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Revized template with added questions, added same questions to Ñyqy

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Lucien Cartier-Tilet 2019-12-19 14:15:54 +01:00
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@ -56,16 +56,31 @@
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-2a5d6c2e-16e0-48c1-9cb5-d2ff98519b3f
:END:
# - What is the language known as to outsiders?
# - What term do the people use to distinguish themselves from other language
# groups?
# - What is the origin of these terms (if known)?
** Recherches précédentes
** Éthnologie
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-b8a0fbe7-52b9-46a5-a9de-63a2509c8ae6
:CUSTOM_ID: h-c3298027-baf7-4f86-a5e9-136eb4c28a57
:END:
# - What is the dominant economic activity of the people?
# - Briefly describe the ecosystem, material culture, and cosmology (they will
# be intimately related)
** Démographie
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-4792d22e-b371-46f1-ab60-521d30a7a535
:END:
# - Where is the language spoken, and how are the people distributed in this
# area?
# - Are there other language groups inhabiting the same area?
# - What is the nature of the interaction with these language groups? Economic?
# Social? Friendly? Belligerent?
# - In social/economic interactions with other groups, which groups are
# dominant and which are marginalized? How so?
*** Cartes
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-7914837c-3bf9-4edf-828e-6a36f38527e4
@ -81,25 +96,12 @@
:CUSTOM_ID: h-1cff65b5-a389-4f68-9feb-7aaf4d6c50ee
:END:
** Éthnographie
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-c3298027-baf7-4f86-a5e9-136eb4c28a57
:END:
** Affiliations génétiques
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-ae7ce582-2f58-41e2-99b9-129cbd4eedd3
:END:
** Tradition littéraire
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-65a1be15-7777-451f-b876-b52f9a91cbd0
:END:
** Dialectes
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-13fc6beb-4c24-4b82-b50f-a2f5da5247fb
:END:
# - What language family does this language belong to?
# - What are its closest relatives?
** Situation sociolinguistique
:PROPERTIES:
@ -109,39 +111,49 @@
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-621e6556-a3ca-4fb4-9c90-7d0cb372ffa2
:END:
# - What percentage of the people are monolingual? (Treat men and women
# separately.)
# - What language(s) are people multilingual in, and to what degree?
# - As far as you can tell, what is the attitude of the speakers of this
# language toward their language, as opposed to other languages they may
# know? If possible, give evidence for your claims even though it may be
# anecdotal.
*** Contexte d’utilisation et choix de langues
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-9d8fead2-7af6-46c4-92f6-004d39534331
:END:
# - In what contexts are multilingual individuals likely to use the language
# described in this sketch? When do they use other languages?
*** Viabilité
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-6c827715-39ca-497a-b7a1-c365df1b5585
:END:
# - Are children learning the language as their first language? If so, how
# long do they remain monolingual?
# - What pressures are there on young people to (a) learn another language,
# and (b) reject their own language? How strong are these pressures?
# - Are there partially competent speakers?
*** Mots d’emprun
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-8b4127a5-6b06-48c7-82f5-b504b6731fb4
:END:
# - Does the lexicon of this language contain many words from other languages?
# If so, in what semantic domains do these tend to occur? Give examples.
** Le corpus
** Dialectes
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-9f14afae-8cd0-4f89-9de3-e0d844494d41
:END:
*** La nature de la recherche
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-6e9d796f-700f-4cad-b369-f34d0e94c3b1
:CUSTOM_ID: h-13fc6beb-4c24-4b82-b50f-a2f5da5247fb
:END:
# - Is there significant dialect variation? What kind of differences
# distinguish the dialects? Give examples.
# - What dialect is represented in the sketch?
*** Consultants et autres sources
** Tradition littéraire
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-3cf68761-6fab-4d3f-8e27-22fdafce977b
:END:
*** Présentation des données
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-30f6deba-8a32-4d18-bd94-3264846205fb
:CUSTOM_ID: h-65a1be15-7777-451f-b876-b52f9a91cbd0
:END:
* Aperçu structurel
@ -152,6 +164,16 @@
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-dcd950c6-3a8b-4a9b-abf5-11f607d37415
:END:
# - Is the language dominantly isolating or polysynthetic?
# - If the language is at all polysynthetic, is it dominantly agglutinative or
# fusional? Give examples of its dominant pattern and any secondary patterns.
# - If the language is at all agglutinative, is it dominantly prefixing,
# suffixing or neither?
# - Illustrate the major and secondary patterns (including infixation, stem
# modification, reduplication, suprasegmental modification, and suppletion).
# - If the language is at all polysynthetic, is it dominantly "head-marking",
# "dependent-marking", or mixed?
# - Give some examples of each type of marking the language exhibits.
** Inventaire phonétique et orthographe
:PROPERTIES:
@ -209,6 +231,12 @@
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-dcef02ce-f4dd-454d-be8e-e362c92cc147
:END:
# - What are the distributional properties of nouns?
# - What are the structural properties of nouns?
# - What are the major formally distinct subcategories of nouns?
# - What is the basic structure of the noun word (for polysynthetic languages)
# and/or noun phrases (for more isolating languages)?
**** Structure d’un nom
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-3f99ead1-df52-4b27-afce-9fe901a62c3a
@ -238,6 +266,10 @@
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-edf935a6-971a-4fc1-974a-611784acb77a
:END:
# - Does the language have free pronouns and/or anaphoric clitics? (These are
# distinct from grammatical agreement.)
# - Give a chart of the free pronouns and/or anaphoric clitics.
**** Pronoms personnels
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-e9bbacb5-e3ef-4c66-a052-869ca7bcc0f3
@ -257,6 +289,25 @@
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-de4bb93d-bcd1-4edf-8314-497bf3c06ab8
:END:
# - What are the distributional properties of verbs?
# - What are the structural properties of verbs?
# - What are the major subclasses of verbs?
# - Describe the order of various verbal operators within the verbal word or
# verb phrase.
# - Give charts of the various paradigms, e.g. person marking,
# tense/aspect/mode, etc. Indicate major allomorphic variants.
# - Are directional and/or locational notions expressed in the verb or verb
# phrase at all?
# - Is this operation obligatory, i.e. does one member of the paradigm have
# to occur in every finite verb or verb phrase?
# - Is it productive, i.e. can the operation be specified for al verb stems,
# and does it have the same meaning with each one? (Nothing is fully
# productive, but some operations are more productive than others.)
# - Is this operation primarily coded morphologically, analytically, or
# lexically? Are there any exceptions to the general case?
# - Where in the verb phrase or verbal word is this operation likely to
# appear? Can it occur in more than one place?
**** Structure verbale
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-19b1c9d4-eb87-41db-bb3f-483be321af86
@ -296,6 +347,19 @@
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-fa582b13-c83c-4219-9274-fd6c81f83f5b
:END:
# - If you posit a morphosyntacticc category of adjectives, give evidence for
# not grouping theseforms with the verbs or nouns.
# What characterizes a form as being an adjective in this language?
# - How can you characterize semantically the class of concepts coded by this
# formal category?
# - Do adjectives agree with their heads (e.g. in number, case, and/or noun
# class)?
# - What kind of system does the language employ for counting?
# - How high can a fluent native speaker count without resorting either to
# words from another language or to a generic word like /many/? Exemplify
# the system up to this point.
# - Do numerals agree with their head nouns (number, case, noun class, ...)?
**** Adjectifs descriptifs
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-231cd0ef-17a7-4cc9-b97f-a198dd3c2779
@ -315,6 +379,15 @@
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-ac1f5889-ab88-4b8c-903a-abc0dbc243c9
:END:
# - What characterikes a form as being an adverb in this language? If you
# posit a distinct class of adverbs, argue for why these forms should not be
# treated as nouns, verbs, or adjectives.
# - For each kind of adverb listed in this section, list a few members of the
# type, and specify whether there are any restrictions relavite to that
# type, e.g. where they can come in a clause, any morphemes common to the
# type, etc.
# - Are any of these classes of adverbs related to older complement-taking
# (matrix) verbs?
*** Auxilliaires
:PROPERTIES:
@ -339,46 +412,152 @@
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-7945a001-d98a-42fe-845f-7f37c2f14f1d
:END:
# - What is the neutral order of free elements in the unit?
# - Are there variations?
# - How do the variant orders function?
# - Specific to the main clause constituent order: What is the pragmatically
# neutral order of constituents (A/S, P, and V) in basic clauses of the
# language?
*** Ordre des constituants dans les clauses verbales
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-e68d1726-9baf-4963-b098-58c6aa340082
:END:
# - Where do auxliaries occur in relation to the semantically “main” verb?
# - Where do verb-phrase adverbs occur with respect to the verb and
# auxiliaries?
*** Ordre des constituants dans les clauses nominales
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-130f774a-bc58-46ca-a172-c413c8236366
:END:
# - Describe the order(s) of elements in the noun phrase.
*** Phrases adpositionelles
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-4890aba1-72e2-43e7-98a6-6185cbc6f246
:END:
# - Is the language dominantly prepositional or post-positional? Give examples.
# - Do many adpositions come from nouns or verbs?
*** Comparatifs
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-987612fa-84ce-4d28-a8e2-363002edb722
:END:
# - Does the language have one or more grammaticalized comparative
# constructions? If so, what is the order of the standard, the marker and
# the quality by which an item is compared to the standard?
*** Particules de questions et mots interrogatifs
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-66436f0c-f1b6-4c2b-8c35-6b9439d81e86
:END:
# - In yes/no questions, if there is a question particle, where does it occur?
# - In information questions, where does the question word occur?
*** Résumé
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-86a5e054-9618-485f-8cc8-93704a890a30
:END:
# - How does this language compare in its constituent orders to universal
# expectations, as represented by Greenberg (1963), Hawkins (1983), or some
# other well-known typology?
** Structure d’une phrase nominale
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-3f1cc9cc-1a9d-48e2-94ee-0e7c2aaebe13
:END:
** Structure d’une phrase verbale
*** Mots composés
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-fbbefe2b-595f-405d-bc5e-b1fa0cd13749
:CUSTOM_ID: h-d697b050-c292-4852-932f-bcd74ba2061f
:END:
# - Is there noun-noun compounding that results in a noun (e.g. /windshield/)?
# - How do you know it is compounding?
# - Is there noun-verb (or verb-noun) compounding that results in a noun (e.g.
# /pickpocket/, /scarecrow/)?
# - Are these processes productive (like noun-verb in English can-opener)? How
# common is compounding?
*** Dénominalisation
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-6abaae53-a2b8-4cc1-aa03-10c8b4a45b0a
:END:
# - Are there any processes (productive or not) that form a verb from a noun?
# - An adjective from a noun?
# - An adverb from a noun?
*** Nombres
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-4a7398f7-c2a0-4969-a6a2-ca004b4cbddd
:END:
# - Is number expressed in the noun phrase?
# - Is the distinction between singular and non-singular obligatory, optional,
# or completely absent in the noun phrase?
# - If number marking is “optional”, when does it tend to occur, and when does
# it tend not to occur?
# - If number marking is obligatory, is number overtly expressed for all noun
# phrases or only some subclasses of noun phrases, such as animate?
# - What non-singular distinctions are there?
*** Case
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-7cf3e6ae-6d62-4f39-a4e1-0c697b380675
:END:
# - Do nouns exhibit morphological case?
# - If so, what are the cases? (The functions of the cases will be elaborated
# in later sections)
*** Articles, déterminants et démonstratifs
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-2c2cb606-7ad8-4d8d-a0aa-729b005a7132
:END:
# - Do noun phrases have articles?
# - If so, are they obligatory or optional, and under what circumstances do
# they occur?
# - Are they separate words, or bound morphemes?
# - Is there a class of classes of demonstratives as distinct from articles?
# - How many degrees of distance are there in the system of demontsratives?
# - Are there other distinctions beside distances?
*** Possesseurs
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-fe62e78c-2b6a-47be-876d-0c188d0ee27d
:END:
# - How are possessors expressed in the noun phrase?
# - Do nouns agree with their possessors? Do possessors agree with possessed
# nouns? Neither, or both?
# - Is there a distinction between alienable and inalienable possesson?
# - Are there other types of possession?
# - When the possessor is a full noun, where does it usually come with respect
# to the possessed noun?
*** Classes (incluant le genre)
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-8f76c669-2e2c-45a0-aaf8-8b56ae6c771d
:END:
# - Is there a noun class system?
# - What are the classes and how are they manifested in the noun phrase?
# - What dimension of reality is most central to the noun class system (e.g.
# animacy, shape, function, etc.)? What other dimensions are relevant?
# - Do the classifiers occur with numerals? Adjectives? Verbs?
# - What is their function in these contexts?
*** Diminution/Augmentation
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-8695b587-b33e-42b5-b374-16a068d335ef
:END:
# - Does the language employ diminutive and/or augmentative operators in the
# noun or noun phrase?
# - Questions to answer for all nominal operations:
# - Is this operation obligatory, i.e. does one member of the paradigm have
# to occur in every full noun phrase?
# - Is it productive, i.e. can the operation be specified for all full noun
# phrases and does it have the same meaning with each one? (Nothing is
# fully productive, but some operations are more so than others.)
# - Is this operation primarily expressed lexically, morphologically, or
# analytically?
# - Where in the noun phrase is this operation likely to be located? Can it
# occur in more than one place?
** Prédicats nominaux et constructions liées
:PROPERTIES:
@ -388,26 +567,44 @@
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-28fe553c-2fc1-4c1d-ad81-23680b62918a
:END:
# - How are proper inclusion and equative predicates formed?
# - What restrictions are there, if any, on the TAM marking of such clauses?
*** Prédicats adjectivaux
:PROPERTIES:
:SUBTITLE: Clauses attributives
:CUSTOM_ID: h-5a0c7fd1-9008-4915-88ef-6b2482795e44
:END:
# - How are predicate adjective formed? (Include a separate section on
# predicate adjectives only if they are structurally distinct from predicate
# nominals.)
*** Prédicats locatifs
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-ea755499-8c28-4ddb-a037-841658aeeb91
:END:
# - How are locational clauses (or predicate locatives) formed?
*** Prédicats existentiels
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-93c2c2bb-bb4d-46bd-9979-5a8392c2f144
:END:
# - How are existential clauses formed? (Give examples in different
# tense/aspects, especially if there is significant variation.)
# - How are negative existentials formed?
# - Are there extended uses of existential morphology? (Provide pointers to
# other relevant sections of the grammar.)
*** Clauses possessives
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-d68829a8-b329-46f7-88d8-ece6845e08e3
:END:
# - How are possessive clauses formed?
** Structure d’une phrase verbale
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-fbbefe2b-595f-405d-bc5e-b1fa0cd13749
:END:
** Clauses intransitives
:PROPERTIES:
@ -451,70 +648,162 @@
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-da598991-b75c-4031-a6af-0f06880eb971
:END:
# Examplify some simple intransitive, transitive, and ditransitive clauses.
# Three-argument clauses may not unequivocally exist.
# - What are the grammatical erlations of this language? Give morphosyntactic
# evidence for each one that you propose.
# - Subject?
# - Ergative?
# - Absolutive?
# - Direct object?
# - Indirect object?
# There are basically four possible sources of evidence for grammatical
# relations:
# - morphological case on NPs
# - person marking on verbs
# - constituent order
# - some pragmatic hierarchy
# - Is the system of grammatical relations in basic (affirmative, declarative)
# clauses organized according to a nominative/accusative,
# ergative/absolutive, tripartite, or some other system?
# - Is there a split system for organizing grammatical relations? If so, what
# determines the split?
# - Is there split instransitivity? If so, what semantic or
# discourse/pragmatic factor conditions the split?
# - DOes the system for pronouns and/or person marking on verbs operate on
# the same basis as that of full NPs?
# - Are there different grammatical-relation systems depending on the clause
# type (e.g. main vs. dependent clauses, affirmative vs. negative clauses)?
# - Are there different grammatical-relation assignment systems depending on
# the tense and/or aspect of the clause?
# - Are there any syntactic processes (e.g. conjunction reduction,
# relativization) that operate on an ergative/absolutive basis?
** Constructions liées à la voix et à la valence
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-f6447004-ff87-46d0-afc2-08e1cf1dfc64
:END:
*** Causatif
*** Augmentation de valence
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-abfdbac1-d00a-48e3-bf03-9e01330d6f5e
:END:
**** Causatif
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-b1dac30b-3ca7-4a71-a313-34cdab5e234e
:END:
# - How are causatives formed in this language? There are basically three
# possible answers to this question:
# - lexicall :: kill
# - morphological :: die + cause
# - analytic/periphrastic :: cause to die
# - Give examples of both causative of instransitive verbs (e.g. /He made Shin
# Jaa laugh/), and of transivite verbs (e.g. /He made Shin Jaa wash the
# dishes/).
# - What happens to the causee in each type of causative?
# - Does the causative morphosyntax also serve other functions (e.g.
# permissive, applicative, benefactive, instrumental, etc.)?
# - Are there any other interesting or unusual facts about causatives in the
# language?
*** Applicatif
**** Applicatif
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-578be841-9d4e-45bf-99a7-2969887e61d9
:END:
# - Are there any operations by which a participant which has a semantic role
# normally expressed in an “oblique” phrase can “advance” to direct object
# status?
# - What semantic roles are subject to these operations and how common are
# these constructions?
*** Déplacement datif
**** Déplacement datif
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-114ace73-6554-41d6-b215-a4008d0cecc2
:END:
# - Is there a dative-shift construction?
# - What semantic roles can be “dative-shifted”?
# - Is dative shift obligatory?
*** Datif d’intérêt
**** Datif d’intérêt
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-acb2ac0a-d3ee-4eab-a9ad-d2e56c7d9e7e
:END:
*** Possession exterieure
**** Possession exterieure
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-ea45c49e-434b-4033-a204-f4f134bc9743
:END:
*** Réflexifs et réciproques
*** Diminution de valence
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-57ce8a8b-aa0e-4021-ad4b-768bb4d22d5e
:END:
**** Réflexifs et réciproques
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-e24ca699-b946-4a20-a89a-4e6fcdd04aaf
:END:
# - How are reflexives expressed?
# - Morphologically?
# - Analytically?
# - Are reflexives and reciprocals formally identical?
# - Are there any “unusual” uses of reflexive/reciprocal morphosyntax? For
# example, does a reflexive marker appear in a noun phrase to indicate that
# the possessor of the noun phrase is the same as the subject of the
# clause?
# - Does reflexive/reciprocal morphology ever indicate interclausal
# coreference?
# - Are there other “extended” uses of reflexive or reciprocal morphosyntax?
*** Passifs
**** Passifs
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-32469595-6713-41f7-82e4-0842363ce78c
:END:
# - Which type(s) of passive constructions does the language have? Exemplify
# each type, and describe its function or functions.
# - Lexical?
# - Morphological?
# - Analytic?
# - Are there “impersonal” passives, i.e. passives of intransitive verbs, or
# passives where there is not necessarily an *agent* implied?
# - Is a passive construction obligatory in any particular environment, e.g.
# when a *patient* outranks an *agent* on some pragmatically defined
# hierarchy?
# - Are there other types of passives?
*** Inverses
**** Inverses
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-1b1a41fe-0567-4bd0-9980-70e75136f32d
:END:
# - Does the language have a grammatically instantiated inverse construction?
# If so, what type is it?
*** Constructions moyennes
**** Constructions moyennes
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-a6f23f5e-5e5c-4a0d-addf-9a2dc94798bd
:END:
# - Are there grammatically instantiated middle constructions?
# - Additional reading: /Kemmer 1993/
*** Antipassifs
**** Antipassifs
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-8ae349c3-c9e6-4c00-a8a3-1422bcb759c3
:END:
# - Are there any grammatical structures that specifically function as
# antipassives?
# - Is some other structure used to express transitive concepts when the *P*
# is very low in topicality?
*** Démotion d’objet ou omission
**** Démotion d’objet ou omission
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-e114b8d4-fd80-447b-9807-b740d94250ca
:END:
*** Incorporation d’objet
**** Incorporation d’objet
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-0cbb7721-1e9e-4a4f-b16b-1abbbaf41515
:END:
# - Does the language have object demotion or omission constructions (as
# distinct from antipassives)?
# References: Sapir (1911), Green (1981), Mithun (1984), Sadock (1986).
** Nominalisation
:PROPERTIES:
@ -529,6 +818,15 @@
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-6283863d-8e9c-4fc8-bd77-b852fdd116c4
:END:
# - Describe the processes (productive or not) that form a noun from a verb.
# Include at least:
# - action nominalization
# - agent nominalization
# - patient nominalization
# - Is there a distinction between agent nominalization that refer to
# characteristic activities (e.g. /teacher/) and those that refer to
# specific events (e.g. /the one who is teaching/)?
**** Nominalisation d’agent
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-a51e1cd9-55a2-440f-bf60-96361d13980d
@ -564,6 +862,13 @@
:CUSTOM_ID: h-3172c987-3ab3-48de-9b2c-26420ce516ea
:END:
** Composition (y compris l’incorporation)
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-b87bf07b-897a-4ed3-9bb3-9c4f6063402b
:END:
# - Can subject, object and/or nouns be incorporated into the verb?
# - Are there verb-verb compounding processes that result in a verb?
** Temps, aspect, mode
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-7817ca1d-e3ad-48ed-8f79-9039e5c651c7
@ -572,40 +877,111 @@
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-8f9ad932-6d85-4ea3-b4d5-aada0f48e488
:END:
# - Is there a tense system? How does it operate? Future/non-future,
# past/non-past, past/present/future, or other? (You may want tot treat
# these separately or group them, depending on how the language works.)
*** Aspects
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-ec16ad8f-69c7-44bc-ad20-da6d9188b3d1
:END:
# - How is aspect expressed?
*** Modes
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-c7d2c230-6431-42f5-bf7a-dd70e61499f3
:END:
# - Is there a clear dividing line between tense/aspect and mode (probably
# not)?
# - What are the modes?
# - Is the case-marking pattern influenced at all by TAM?
*** Lieux/direction
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-94eb465d-d084-4d4b-9390-618ed43a4606
:END:
# - Does the language employ verbal affixes or verb-phrase grammatical
# functors that specify the spatial orientation or grounding of the
# situation?
*** Référence participante
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-1aa99e09-4706-4ede-8888-7aed826549dd
:END:
# - Does the language mark the person and/or number of verbal agreements or
# speech act participants on the verb?
# - Provide charts of the various paradigms.
*** Évidentialité, validation et mirativité
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-52d58b47-a607-4f9b-9fa8-f960d3ab50cc
:END:
# - Are there any grammaticalized indicators of evidentiality,
# validationality, or mirativity?
*** Divers
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-552d73fa-eee2-46d8-9225-42431b4d7820
:END:
# - Does the language have any other “miscellaneous” verb or verb-phrase
# operations?
# - For any such miscellaneous operations, argue for why you have not treated
# them as TAM or location/direction marking.
** Structures marquées pragmatiquement
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-eaf98d70-ee47-43bc-92e3-425c940a4493
:END:
*** Variation d’ordre des constituants
*** La morphosyntaxe de l’attention, du contraste et du sujet
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-81bddead-67b2-4183-94a8-d9608c14c5ff
:END:
**** Variation d’ordre des constituants
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-6d3d502c-89da-4c88-9bb0-0e08fa3cced8
:END:
# - Are there special devices for indicating pragmatic statuses in basic
# clauses, e.g. special constituent orders, left- and right-dislocation,
# affixes, or particles indicating referentiality, specificity, topic,
# focus, contrast, etc.?
# - Describe cleft constructions. If possible, give a characterization of
# their discourse functions.
**** Négation
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-0b72b283-9ce9-4078-8d44-e8cc85c554e1
:END:
# - What is the standard means of forming a negative clause in this language?
# - What secondary strategies are there? When are they usedQ
# - Is there constituent negation? Derivational negation?
# - How is morphology normally associated with negation employed in creative
# ways in discourse?
**** Actes de parole non-déclaratifs
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-926244cf-335f-4eb1-842d-05f483e791e3
:END:
***** Impératifs
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-857e4f5d-623e-4ea6-8263-96cd90b724dc
:END:
# - How are imperatives formned?
# - Are there “polite” imperatives that contrast with more direct
# imperatives?
# - Are there “first person” imperatives (e.g. /Let’s eat/)? If so, how are
# they used?
***** Questions absolues
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-b273f0de-ba6d-49c7-9eba-c49dbb527d4b
:END:
# - How are yes/no questions formed?
***** Questions relatives
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-3732004d-f013-4d12-bae8-ba1ed7359ece
:END:
# - How are information questions formed?
*** Particules contrastives et emphatiques
:PROPERTIES:
@ -617,30 +993,6 @@
:CUSTOM_ID: h-9c0eda5f-2dd9-4011-aed5-07214524ab8d
:END:
*** Négation
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-0b72b283-9ce9-4078-8d44-e8cc85c554e1
:END:
*** Questions
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-a92e1f8f-7092-4975-850c-93a70c6f6466
:END:
**** Questions absolues
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-b273f0de-ba6d-49c7-9eba-c49dbb527d4b
:END:
**** Questions relatives
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-3732004d-f013-4d12-bae8-ba1ed7359ece
:END:
*** Impératifs
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-857e4f5d-623e-4ea6-8263-96cd90b724dc
:END:
** Combinaison de clauses
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-60c13fa4-7a4a-44db-8ade-28e39243a390
@ -649,64 +1001,119 @@
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-42ff20dc-0552-463d-901c-997bb7f1b3f5
:END:
# - Does the langugae have serial verbs (or “co-verbs” in the East Asian
# tradition)?
# - Which verbs are most likely to occur in serial constructions?
# - Are there any that are losing their semantic content and becoming more
# like auxiliaries, adpositions, or TAM markers when they occur in serial
# constructions?
*** Clauses complémentaires
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-56f6552e-6604-4dde-98cb-6286f3f6291e
:END:
# - What kinds of complement clause does the language have?
# - Are particular complement types common for particular classes of
# complement-taking verbs?
# - Does the language allow subject and object complements, or just object
# complements?
*** Clauses adverbiales
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-69e269b0-ded6-4188-8fb2-869921f27375
:END:
# - How are adverbial clauses formed?
# - What kinds of adverbial clauses are there, e.g. time, manner, purpose,
# reason, consequence, sequence, conditional?
# - Can adverbial clauses occur in more than one place in a clause?
# - If so, are there any differences in meaning associated with the various
# allowable positions for any given adverbial clause type?
# - Among the conditionals, are there any subdivisions, e.g. contrafactual
# (/*If I had done it differently*, that wouldn’t have happenned/),
# hypothetical (/*If I were you*, I’d do it differently/)?
# - What restrictions are there on the TAM marking of conditional clauses?
*** Enchaînement de clauses, clauses médianes et changement de référence
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-2fe752f2-8586-4fd2-85de-a0f94f04be07
:END:
# - Does the language have any grammaticalized device that explicitly
# indicates whether a participant in one clause is the same as or different
# than some participant in another clause?
# If so, answer the following questions:
# - What direction does the dependency go? That is, does a marker signal
# coreferentiality with a yet to be mentioned participant, or an already
# mentioned participant? (Maybe both, depending on other factors.)
# - What can “antecede” one of these markers? That is, is coreferentiality
# always with respect to a “subject” participant, or can non-subject
# *agent*, or nominal of other grammatical relations also antecede a
# coreference form?
# - On What categories of elements can these markers go, e.g. verbs, nouns,
# conjunctions, etc.?
# - Can one clause be inflected for the person/number of the subject of some
# other clause?
# - Does the markers of interclausal coreference also carry other information,
# e.g. tense/aspect or semantic relations between clauses?
# - How extensive is this phenomenon?
*** Clauses relatives
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-a7892774-5608-47c3-a66a-fef0a11acea2
:END:
# - What kind of relative clauses does the language have?
# - Prenominal?
# - Postnominal?
# - Internally headed?
# - Headless?
# - Correlative?
# - What positions on the following relativizability hierarchy can be
# relativized?
# subject > direct object > indirect object > oblique > possessor
# - What RC type of “case recoverability strategy“ is used for each position?
*** Coordination
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-1e8799b0-9cce-4bff-a5b2-f237ed0715fb
:END:
# - How are the following kinds of logical relations between clauses typically
# expressed?
# - Conjunction (a and b)/(neither a nor b)?
# - Disjunction (a or b)?
# - Exclusion (a and not b)?
** La langue telle qu’utilisée
** Utilisation de la langue
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-410b5fac-bda1-4c79-9f74-9bd747666e2c
:END:
*** Typologie lexicale
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-e6d10a54-078f-4cc0-8a07-28a6fed468ba
:END:
**** Espace, directions et déplacements
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-997b8c61-cb5d-40f9-92c1-6e17cfaddce3
:END:
**** Causation
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-44afa9f9-5dc8-4883-90f5-a214b455eef9
:END:
**** Valence
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-39f2e9c1-f91f-4e64-b667-c89a3c9edf77
:END:
**** Prépondérance des caractéristiques sémantiques
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-5ab18e70-8101-417d-be7e-1d87cb85a6ed
:END:
*** Continuité (cohésion) et discontinuité
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-0a5942b9-40eb-4289-bc48-c8e261d396e1
:END:
# - What are the discourse functions of the various referential devices? That
# is, which code highly continuous referents, and which code highly
# discontinuous referents?
# - Related questions: how are referents introduced into narrative and/or
# conversational discourse?
# - Are referents introduced differently depending on whether or not they are
# “destined” to figure prominently in the following text? (That is, does the
# language clearly distinguish introductions of “discourse manipulable”
# referents?)
# - Are there different coding devices used to introduce referents that have
# some honorific status?
# - How is tense/aspect marking deployed in discourse? (Answer will probably
# vary according to genre)
# - What morphosyntactic device are used to signal the “events” in a narrative
# discourse? What about the “non-events”, i.e. collateral descriptive
# material?
# - What devices are used to ascribe special prominence to portions of text?
# - Can you isolated the /kinds/ of prominence that the language is sensitive
# to?
# - Are there special morphosyntactic devices characteristically used at the
# climax or peak of a narrative?
# - Is there a recognizable peak in other genres?
# - Are rhetorical questions and/or negations used as “highlighting” devices
# in discourse? Give examples.
**** Continuité de sujet (référenciel)
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-48bbdda1-6153-4bb2-9329-41acb5ed4e16
@ -722,16 +1129,16 @@
:CUSTOM_ID: h-98780284-20cb-4ddd-ac75-55454ac31dd1
:END:
*** Prominence épisodique
**** Prominence épisodique
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-d2e427d9-a12d-4930-ae84-b6f2e1db22e9
:END:
**** Apogée, point de culminance
***** Apogée, point de culminance
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-0a5068b2-1d91-4fa1-b8c6-163ceef8ded9
:END:
**** Intensification
***** Intensification
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-c4f61aa8-4b31-49e4-87d3-222105840b36
:END:
@ -740,6 +1147,9 @@
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-c001376f-4df2-4340-a181-62ab0e1eb645
:END:
# - What discourse genre are demonstrably distinct in this language? Exemplify
# and discuss the significant characteristics for each.
**** Conversation
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-93c266a5-2f68-4bce-9d28-4fd6ae52640d
@ -793,6 +1203,29 @@
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-b437a999-0294-43a6-8752-ba282078c026
:END:
*** Typologie lexicale
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-e6d10a54-078f-4cc0-8a07-28a6fed468ba
:END:
**** Espace, directions et déplacements
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-997b8c61-cb5d-40f9-92c1-6e17cfaddce3
:END:
**** Causation
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-44afa9f9-5dc8-4883-90f5-a214b455eef9
:END:
**** Valence
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-39f2e9c1-f91f-4e64-b667-c89a3c9edf77
:END:
**** Prépondérance des caractéristiques sémantiques
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-5ab18e70-8101-417d-be7e-1d87cb85a6ed
:END:
*** Divers et conclusions
:PROPERTIES:
@ -807,6 +1240,28 @@
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-5556ebe6-940e-40ee-8a97-c2bfd6c0e9e1
:END:
# - Does the language make extensive and productive use of sound symbolism?
# - What are some common ideophones?
# - How is the phonological system of ideophones and sound symbolism
# different than that of the rest of the language?
# - How is the morphology different? How is the syntax different?
**** Découvertes typologiques
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: h-e7e10073-62f0-443e-83d1-6db24687d7bb
:END:
# - What are the features of this language that are particularly interesting?
# - What typological surprises does it present?
# - How does this work contribute to our understanding of the notion
# “possible human language”? What directions for further research do you
# recommend and/or plan to undertake yourself?
# - Can you qualitatively describe the “character” of this language? What are
# its dominant features?
# - What are the characteristics of a skilled orator in this language?
# - Can you provide some explicit examples that will contribute to the
# reader’s sense of how this language is used? Some possibilities might be
# jokes, prayers, metaphorical expressions, or other culturally relevent
# discourse samples.
* Annexes
:PROPERTIES: