diff --git a/content/proto-nyqy.org b/content/proto-nyqy.org index f267432..d437596 100644 --- a/content/proto-nyqy.org +++ b/content/proto-nyqy.org @@ -884,21 +884,22 @@ reached on this point, most of them might be older innovations. :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-aywhtyt058j0 :END: -*** Names +*** Nouns :PROPERTIES: -:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Names-ztxhtyt058j0 +:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-World-Classes-Nouns-hu0ktba1zfj0 :END: # - What are the distributional properties of nouns? # - What are the structural properties of nouns? # - What are the major formally distinct subcategories of nouns? # - What is the basic structure of the noun word (for polysynthetic # languages) and/or noun phrases (for more isolating languages)? -Names in Proto-Ñyqy generally refer to defined entities, such as +Nouns in Proto-Ñyqy generally refer to defined entities, such as objects, people, concepts, or events. Regardless of their role during locution, a noun bears no morphological information such as its syntactic role or its number. However, nouns can associate with each -other and act as adjectives. More on that in -§[[#Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-Descriptive-Adjectives-pcpelau058j0]]. +other and act as adjectives. +# More on that in +# §[[#Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-Descriptive-Adjectives-pcpelau058j0]]. Noun phrases in Proto-Ñyqy are head-first, meaning the noun in noun phrases come relatively early although the former is built around the former and not exclusively after it. Noun phrases are mainly found as @@ -908,14 +909,16 @@ genitive and dative constructions. The nouns could most likely take genitive pronouns, but how they interacted exactly is yet unsure. The -**** Countables and Uncountables +**** Countables and Uncountables :noexport: :PROPERTIES: -:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Names-Countables-and-Uncountables-sqyhtyt058j0 +:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-World-Classes-Nouns-Countables-and-Uncountables-t7dduha1zfj0 :END: -**** Proper Nouns + +**** Proper Nouns :noexport: :PROPERTIES: -:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Names-Proper-Nouns-0ozhtyt058j0 +:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-World-Classes-Nouns-Proper-Nouns-cczduha1zfj0 :END: + *** Pronouns and Anaphoric Clitics :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Pronouns-and-Anaphoric-Clitics-9k0ityt058j0 @@ -927,15 +930,111 @@ interacted exactly is yet unsure. The :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Pronouns-and-Anaphoric-Clitics-Personal-Pronouns-cps4r0u058j0 :END: +It seems only three pronouns existed in Proto-Ñyqy, one for each of +the persons you would find in a typical language, as shown in +[[table:pronouns]]. + +#+name: table:pronouns +#+caption: Proto-Ñyqy pronouns +| | | +| / | < | +| Person | Pronoun | +|--------+-----------| +| 1 | {{{recon(qy)}}} | +| 2 | {{{recon(bú)}}} | +| 3 | {{{recon(zø)}}} | + +It appears Proto-Ñyqy pronouns did not have any morphological rule to +make them agree in number and due to the apparent lack of gender +neither did they agree with it. However, it is possible that at some +stage of the development of the language, Proto-Ñyqy began affixing +cardinal numbers in order to its pronouns up until the number “six” +{{{recon(ñy)}}} which would have marked a general plural. It is very much +possible all numbers up to {{{recon(ñy)}}} were used with pronouns, however +only remains of it as well as {{{recon(qi)}}} (/two/) for some dual or paucal, +and in the case of the Tiltinian family {{{recon(nø)}}} (/three/) was used for +trial and later on for paucal. No remains of {{{recon(gø)}}}, {{{recon(co)}}} or +any number higher than {{{recon(ñy)}}} is found in its daughter languages. +It is also unlikely {{{recon(mi)}}} (/one/) was ever used to mark the +singular, or at least its usage never persisted in its recorded +daughter languages as it cannot be reconstructed with our current +knowledge. +# The order in which these cardinal numbers are affixed to +# the pronoun depend on the numbers’ word order described in +# [[#Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-Numerals-4gvelau058j0]]. + +- {{{recon(møgusqim qy ij)}}} + | møgusq | im | qy | ij | + | village | towards | 1sg | go | + I’m going to the village +- {{{recon(møgusqim qyqi ij)}}} + | / | | | | | + | møgusq | im | qy | qi | ij | + | village | towards | 1 | two/DU | go | + We both are going to the village +- {{{recon(møgusqim qynø ij)}}} + | / | | | | | + | møgusq | im | qy | nø | ij | + | village | towards | 1 | 3/TRI/PAUC | go | + We three are going to the village +- {{{recon(møgusqim ñyqy ij)}}} + | / | | | | | + | møgusq | im | ñy | qy | ij | + | village | towards | six/PL | 1 | go | + We are going to the village + +It doesn’t appear either that there was any morphology associated to +their grammatical case. All of its daughter languages have at least a +distinction between nominative, accusative, and genitive pronouns, but +it appears they all evolved after the Proto-Ñyqy breakup, with no +relation between the main daughter language families. The best example +is the striking difference between the Andelian and the Mojhal +families despite the fact they both come from Proto-Mojhal-Andelian +which is the earliest known language to split off from Proto-Ñyqy, as +well as Proto-Tiltinian and Old Pritian which again have no +similarities regarding their pronoun declensions. The only common +roots found are these three pronouns described in [[table:pronouns]]. + +Personal pronouns are free pronouns which do not need to be bound to +other elements in a sentence. +1. {{{recon(qibú qy qe)}}} + | qi | bú | qy | qe | + | DU | 2 | 1sg | see | + I see them both +2. {{{recon(qyim ñocm qe)}}}? {{{recon(ee qy)}}} + | qy | im | ñocm | qe | + | 1sg | DAT | someone | see | + + | ee | qy | + | yes | 1sg | + Does anyone see me? Yes, me. + **** Demonstrative Pronouns :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Pronouns-and-Anaphoric-Clitics-Demonstrative-Pronouns-2qt4r0u058j0 :END: -**** Possessive Pronouns +Four levels of demonstratives seems to have existed in Proto-Ñyqy: +- {{{recon(bœce)}}} :: near the speaker +- {{{recon(pue)}}} :: near the interlocutor +- {{{recon(yqe)}}} and {{{recon(jœe)}}} :: distant from the speakers + +It is interesting to see here a common pattern among languages which +is demonstratives pronouns coming from words meaning “here” or +“there”. In that case, these pronouns are derived from {{{recon(bœc)}}}, +{{{recon(pu)}}}, {{{recon(yq)}}}, and {{{recon(jœ)}}}. + +We are not sure about the difference between {{{recon(yq)}}} and {{{recon(jœ)}}}. +It is theorized they had differences in distance between the element +described by the pronoun and the speakers, maybe one describing +something that could be seen and the other not. In any case, only one +of the two survived in each language family so we cannot compare their +use in documented languages. + +**** Possessive Pronouns :noexport: :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Pronouns-and-Anaphoric-Clitics-Possessive-Pronouns-2pu4r0u058j0 :END: -*** Verbs +*** Verbs :noexport: :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-xg1ityt058j0 :END: @@ -970,7 +1069,7 @@ interacted exactly is yet unsure. The :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Verbs-Verbal-Inflexions-443cf8u058j0 :END: -*** Modifiers +*** Modifiers :noexport: :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-yw5cf8u058j0 :END: @@ -999,7 +1098,7 @@ interacted exactly is yet unsure. The :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-Numerals-4gvelau058j0 :END: -*** Adverbs +*** Adverbs :noexport: :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Adverbs-6lxelau058j0 :END: @@ -1012,11 +1111,11 @@ interacted exactly is yet unsure. The # morphemes common to the type, etc. # - Are any of these classes of adverbs related to older # complement-taking (matrix) verbs? -*** Adpositions +*** Adpositions :noexport: :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Adpositions-isib3bu058j0 :END: -*** Grammatical Particules +*** Grammatical Particules :noexport: :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Grammatical-Particules-q0kb3bu058j0 :END: