Anaphoric Clitics
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Pronouns-and-Anaphoric-Clitics-9k0ityt058j0
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@ -927,15 +930,111 @@ interacted exactly is yet unsure. The
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Pronouns-and-Anaphoric-Clitics-Personal-Pronouns-cps4r0u058j0
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:END:
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It seems only three pronouns existed in Proto-Ñyqy, one for each of
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the persons you would find in a typical language, as shown in
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[[table:pronouns]].
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#+name: table:pronouns
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#+caption: Proto-Ñyqy pronouns
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| <l> | |
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| / | < |
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| Person | Pronoun |
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|--------+-----------|
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| 1 | {{{recon(qy)}}} |
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| 2 | {{{recon(bú)}}} |
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| 3 | {{{recon(zø)}}} |
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It appears Proto-Ñyqy pronouns did not have any morphological rule to
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make them agree in number and due to the apparent lack of gender
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neither did they agree with it. However, it is possible that at some
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stage of the development of the language, Proto-Ñyqy began affixing
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cardinal numbers in order to its pronouns up until the number “six”
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{{{recon(ñy)}}} which would have marked a general plural. It is very much
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possible all numbers up to {{{recon(ñy)}}} were used with pronouns, however
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only remains of it as well as {{{recon(qi)}}} (/two/) for some dual or paucal,
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and in the case of the Tiltinian family {{{recon(nø)}}} (/three/) was used for
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trial and later on for paucal. No remains of {{{recon(gø)}}}, {{{recon(co)}}} or
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any number higher than {{{recon(ñy)}}} is found in its daughter languages.
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It is also unlikely {{{recon(mi)}}} (/one/) was ever used to mark the
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singular, or at least its usage never persisted in its recorded
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daughter languages as it cannot be reconstructed with our current
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knowledge.
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# The order in which these cardinal numbers are affixed to
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# the pronoun depend on the numbers’ word order described in
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# [[#Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-Numerals-4gvelau058j0]].
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- {{{recon(møgusqim qy ij)}}}
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| møgusq | im | qy | ij |
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| village | towards | 1sg | go |
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I’m going to the village
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- {{{recon(møgusqim qyqi ij)}}}
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| / | | <l> | | |
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| møgusq | im | qy | qi | ij |
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| village | towards | 1 | two/DU | go |
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We both are going to the village
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- {{{recon(møgusqim qynø ij)}}}
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| / | | <l> | | |
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| møgusq | im | qy | nø | ij |
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| village | towards | 1 | 3/TRI/PAUC | go |
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We three are going to the village
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- {{{recon(møgusqim ñyqy ij)}}}
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| / | | | <l> | |
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| møgusq | im | ñy | qy | ij |
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| village | towards | six/PL | 1 | go |
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We are going to the village
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It doesn’t appear either that there was any morphology associated to
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their grammatical case. All of its daughter languages have at least a
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distinction between nominative, accusative, and genitive pronouns, but
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it appears they all evolved after the Proto-Ñyqy breakup, with no
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relation between the main daughter language families. The best example
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is the striking difference between the Andelian and the Mojhal
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families despite the fact they both come from Proto-Mojhal-Andelian
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which is the earliest known language to split off from Proto-Ñyqy, as
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well as Proto-Tiltinian and Old Pritian which again have no
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similarities regarding their pronoun declensions. The only common
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roots found are these three pronouns described in [[table:pronouns]].
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Personal pronouns are free pronouns which do not need to be bound to
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other elements in a sentence.
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1. {{{recon(qibú qy qe)}}}
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| qi | bú | qy | qe |
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| DU | 2 | 1sg | see |
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I see them both
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2. {{{recon(qyim ñocm qe)}}}? {{{recon(ee qy)}}}
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| qy | im | ñocm | qe |
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| 1sg | DAT | someone | see |
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| ee | qy |
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| yes | 1sg |
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Does anyone see me? Yes, me.
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**** Demonstrative Pronouns
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Pronouns-and-Anaphoric-Clitics-Demonstrative-Pronouns-2qt4r0u058j0
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:END:
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**** Possessive Pronouns
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Four levels of demonstratives seems to have existed in Proto-Ñyqy:
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- {{{recon(bœce)}}} :: near the speaker
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- {{{recon(pue)}}} :: near the interlocutor
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- {{{recon(yqe)}}} and {{{recon(jœe)}}} :: distant from the speakers
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It is interesting to see here a common pattern among languages which
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is demonstratives pronouns coming from words meaning “here” or
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“there”. In that case, these pronouns are derived from {{{recon(bœc)}}},
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{{{recon(pu)}}}, {{{recon(yq)}}}, and {{{recon(jœ)}}}.
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We are not sure about the difference between {{{recon(yq)}}} and {{{recon(jœ)}}}.
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It is theorized they had differences in distance between the element
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described by the pronoun and the speakers, maybe one describing
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something that could be seen and the other not. In any case, only one
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of the two survived in each language family so we cannot compare their
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use in documented languages.
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**** Possessive Pronouns :noexport:
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Pronouns-and-Anaphoric-Clitics-Possessive-Pronouns-2pu4r0u058j0
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:END:
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*** Verbs
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*** Verbs :noexport:
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-xg1ityt058j0
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:END:
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@ -970,7 +1069,7 @@ interacted exactly is yet unsure. The
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Verbs-Verbal-Inflexions-443cf8u058j0
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:END:
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*** Modifiers
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*** Modifiers :noexport:
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-yw5cf8u058j0
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:END:
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@ -999,7 +1098,7 @@ interacted exactly is yet unsure. The
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-Numerals-4gvelau058j0
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:END:
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*** Adverbs
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*** Adverbs :noexport:
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Adverbs-6lxelau058j0
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:END:
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@ -1012,11 +1111,11 @@ interacted exactly is yet unsure. The
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# morphemes common to the type, etc.
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# - Are any of these classes of adverbs related to older
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# complement-taking (matrix) verbs?
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*** Adpositions
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*** Adpositions :noexport:
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Adpositions-isib3bu058j0
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:END:
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*** Grammatical Particules
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*** Grammatical Particules :noexport:
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Grammatical-Particules-q0kb3bu058j0
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:END:
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