638 lines
31 KiB
Org Mode
638 lines
31 KiB
Org Mode
#+setupfile: ../headers
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* Phonetic Inventory and Translitteration
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** Evolution from Early Old Norse to Eittlandic
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Eittlandic evolved early on from Early Old Norse, and as such some
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vowels it evolved from are different from the Old Norse vowels and
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consonants some other Nordic languages evolved from. In this chapter,
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we will see the main list of attested phonetic evolution Eittlandic
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lived through.
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The history of Eittlandic goes from the late 8th century until
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modern-day Eittlandic. Its history is divided as shown on table below.
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It is not an exact science though as changes happened progressively
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through the country. Changes were also progressive, meaning the dates
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chosen to go from one language to the other are relatively arbitrary.
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In evolution examples, it will be indicated whether the Eittlandic
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pronunciation is specific to a certain time area (with /Early Middle
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Eittlandic/, /Late Old Eittlandic/, etc…) but if it only specifies
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/Eittlandic/ it means no significant changes in pronunciation occurred
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since the phonetic rule shown. Meaning is also shown between
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parenthesis. In case of semantic shift, its new meaning in Eittlandic
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is shown --- the same goes for the word’s spelling.
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#+name: table:history-eittlandic-language
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#+caption: Linguistic eras of Eittland
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| Period | Language |
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|-----------------------------+-------------------|
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| 8th century - 12th century | Old Eittlandic |
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| 13th century - 16th century | Middle Eittlandic |
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| 17th century - today | Modern Eittlandic |
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It is generally considered the gj-shift of the 13th century is the
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evolution that marks the change from Old Eittlandic to Middle
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Eittlandic while the great vowel shift marks the change from Middle
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Eittlandic to Modern Eittlandic between the 16th and the 17th century.
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*** hʷ > ʍ
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One of the first evolution of the Eittlandic was the evolution of the
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{{{phon(hʷ)}}} into a {{{phon(ʍ)}}} (written «hv»). It differs from other nordic
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languages which evolved their {{{phon(hʷ)}}} into a {{{phon(v)}}}, like in
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Icelandic or in Norwegian. However, this evolution is cause to debate,
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mainly due to the original phoneme {{{phon(hʷ)}}} which could be inherited
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from Proto-Norse instead.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Early Old Norse or Late Proto-Norse /hvat/ (what) {{{phon(hʷɑt)}}} >
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Eittlandic /hvat/ (what) {{{phon(ʍɑt)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** C / #h_ > C[-voice]
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When preceded by a {{{phon(h)}}}, word-initial consonants such as «l», «r»,
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«n» would lose their voicing and become voiceless consonants. Note
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«hj» went to {{{phon(ç)}}}.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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- Early Old Norse /hlóð/ (/hearth/) {{{phon(hloːð)}}} > Old Eittlandic /hlóð/
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{{{phon(l̥oːð)}}}
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- Early Old-Norse /hneisa/ (/shame, disgrace/) {{{phon(hneisɑ)}}} > Early Old
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Eittlandic {{{phon(n̥eisɑ)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /hrifs/ (/robbery/) {{{phon(hrifs)}}} > Old Norse {{{phon(r̥ifs)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /hjól/ (wheel) {{{phon(hjoːl)}}} > Old Eittlandic {{{phon(çoːl)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** g / {#,V}_{V,#} > ɣ
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In word-initial position and followed by a vowel or when between
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vowels, Early Old Norse {{{phon(g)}}} gets palatalized into a {{{phon(ɣ)}}}.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Early Old Norse /gegn/ (/against, right opposite/) {{{phon(gegn̩)}}} > Old
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Eittlandic {{{phon(ɣegn̩)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** V / _# > ∅ ! j _
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When finishing a word, short unaccented vowels disappeared.
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Historically, they first went through a weakening transforming them
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into a {{{phon(ə)}}}, but they eventually disappeared before long vowels got
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affected by the first part of the rule. However, it did not apply to
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final vowels following a «j».
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Old Norse /heilsa/ (/health/) {{{phon(heilsɑ)}}} > Late Old Eittlandic /heils/
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{{{phon(heils)}}}.
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#+html: :::
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Reflecting this change, the last vowel got lost in the Eittlandic
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orthography. However, this rule did not get applied consistently with
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a good deal of people that kept them well until the [[file:./phonology.md#great-vowel-shift][Great Vowel Shift]].
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*** V / j_# > ə
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While the final short vowel of words did not disappear when preceded
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by a «j», they still weakened to a schwa.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Old Norse /sitja/ (/to sit/) {{{phon(sitjɑ)}}} > Old Eittlandic {{{phon(sitjə)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** Vː / _# > ə
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When at the end of a word, long unaccented vowels get weakened into a
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schwa.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Old Norse /erþó/ (as though) {{{phon(erθoː)}}} > Late Old Eittlandic
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{{{phon(erθə)}}}.
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#+html: :::
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Notice how in the modern orthography the «ó» didn’t get lost, unlike
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with the previous rule. Unlike the schwa from the previous rule, the
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current schwa still bears the long vowel feature, although it is not
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pronounced any more by that point, influencing the [[file:./phonology.md#ə-long-c-∅][final schwa loss]].
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*** ɣ / {#,V}_ > j ! _{l,j}
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During the 13th century, continued palatalization of the letter «g»
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when beginning or preceding a vowel transformed it from {{{phon(g)}}} in
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Proto-Norse to {{{phon(ɣ)}}} in Old Eittlandic to {{{phon(j)}}} in Early Modern
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Eittlandic.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Old Norse /gauð/ (a barking) {{{phon(gɑuð)}}} > Early Middle Eittlandic /gauð/
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(a barking, a quarrel) {{{phon(jɑuð)}}}.
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#+html: :::
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This is the first rule of the g/j-shift along with the three next
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rules, marking the passage from Old Eittlandic to Middle Eittlandic.
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*** gl > gʲ
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The exception to the above rule is the «g» remains a hard {{{phon(g)}}} when
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followed by an «l» in which case {{{phon(gl)}}} becomes {{{phon(gʲ)}}}.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Old Norse /óglaðr/ (sad, moody) {{{phon(oːɡlɑðr̩)}}} > Early Middle Eittlandic
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/óglaðr/ (very sad, miserable) {{{phon(oːɡʲɑðr̩)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** d g n s t / _j > C[+palat]
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Another exception to the [[file:./phonology.md#g-v-%E2%81%A3-v-ɣ][lenition of {{{phon(ɡ)}}}]] is it remained until the
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appearance of this change a hard {{{phon(g)}}} when followed by a {{{phon(j)}}}.
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It however ended up getting assimilated by {{{phon(j)}}}. Other phonemes
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{{{phon(d)}}}, {{{phon(h)}}}, {{{phon(n)}}}, {{{phon(s)}}}, and {{{phon(t)}}} also get palatalized,
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assimilated by the following {{{phon(j)}}}. In the end, we have the
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conversion table given by the table below.
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#+name: cons:palatalization
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#+caption: Consonants palatalization
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| Early Old Norse | Eittlandic |
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|-----------------+------------|
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| {{{phon(dj)}}} | {{{phon(dʒ)}}} |
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| {{{phon(gj)}}} | {{{phon(jː)}}} |
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| {{{phon(nj)}}} | {{{phon(ɲ)}}} |
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| {{{phon(sj)}}} | {{{phon(ʃ)}}} |
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| {{{phon(tj)}}} | {{{phon(tʃ)}}} |
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Note this is also applicable to devoiced consonants [[file:phonology#c-h-c-voice][described above]].
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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- Early Old Norse /djúp/ (/deep/) {{{phon(djuːp)}}} > Middle Eittlandic /djúp/
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(/deep, profound/) {{{phon(dʒuːp)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /gjøf/ (/gift/) {{{phon(gjøf)}}} > Early Middle Eittlandic
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{{{phon(jøf)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /snjór/ (/snow/) {{{phon(snjoːr)}}} > Middle Eittlandic
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{{{phon(sɲoːr)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /hnjósa/ (/to sneeze/) {{{phon(hnjoːsɑ)}}} > Middle Eittlandic
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{{{phon(ɲ̥oːs)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /sjá/ (/to see/) {{{phon(sjɑː)}}} > Middle Eittlandic
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{{{phon(ʃɑː)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /skilja/ (/to understand, to distinguish/) {{{phon(skiljɑ)}}}
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> Early Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiljə)}}}
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- Old Eittlandic /sitja/ (/to sit/) {{{phon(sitjə)}}} > Middle Eittlandic
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{{{phon(sitʃə)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** j > jə / _#
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With the appearance of word-final {{{phon(j)}}}, and epenthtetic {{{phon(ə)}}}
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appeared due to the phonological rule forbidding word-final consonant
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clusters to end with a {{{phon(j)}}}.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Early Old Norse /berg/ (/rock/, /boulder/) {{{phon(berɡ)}}} > Middle Eittlandic
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/berg/ {{{phon(berjə)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** u / V_ > ʊ
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When following another vowel, {{{phon(u)}}} becomes an {{{phon(ʊ)}}}.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Old Norse /kaup/ (/bargain/) {{{phon(kɑup)}}} > Early Middle Eittlandic
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{{{phon(kɑʊp)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** {s,z} / _C[+plos] > ʃ
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If {{{phon(s)}}} or {{{phon(z)}}} precede a plosive consonant, they become
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palatalized into a {{{phon(ʃ)}}} --- the distinction between «s» and «z» is
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lost.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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- Old Norse /fiskr/ (/fish/) {{{phon(fiskr̩)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(fiʃkr̩)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /vizka/ (/wisdom/) {{{phon(βizkɑ)}}} > Middle Eittlandic /viska/
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{{{phon(βiʃk)}}}
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#+html: :::
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Note that in the Modern Eittlandic orthography, the «z» is replaced
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with an «s».
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*** f / {V,C[+voice]}_ {V,C[+voice],#} > v
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When a «f» is either surrounded by voice phonemes or is preceded by a
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voiced phoneme and ends a word, it gets voiced into a {{{phon(v)}}}.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Old Norse /úlf/ (wolf) {{{phon(uːlf)}}} > Middle Eittlandic /úlv/ {{{phon(uːlv)}}}.
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#+html: :::
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*** l / _j > ʎ
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When followed by a «j», any «l» becomes a {{{phon(ʎ)}}}, merging with the
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following «j».
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Early Middle Eittlandic /skilja/ (to understand, to distinguish)
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{{{phon(ʃkiljə)}}} > Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiʎə)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** ɑʊ > oː
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Sometime in the 15th century, any occurence of «au», pronounced by
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then {{{phon(ɑʊ)}}}, began shifting to {{{phon(oː)}}}.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Early Middle Eittlandic /kaup/ (/bargain/) {{{phon(kɑʊp)}}} > Late Middle
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Eittlandic /kaup/ (/commerce/) {{{phon(koːp)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** C[+long +plos -voice] > C[+fric] ! / _C > C[+long +plos] > C[-long]
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Unless followed by another consonant, any unvoiced long plosive
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consonant becomes a short affricate while other long plosives simply
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become shorter.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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- Old Norse /edda/ (great grandmother) {{{phon(edːɑ)}}} > Late Middle
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Eittlandic /edda/ (great grandmother, femalle ancestor) {{{phon(edɑ)}}}
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- Old Norse /Eittland/ {{{phon(eitːlɑnd)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic
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{{{phon(eitlɑnd)}}}
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- Old Norse /uppá/ (/upon/) {{{phon(upːɑː)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic
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{{{phon(upɸə)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** r > ʁ (Eastern Eittlandic)
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From the beginning of the 16th century, the Eastern Eittlandic {{{phon(r)}}}
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began morphing into an {{{phon(ʁ)}}} in all contexts except in word-final
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«-r», remanants of Old Norse’s nominative «-R». This is typical in the
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Eastern region of Eittland, and it can be even heard in some dialects
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of Southern Eittlandic.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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- Old Norse /dratta/ (/to trail/ or /walk like a cow/) {{{phon(drɑtʃ)}}} > Eastern
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Modern Eittlandic /dratt/ (/act mindlessly/) {{{phon(dʁɑtʃ)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /fjárdráttr/ (/(unfairly) making money/)
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{{{phon(fjɑːdrɑːtːr̩)}}} > Eastern Modern Eittlandic /fjárdráttr/ (/to scam/)
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{{{phon(fjɛʁdʁɛtr̩)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** Great Vowel Shift
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The great vowel shift happened during the 16th and 17th century during
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which long vowels underwent a length loss, transforming them into
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different short vowels. Only three rules governed this shift:
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- V[+high +long] > V[-high -long +LT]
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- V[+tense +long] > V[-tense -long +LT]
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- V[-tense +long] > V[-long -low +LT]
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This shift reintroduced a bitonal system in Eittlandic, contrasting
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former long vowels with short vowels. Hence, the vowels evolved as
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shown in the table below.
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#+name: vow:eittland:evolution
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#+caption: Evolution of Old Norse long vowels to Eittlandic short vowels
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| Orthography | Old Eittlandic vowel | Modern Eittlandic Vowel |
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|-------------+----------------------+-------------------------|
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| á | {{{phon(ɑː)}}} | {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} |
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| é | {{{phon(eː)}}} | {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} |
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| í | {{{phon(iː)}}} | {{{phon(è)}}} |
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| ó | {{{phon(oː)}}} | {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}} |
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| œ (ǿ) | {{{phon(øː)}}} | {{{phon(œ̀)}}} |
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| ú | {{{phon(uː)}}} | {{{phon(ò)}}} |
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| ý | {{{phon(yː)}}} | {{{phon(ø̀)}}} |
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As you can see, some overlap is possible from Old Norse vowels and
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Modern Eittlandic vowels. For instance, Eittlanders will read «é» and
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«á» both as an {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}}.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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- Middle Eittlandic /sjá/ (/to see/) {{{phon(ʃɑː)}}} > Modern Eittlandic
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{{{phon(ʃɛ̀)}}}
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- Old Norse /fé/ (/cattle/) {{{phon(feː)}}} > Modern Eittlandic /fé/ (wealth)
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{{{phon(fɛ̀)}}}
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- Late Proto-Norse /hví/ (/why/) {{{phon(hʷiː)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ʍè)}}}
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- Old Norse /bók/ (/beech/, /book/) {{{phon(boːk)}}} > Modern Eittlandic (/book/)
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{{{phon(bɔ̀k)}}}
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- Early Old Norse /œgir/ (/frightener/, /terrifier/) {{{phon(øːɡir)}}} > Modern
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Eittlandic /Œgir/ (a kind of mythical beast) {{{phon(œ̀jir)}}}
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- Middle Eittlandic /úlv/ (/wolf/) {{{phon(uːlv)}}} > Modern Eittlandic
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{{{phon(òlv)}}}
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#+html: :::
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Diphthongs also evolved following these rules:
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- {{{phon(ei)}}} > {{{phon(ɑɪ)}}}
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- {{{phon(ou)}}} > {{{phon(ɔʊ)}}}
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- {{{phon(øy)}}} > {{{phon(œʏ)}}}
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It is probably up to this time period when Eittlandic stopped
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nasalizing its vowels aside from Southern Eittland (see below),
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although the timeframe regarding this evolution is very much unclear
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and it might have happened as early as during the 13th century.
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*** ə[-long] / C_# > ∅
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As described in the [[file:./phonology.md#vː-ə][weakening of final long vowels]], the schwa
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resulting from it kept its long vowel feature, although it wasn’t
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pronounced anymore. This resulted in the current rule making all
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schwas resulting from short vowels at the end of words to disappear
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when following a voiced consonant. However, this process lengthened
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any previous vowel, thus reintroducing a contrast between short vowels
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and long vowels in Eittlandic. This distinction is however unmarked
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when written in Standard Eittlandic due to the spelling dropping the
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final vowels affected here.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Middle Eittlandic (to understand, to distinguish) {{{phon(ʃkiʎə)}}} > Modern
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Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiːʎ)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** C[+plos +fric] > C[-plos +long]
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During the late 19th century to early 20th century, Eittlandic lost
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its affricate consonants as they morphed into simple fricatives.
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Therefore, some Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(pː)}}} became in Modern
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Eittlandic {{{phon(ɸː)}}} through {{{phon(pɸ)}}}.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Old Norse /uppá/ (/upon/) {{{phon(upːɑː)}}} > Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(upɸə)}}}
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> Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(uɸːə)}}}
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#+html: :::
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*** t / _C > ʔ ! _ʃ
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When a {{{phon(t)}}} precedes another consonant, it becomes a glottal stop.
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#+html: ::: tip Example
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Early Modern Eittlandic /Eittland/ {{{phon(ɑɪtlɑnd)}}} > Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪʔlɑnd)}}}
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#+html: :::
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** Vowel Inventory
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Modern Eittlandic has a total of ten simple vowels and three
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diphthongs, regardless of the dialect. It does not directly inherit
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the vowel length contrast Old Norse bore anymore since the great vowel
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shift (see the [[*Great Vowel Shift][Great Vowel Shift]]), though most of it shifted to a
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bitonal contrast instead. The original bitonal contrast believed to
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have existed in Old Norse has been most likely lost early on during
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Eittlandic’s evolution, leaving room for the current one. The first
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table below lists the Eittlandic simple vowels while the second table
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lists the Eittlandic diphthongs. Note that the contrast by length or
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tone is not listed in the table.
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#+name: tab:vow:ipa
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#+caption: Vowel inventory of Modern Eittlandic
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| <r> | <c> | <c> |
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| | front | back |
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|-----------+-------+------|
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| close | i y | u |
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| close-mid | e ø | o |
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| open-mid | ɛ œ | ɔ |
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| open | | ɑ |
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#+name: tab:vow:dipththongs
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#+caption: Diphthongs of Modern Eittlandic
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| diphthong | phonetics |
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| <c> | <c> |
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|-----------+-----------|
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| ei | {{{phon(ɑɪ)}}} |
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| au | {{{phon(ɔʊ)}}} |
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| ey | {{{phon(œʏ)}}} |
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|
||
#+name: vow-dot-gen
|
||
#+header: :var vowels=vowels-featural-list
|
||
#+begin_src emacs-lisp :wrap "src dot :file eittlandic/vowel-feature-tree.png :results none :eval no-export"
|
||
(conlanging-graphviz-feature-tree vowels :label "vowels")
|
||
#+end_src
|
||
|
||
#+RESULTS[c723b412fc993fadd185fd61b5d05018b76844ac]: vow-dot-gen
|
||
#+begin_src dot :file eittlandic/vowel-feature-tree.png :results none :eval no-export
|
||
graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0ju80zwg7uit"[label="vowels"];"+high-0ju80zwg7ujg"[label="+high"];"vowels-0ju80zwg7uit"--"+high-0ju80zwg7ujg";"+round-0ju80zwg7ukn"[label="+round"];"+high-0ju80zwg7ujg"--"+round-0ju80zwg7ukn";"+front-0ju80zwg7uli"[label="+front"];"+round-0ju80zwg7ukn"--"+front-0ju80zwg7uli";"/y/-0ju80zwg7ume"[label="/y/"];"+front-0ju80zwg7uli"--"/y/-0ju80zwg7ume";"-front-0ju80zwg7uls"[label="-front"];"+round-0ju80zwg7ukn"--"-front-0ju80zwg7uls";"/u/-0ju80zwg7un4"[label="/u/"];"-front-0ju80zwg7uls"--"/u/-0ju80zwg7un4";"-round-0ju80zwg7ukw"[label="-round"];"+high-0ju80zwg7ujg"--"-round-0ju80zwg7ukw";"/i/-0ju80zwg7unw"[label="/i/"];"-round-0ju80zwg7ukw"--"/i/-0ju80zwg7unw";"-high-0ju80zwg7ujs"[label="-high"];"vowels-0ju80zwg7uit"--"-high-0ju80zwg7ujs";"+round-0ju80zwg7uon"[label="+round"];"-high-0ju80zwg7ujs"--"+round-0ju80zwg7uon";"+tense-0ju80zwg7uph"[label="+tense"];"+round-0ju80zwg7uon"--"+tense-0ju80zwg7uph";"+front-0ju80zwg7uq9"[label="+front"];"+tense-0ju80zwg7uph"--"+front-0ju80zwg7uq9";"/ø/-0ju80zwg7ur2"[label="/ø/"];"+front-0ju80zwg7uq9"--"/ø/-0ju80zwg7ur2";"-front-0ju80zwg7uqk"[label="-front"];"+tense-0ju80zwg7uph"--"-front-0ju80zwg7uqk";"/o/-0ju80zwg7urs"[label="/o/"];"-front-0ju80zwg7uqk"--"/o/-0ju80zwg7urs";"-tense-0ju80zwg7upp"[label="-tense"];"+round-0ju80zwg7uon"--"-tense-0ju80zwg7upp";"+low-0ju80zwg7usp"[label="+low"];"-tense-0ju80zwg7upp"--"+low-0ju80zwg7usp";"/œ/-0ju80zwg7uth"[label="/œ/"];"+low-0ju80zwg7usp"--"/œ/-0ju80zwg7uth";"-low-0ju80zwg7usz"[label="-low"];"-tense-0ju80zwg7upp"--"-low-0ju80zwg7usz";"/ɔ/-0ju80zwg7uu6"[label="/ɔ/"];"-low-0ju80zwg7usz"--"/ɔ/-0ju80zwg7uu6";"-round-0ju80zwg7uoy"[label="-round"];"-high-0ju80zwg7ujs"--"-round-0ju80zwg7uoy";"+tense-0ju80zwg7uv2"[label="+tense"];"-round-0ju80zwg7uoy"--"+tense-0ju80zwg7uv2";"/e/-0ju80zwg7uvv"[label="/e/"];"+tense-0ju80zwg7uv2"--"/e/-0ju80zwg7uvv";"-tense-0ju80zwg7uvd"[label="-tense"];"-round-0ju80zwg7uoy"--"-tense-0ju80zwg7uvd";"+low-0ju80zwg7uwl"[label="+low"];"-tense-0ju80zwg7uvd"--"+low-0ju80zwg7uwl";"/ɑ/-0ju80zwg7uxc"[label="/ɑ/"];"+low-0ju80zwg7uwl"--"/ɑ/-0ju80zwg7uxc";"-low-0ju80zwg7uwv"[label="-low"];"-tense-0ju80zwg7uvd"--"-low-0ju80zwg7uwv";"/ɛ/-0ju80zwg7uy0"[label="/ɛ/"];"-low-0ju80zwg7uwv"--"/ɛ/-0ju80zwg7uy0";}
|
||
#+end_src
|
||
|
||
#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/eittlandic/vowel-feature-tree.png" alt="Eittlandic Vowel Featural Tree">Featural tree of Eittlandic vowels</ImgFigure>
|
||
|
||
Here is a quick guide regarding the pronunciation of these vowels:
|
||
- a {{{phon(ɑ)}}} :: as in General American English “hot” with a high tone
|
||
- á {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} :: as in General American English “bed” with a low tone
|
||
- æ {{{phon(ɛ)}}} :: as in General American English “bed” with a high tone
|
||
- e {{{phon(e)}}} :: as in French “été” or General American English “may”
|
||
with a high tone
|
||
- é {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} :: see {{{phon(æ)}}}
|
||
- i {{{phon(i)}}} :: as in English “free” with a high tone
|
||
- í {{{phon(è)}}} :: as in French “été” or General American English “may”
|
||
with a low tone
|
||
- o {{{phon(o)}}} :: as in French “beau” or Cockney English “yawn” with a
|
||
high tone
|
||
- ó {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}} :: as in General American English “thought” with a low
|
||
tone
|
||
- u {{{phon(u)}}} :: as in French “mou” or General American English “boot”
|
||
with a high tone
|
||
- ú {{{phon(ò)}}} :: as in French “beau” or Cockney English “yawn” with a
|
||
low tone
|
||
- y {{{phon(y)}}} :: as in French “lune” with a high tone
|
||
- ý {{{phon(ø̀)}}} :: as in French “deux” with a low tone
|
||
- œ/ǿ {{{phon(œ)}}} :: as in French “neuf” with a low tone
|
||
- ei {{{phon(ɑɪ)}}} :: as in English “I”
|
||
- au {{{phon(ɔʊ)}}} :: similar to Canadian “ow” or in General American
|
||
English “bow”, but more open
|
||
- ey {{{phon(œʏ)}}} :: as if it were “œy” but more open
|
||
|
||
Eittlandic also has a second vowel inventory dedicated to unstressed
|
||
vowels. While the one described above describes all vowels found in
|
||
stressed positions, the unstressed inventory is much lighter.
|
||
|
||
#+name: tab:vow:unstressed
|
||
#+caption: Unstressed Vowels in Eittlandic
|
||
| <r> | <c> | <c> |
|
||
| | front | back |
|
||
|------+-------+------|
|
||
| -low | i/e | u/o |
|
||
| +low | (œ) | a |
|
||
|
||
#+name: vow-unstressed-dot-gen
|
||
#+header: :var vowels=vowels-unstressed-featural-list
|
||
#+begin_src emacs-lisp :wrap "src dot :file eittlandic/vowel-unstressed-feature-tree.png :results none :eval no-export"
|
||
(conlanging-graphviz-feature-tree vowels :label "vowels")
|
||
#+end_src
|
||
|
||
#+RESULTS[3d73fac1ce2ba93b214df135c8a1c8d7058b8a58]: vow-unstressed-dot-gen
|
||
#+begin_src dot :file eittlandic/vowel-unstressed-feature-tree.png :results none :eval no-export
|
||
graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jyo0gw23vjp"[label="vowels"];"+low-0jyo0gw23vk7"[label="+low"];"vowels-0jyo0gw23vjp"--"+low-0jyo0gw23vk7";"+round-0jyo0gw23vkx"[label="+round"];"+low-0jyo0gw23vk7"--"+round-0jyo0gw23vkx";"/œ/-0jyo0gw23vli"[label="/œ/"];"+round-0jyo0gw23vkx"--"/œ/-0jyo0gw23vli";"-round-0jyo0gw23vl5"[label="-round"];"+low-0jyo0gw23vk7"--"-round-0jyo0gw23vl5";"/ɑ/-0jyo0gw23vm8"[label="/ɑ/"];"-round-0jyo0gw23vl5"--"/ɑ/-0jyo0gw23vm8";"-low-0jyo0gw23vkf"[label="-low"];"vowels-0jyo0gw23vjp"--"-low-0jyo0gw23vkf";"+front-0jyo0gw23vms"[label="+front"];"-low-0jyo0gw23vkf"--"+front-0jyo0gw23vms";"+high-0jyo0gw23vnb"[label="+high"];"+front-0jyo0gw23vms"--"+high-0jyo0gw23vnb";"/i/-0jyo0gw23vnv"[label="/i/"];"+high-0jyo0gw23vnb"--"/i/-0jyo0gw23vnv";"-high-0jyo0gw23vnj"[label="-high"];"+front-0jyo0gw23vms"--"-high-0jyo0gw23vnj";"/e/-0jyo0gw23vob"[label="/e/"];"-high-0jyo0gw23vnj"--"/e/-0jyo0gw23vob";"-front-0jyo0gw23vmz"[label="-front"];"-low-0jyo0gw23vkf"--"-front-0jyo0gw23vmz";"+high-0jyo0gw23vot"[label="+high"];"-front-0jyo0gw23vmz"--"+high-0jyo0gw23vot";"/u/-0jyo0gw23vpd"[label="/u/"];"+high-0jyo0gw23vot"--"/u/-0jyo0gw23vpd";"-high-0jyo0gw23vp0"[label="-high"];"-front-0jyo0gw23vmz"--"-high-0jyo0gw23vp0";"/o/-0jyo0gw23vpt"[label="/o/"];"-high-0jyo0gw23vp0"--"/o/-0jyo0gw23vpt";}
|
||
#+end_src
|
||
|
||
#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/eittlandic/vowel-unstressed-feature-tree.png" alt="Eittlandic Vowel Featural Tree">Featural tree of unstressed Eittlandic vowels</ImgFigure>
|
||
|
||
As shown in the table above, «i» and «e», «u» and «o», and «a» and
|
||
{{{phon(œ)}}} are considered as allophones in unstressed positions. Their
|
||
pronunciation is based on the vowel harmony spread forward by the
|
||
preceding stressed vowel.
|
||
|
||
Regarding the first two pairs, in case a vowel is not preceded by a
|
||
stressed vowel, then the first one will spread its vowel harmony
|
||
backward. Vowel harmony follows the /±high/ feature of stressed vowels,
|
||
meaning a stressed vowel with a /+high/ feature will be always followed
|
||
by either {{{phon(e)}}} or {{{phon(o)}}}.
|
||
|
||
The unstressed vowel «a» on the other hand follows the same vowel
|
||
harmony principles following the /±round/ phonological feature, morphing
|
||
into {{{phon(œ)}}} if the stressed vowel influencing it is rounded.
|
||
|
||
When writing in Standard Eittlandic, the vowel written in unstressed
|
||
position will follow its pronunciation, but when written in other
|
||
dialects, it may follow the historical spelling. The grapheme of
|
||
unstressed «a» becomes «œ» only in Standard Eittlandic, otherwise it
|
||
won’t change in other dialects.
|
||
|
||
Note the features borne by the diphthongs:
|
||
- ei :: /+high -round/
|
||
- au :: /-high +round/, same as «ó»
|
||
- ey :: same as «ei»
|
||
|
||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||
- djúplig :: {{{phon(dʒòpleɣ)}}}, the {{{phon(o)}}} morphed the unstressed {{{phon(i)}}} into an {{{phon(e)}}}
|
||
- pengvin :: {{{phon(peŋβen)}}}, the {{{phon(e)}}} morphed the unstressed {{{phon(i)}}} into an {{{phon(e)}}}
|
||
- øfund :: {{{phon(øvond)}}}, the {{{phon(ø)}}} morphed the unstressed {{{phon(u)}}} into an {{{phon(o)}}}
|
||
- vótnum :: {{{phon(βɔ̀tnom)}}}, the {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}} morphed the unstressed {{{phon(u)}}} into an {{{phon(o)}}}
|
||
- ofan :: {{{phon(ovœn)}}}, the {{{phon(o)}}} morphed the unstressed {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into an {{{phon(œ)}}}
|
||
- bókar :: {{{phon(bɔ̀kœr)}}}, the {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}} morphed the unstressed {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into an {{{phon(œ)}}}
|
||
#+html: :::
|
||
|
||
#+html: ::: warning But
|
||
- fiskum :: {{{phon(fiskum)}}}
|
||
- feðar :: {{{phon(feðar)}}}
|
||
#+html: :::
|
||
|
||
*** Private Data :noexport:
|
||
#+name: vowels-featural-list
|
||
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
|
||
'("high"
|
||
("round"
|
||
("front" "/y/" "/u/")
|
||
"/i/")
|
||
("round"
|
||
("tense"
|
||
("front" "/ø/" "/o/")
|
||
("low" "/œ/" "/ɔ/"))
|
||
("tense"
|
||
"/e/"
|
||
("low" "/ɑ/" "/ɛ/"))))
|
||
#+end_src
|
||
|
||
#+name: vowels-unstressed-featural-list
|
||
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
|
||
'("low"
|
||
("round" "/œ/" "/ɑ/")
|
||
("front"
|
||
("high" "/i/" "/e/")
|
||
("high" "/u/" "/o/")))
|
||
#+end_src
|
||
|
||
** Consonant Inventory
|
||
/Under construction/
|
||
|
||
*** Private Data :noexport:
|
||
|
||
** Pitch and Stress
|
||
The original bitonal pitch accent of Eittlandic is thought to have
|
||
been lost around the 10th or 11th century, though it is no certain
|
||
this dating is accurate due to next to no documentation contemporary
|
||
documentation existing regarding this evolution. It has been, however,
|
||
replaced by a newer bitonal system during the [[file:phonology.md#great-vowel-shift][Great Vowel Shift]] as a
|
||
replacement for the loss of the contrast between short and long
|
||
vowels. The low pitch is marked, while the high pitch is unmarked.
|
||
|
||
The distinction between low and high pitch is only done on stressed
|
||
vowels, whether they are the bearer of the primary stress or a
|
||
secondary stress. The primary stress always falls on the first
|
||
syllable of a word, while the secondary stress falls where the primary
|
||
stress would fall in compound words, such as /noregsúlv/
|
||
{{{phon(ˈnorejsˌòlv)}}}. In this instance, no distinction is made regarding
|
||
whether {{{phon(e)}}} is a high pitch or low pitch vowel as it bears no
|
||
stress. On the other hand, the initial {{{phon(o)}}} bears a high pitch,
|
||
while the second {{{phon(o)}}} bears a low pitch. Note that there is no
|
||
correlation between which stress carries which pitch.
|
||
|
||
** Regional accents
|
||
Eittlandic is a language in which three distinct main dialects exist
|
||
with their own accent. These three main dialects are Eastern
|
||
Eittlandic spoken in the majority Kingdom of Hylfjaltr, Western
|
||
Eittlandic spoken in the majority of the Kingdom of Ðeberget, and
|
||
Southern Eittlandic spoken on the southern parts of the island,
|
||
regardess of the legal kingdom (see the map shown in [[file:./country.md#culture][Culture]]). These
|
||
dialects are further divided into other dialects, such as the dialect
|
||
spoken around Hylfjaltr differing from the dialect spoken in the
|
||
neighbour town of Tvinnár, or the dialect spoken in Ðeberget differing
|
||
from the dialect spoken in the nearby city of Kóparvall.
|
||
|
||
Additional minor dialect exist, as Northeastern or Northwestern
|
||
Eittlandic do exist, but most of these are considered as endengered as
|
||
they are spoken mostly by older folk. Interestingly, younger
|
||
Eittlanders living in Northern Eittland are beginning to speak a new
|
||
dialect commonly referred to as /Teveseittlandsk/ (“TV Eittlandic”) or
|
||
/Internetseittlandsk/ (/Internet’s Eittlandic/). While it may have some
|
||
regional variation regarding its vocabulary, its grammar and
|
||
pronunciation tend to merge both Western and Eastern Eittlandic into a
|
||
common dialect resembling in some aspects urban Eittlandic.
|
||
|
||
*** Western Eittlandic
|
||
**** V^{U} > ə ! diphthongs
|
||
Recently, Western Eittlandic evolved a weakening of all of its
|
||
unstressed vowels that are not diphthongs, transforming them into
|
||
schwas. It is only documented in casual speech but almost never in
|
||
formal speech.
|
||
|
||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||
- Standard Eittlandic /ádreif/ (spray) {{{phon(ɛ̀drɑɪv)}}} > Western Casual
|
||
Eittlandic {{{phon(ɛ̀drɑɪv)}}}
|
||
- Standard Eittlandic /einlægr/ (/sincere/) {{{phon(ɑɪnlæɡr)}}} > Western Casual
|
||
Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪnləɡr)}}}
|
||
#+html: :::
|
||
|
||
*** Eastern Eittlandic
|
||
**** Great Vowel Shift variation
|
||
When the [[file:./phonology.md#great-vowel-shift][Great Vowel Shift]] happened, not all regions were affected the
|
||
same. As such, we can find in some rural parts of the Eastern
|
||
Eittlandic dialect area high vowels slightly more open than their
|
||
equivalent in Standard Eittlandic, as shown in table below.
|
||
#+name: vow:accent:east
|
||
#+caption: Equivalence Between Eastern Eittlandic and Standard Eittlandic
|
||
| <c> | <c> |
|
||
| Rural Eastern Eittlandic | Standard Eittlandic |
|
||
|--------------------------+---------------------|
|
||
| {{{phon(i)}}} | {{{phon(ɪ)}}} |
|
||
| {{{phon(y)}}} | {{{phon(ʏ)}}} |
|
||
| {{{phon(u)}}} | {{{phon(ʊ)}}} |
|
||
|
||
*** Southeastern Eittlandic
|
||
**** rg > ʁ
|
||
Some time after the [[file:./phonology.md#great-vowel-shift][Great Vowel Shift]], the phonemes {{{phon(r)}}} and
|
||
{{{phon(g)}}} began assimilating with one another, with an initial evolution
|
||
as {{{phon(ɣɡ)}}} which eventually led to a pronunciation of «rg» as
|
||
{{{phon(ʁ)}}}. For instance, the word /myrgun/, pronounced {{{phon(myrɡun)}}} in
|
||
Standard Eittlandic, is prononced as {{{phon(mʏʁːʊn)}}} in Southeastern
|
||
Eittlandic.
|
||
|
||
**** Ø > ʁ / V#_V
|
||
A recent evolution in Southern Eittlandic seems to highlight a
|
||
tendency for rhoticism in this dialect, as a prothesis of {{{phon(ʁ)}}}
|
||
appears to occur at the beginning of words beginning with vowels,
|
||
especially between words ending and beginning with a vowel.
|
||
|
||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||
- Sentence :: Ek em frá Auðfrýriboll
|
||
- Translation :: I am from Auðfrýriboll
|
||
- Standard Eittlandic :: {{{phon(ek em frɛ̀ ɔʊðfrø̀ribolː)}}}
|
||
- Southeastern Eittlandic :: {{{phon(ek em frɛ̀ ʁɔʊðfrø̀ribolː)}}}
|
||
#+html: :::
|
||
|
||
*** Southern Eittlandic
|
||
**** ɑ > a / {C[+nas],C[-cons]}_ and ɑ > ɐ
|
||
Southern Eittlandic tends to front its {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into {{{phon(a)}}} after
|
||
nasal consonants and glides and into {{{phon(ɐ)}}} otherwise.
|
||
|
||
**** VN / _ > Ṽ[-tense] ! V[+high] (Southern Eittlandic)
|
||
When preceding a nasal, any vowel that is not high as determined by
|
||
the vowel tree in [[*Vowel Inventory][Vowel Inventory]] gets nasalized when preceding a
|
||
nasal consonant and loses its tenseness if it has any. Hence, the
|
||
pronunciation of the «a» in /Eittland/ is {{{phon(ã)}}}. However, Old Norse
|
||
/runa/ (rune) {{{phon(runɑ)}}} becomes /run/ (letter, character, rune) {{{phon(run)}}}
|
||
without any nasalization.
|
||
|
||
Note this evolution is mostly proeminent in the southern regions of
|
||
Eittland and the city of Hundraðskip. It is less often documented in
|
||
Eastern Eittland and almost undocumented in Western Eittland. It is
|
||
more often documented in casual conversation buch rarer in formal
|
||
conversation, especially when the majority of the speakers in a group
|
||
are not southerners.
|
||
|
||
*** Urban Eittlandic
|
||
|
||
**** ɣ > h (Urban Eittlandic)
|
||
Since around the middle of the 20th century, urban Eittlandic started
|
||
leniting any {{{phon(ɣ)}}} into a {{{phon(h)}}}.
|
||
|
||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||
Standard Eittlandic /djúplig/ {{{phon(dʒòpliɣ)}}} > urban Eittlandic
|
||
{{{phon(dʒòplih)}}}
|
||
#+html: :::
|
||
|
||
In urban areas North of Ðeberget, word-final {{{phon(h)}}} resulting from
|
||
this evolution tends to get completely dropped since around the 90s.
|
||
|
||
#+html: ::: tip Example
|
||
Standard Eittlandic /djúplig/ {{{phon(dʒòpliɣ)}}} > urban Eittlandic
|
||
{{{phon(dʒòplih)}}} > Northwestern Urban Eittlandic {{{phon(dʒòpli)}}}
|
||
#+html: :::
|