phundrak/conlang.phundrak.com
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Actions Activity

Compare commits

base: phundrak:add06ef4b660b7983178d2c7490887d7f8c14991
Branches Tags
phundrak:main
..
compare: phundrak:94fb6e7272fe8c4104bd15d0fecca51d6859a143
Branches Tags
phundrak:main

No commits in common. "add06ef4b660b7983178d2c7490887d7f8c14991" and "94fb6e7272fe8c4104bd15d0fecca51d6859a143" have entirely different histories.
add06ef4b6 ... 94fb6e7272

3 changed files with 130 additions and 1347 deletions
Show Stats Expand all files Collapse all files

1127
docs/eittlandic/dictionary.org
View File

File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff

329
docs/eittlandic/grammar.org
View File

@ -576,9 +576,9 @@ examples are given using the verbs /far(a)/ (/to go/, a strong verb), and
| <c> | | | | |
| person | | Ind. Pres. | Subj. Pres. | Ind. and Subj. Past |
|--------+---+------------+-------------+---------------------|
| 1s | | -(V)r | -ir | -t |
| 2s | | -(V)r | -ir | -t |
| 3s | | -(V)r | -ir | -t |
| 1s | | -r | -ir | -t |
| 2s | | -r | -ir | -t |
| 3s | | -r | -ir | -t |
| 1p | | -um | -im | -um |
| 2p | | -ið | -ið | -uð |
| 3p | | -ið | -ið | -uð |
@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ completely removing it from the sentence.
The fish was fished from the water
#+html: :::
*** Modifiers
*** Modifiers :noexport:
# - If you posit a morphosyntactic category of adjectives, give
# evidence for not grouping these forms with the verbs or nouns. What
# characterizes a form as being an adjective in this language?
@ -726,162 +726,10 @@ completely removing it from the sentence.
# /many/? Exemplify the system up to this point.
# - Do numerals agree with their head nouns (number, case, noun
# class, ...)?
**** Descriptive Adjectives
Similarly to verbs, adjectives in Eittlandic underwent a
simplification since Early Old Norse. They now all inflect the same
way, as the difference between strong and weak adjectives disappeared
over the years. It is also worth noting distiction between masculine
and feminine disappeared, merging into a common gender, while neuter
remains distinct.
#+name: adjectives-declensions
#+caption: Declension of adjectives in Eittlandic
| / | <r> | | |
| | | Common | Neuter |
|---+---------+--------+--------|
| | Sg.Nom. | -r | -t |
| | Acc. | | -t |
| | Dat. | -um | -um |
| | Gen. | -s | -s |
| | Pl.Nom. | -ar | |
| | Acc. | | |
| | Dat. | -um | -um |
| | Gen. | -ar | -r |
If an adjective root ends with a rounded vowel, all /-um/ and /-ar/
endings become /-vum/ or /-var/ instead respectively. Otherwise, the
consonant is doubled before the declension’s vowel if there is one.
#+html: ::: tip Example
- Meðr er Hindirar, þrírr er Hindurar
The men are Hindi, three are Hindu
#+html: :::
The adjectives agree in declension, number, and gender with the noun
or noun phrase they describe. In terms of word order, they always
precede the noun or noun phrase, regardles whether the noun is in its
indefinite or definite form.
#+html: ::: tip Example
- Latr káttinn kúrar hjá opin dyrin
The lazy cat naps by the open door
| lat-r | kátt-inn | kúr-ar | hjá | opin | dyr-in |
| lazy-SG.NOM | cat-DEF.SG.NOM | nap-3sg.IND.PRES | by | open.SG.ACC | door-DEF.SG.ACC |
- Rauðt dyrit ok smár vindaugat er opinn
The red door and the small windows are open
| rauð-t | dyr-it | ok | smár | vindaug-at | er | opin-n |
| red-SG.N.NOM | door-DEF.SG.NOM | and | small.PL.N.NOM | window-DEF.PL.NOM | to.be.3pl.IND.PRES | open-PL.N.ACC |
#+html: :::
What you will find most often in Eittlandic dictionaries is the
accusative singular common form of the adjectives, which is its
unmarked form, while some older or more traditional dictionaries will
instead use their nominative singular common form.
*Standard Eittlandic* does not use declensions and will always use the
unmarked adjective root instead. A few dialects do not use adjective
declensions either, but they are relatively rare, such as the dialects
found in the Úlfsaug valley in Northeastern Fjallheim.
**** Participal Adjectives
Taking the root of a verb and adding the declension of definite
articles creates participal adjectives. For instance, /sov(a)/ (to
sleep) becomes /sovin/ (sleepy) while /hleð(a)/ (to make noise) becomes
/hleðin/ (noisy).
#+name: participal-adj-example-sov-sovin
#+caption: Example of participal adjective using /sov(a)/
| / | <r> | | |
| | | Common | Neuter |
|---+---------+---------+---------|
| | Sg.Nom. | sovinn | sovit |
| | Acc. | sovin | sovit |
| | Dat. | sovin | sovit |
| | Gen. | sovins | sovits |
| | Pl.Nom. | sovinn | sovitr |
| | Acc. | sovin | sovit |
| | Dat. | sovinum | sovitum |
| | Gen. | sovin | sovit |
#+html: ::: tip Example
- Þat er eit hleðit bil ná!
This is one noisy car, isn’t it‽
#+html: :::
**** Descriptive Adjectives :noexport:
Similarly to verbs, adjectives in Eittlandic underwent
**** Possessive Adjectives
Similarly to [[file:./grammar.md#possessive-pronouns][possessive pronouns]], possessive adjectives mark ownership
or relationship from an element with another. However, possessive
adjectives modify a noun or noun phrase and are not free forms.
Possessive adjectives are very similar to possessive pronouns, their
base root is the same but possessive adjectives agree with the
possessed element in person, number, gender, and declension. Agreement
in number follows both the number of possessor and possessed. Hence,
/várt/ is a possessive adjectives marking one nominative element being
possessed by several people in the first person, while /mínar/ is a
possessive adjective marking several nominative elements being
possessed by one individual in the first person.
#+name: possessive-adjectives-1-and-2
#+caption: Possessive adjectives for the first and second person
| / | <r> | | | | | | | | |
| | | 1s C. | 1s N. | 2s C. | 2s N. | 1p C. | 1p N. | 2p C. | 2p N. |
|---+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------|
| | Sg.Nom. | mínn | mínt | þínn | þínt | várr | várt | yðr | yðt |
| | Acc. | mín | mínt | þín | þínt | vár | várt | yð | yðt |
| | Dat. | mínum | mínum | þínum | þínum | várum | várum | yðum | yðum |
| | Gen. | míns | míns | þíns | þíns | várs | várs | yðs | yðs |
| | Pl.Nom. | mínar | mín | þínar | þín | várar | vár | yðar | yð |
| | Acc. | mín | mín | þín | þín | vár | vár | yð | yð |
| | Dat. | mínum | mínum | þínum | þínum | várum | várum | yðum | yðum |
| | Gen. | mínar | mínn | þínar | þínn | várar | várr | yðar | yðr |
In the third person, gender of the possessor is also followed by the
possessive adjective when there is a singular possessor. This means
the gender of the adjectives must also agree both with the gender of
the possessor and the possessed when the former is singular.
#+name: possessive-adjectives-3
#+caption: Possessive adjectives for the third person
| / | <r> | | | | | | |
| | | 3sc C. | 3sc N. | 3sn C. | 3sn N. | 3p C. | 3p N. |
|---+---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------|
| | Sg.Nom. | hennar | hent | þass | þast | þeirr | þeirt |
| | Acc. | henn | hent | þass | þast | þeir | þeirt |
| | Dat. | hennum | henum | þasum | þasum | þeirum | þeirum |
| | Gen. | hens | hens | þass | þass | þeirs | þeirs |
| | Pl.Nom. | hennar | henn | þasar | þass | þeirar | þeir |
| | Acc. | henn | henn | þass | þass | þeir | þeir |
| | Dat. | hennum | hennum | þasum | þasum | þeirum | þeirum |
| | Gen. | hennar | henn | þasar | þass | þeirar | þeirr |
#+html: ::: tip Examples
- Hundinn þeirar hlaupið in í parkit
Their dogs are running in the park (i.e. several people’s dogs)
| hund-r | þeir-ar | hlaup-ið | in | í | park-it |
| dog-pl.NOM | 3sc.c.ADJ.POSS-pl.NOM | run-3p.PRES.IND | in | DAT | park-DET.sg.DAT |
- Ek kent sonin yðum historja
I taught your son history
| ek | ken-t | son-in | yð-um | historja |
| 1sg.NOM | teach-1s.PST.IND | son-DEF.DAT.sg | 2p.POSS-DAT.SG | history.ACC |
- Mínn káttr es svartr með ein hvít flekk á hennum bjálf, á hennum hóst.
My cat is black with a white spot on her fur, on her chest.
| mín-n | kátt-r | es | svart-r | með | ein | hvít | flekk | á | hen-num | bjálf | á | hen-num | hóst |
| 1sg.POSS-sg.NOM.C | cat-sg.NOM | 3sg.PRES.IND | black-sg.NOM | with | one.ACC | white.ACC | spot.ACC | DAT | 3sg.POSS-sg.DAT.C | fur.sg.ACC | DAT | 3sg.POSS.sg.DAT.C | chest.sg.ACC |
#+html: :::
**** Non-Numeral Quantifiers :noexport:
**** Numerals :noexport:
@ -938,21 +786,21 @@ instead of the stem of the verb itself. It is somewhat similar to
asking a question in English by simply raising the sentence’s tone.
#+html: ::: tip Example
- Hann komar í dag með faðin hans
- Hann komr í dag með faðin hans
| hann | kom-ar | í dag | með | fað-in | hans |
| hann | kom-r | í dag | með | fað-in | hans |
| 3s.m.NOM | come-s.PRES.IND | today | with | father.ACC-DEF | 3s.m.GEN |
He’s coming with his father today.
- Komar han í dag með faðin hans?
- Komr han í dag með faðin hans?
| kom-ar | hann | í dag | með | fað-in | hans |
| kom-r | hann | í dag | með | fað-in | hans |
| come-s.PRES.IND | 3s.m.NOM | today | with | father.ACC-DEF | 3s.m.GEN |
Is he coming with his father today?
- Han komavitr í dag með maðin hans?
- Han komvitr í dag með maðin hans?
| hann | koma-vit-r | í dag | með | fað-in | hans |
| hann | kom-vit-r | í dag | með | fað-in | hans |
| 3s.m.NOM | come-Q-s.PRES.IND | today | with | father.ACC-DEF | 3s.m.GEN |
He’s coming with his father today?
@ -963,9 +811,9 @@ Instead, Eittlandic speakers may instead simply add /vit/ as a
standalone word at the end of the question.
#+html: ::: tip Example
- Hann es konung.
- Hann er konung.
| hann | es | konung |
| hann | er | konung |
| 3s.m.NOM | be.3s.PRES.IND | king.ACC |
He is the king.
@ -988,18 +836,18 @@ question word takes the place of either the syntactic patient or
syntactic dative of the verb.
#+html: ::: tip Example
- Hvar est þú?
- Ná hvar ert þú?
| hvar | est | þú |
| where | be.2s.PRES.IND | 2s.NOM |
| ná | hvar | ert | þú |
| now | where | be.2s.PRES.IND | 2s.NOM |
Where are you?
- Þú est hver vit?
Where are you now?
- Ná þú ert hver vit?
| þú | est | hvar | vit |
| 2s.NOM | be.2s.PRES.IND | where | Q |
| ná | þú | ert | hvar | vit |
| now | 2s.NOM | be.2s.PRES.IND | where | Q |
Where are you? / Where you at?
You are where now?
#+html: :::
**** Yes/No questions
@ -1151,31 +999,31 @@ simplified to the table following it.
#+name: tbl:old-norse-noun-inflexions
#+caption: 1st declension of strong nouns and declensions of masculine weak nouns in Old Norse
| / | <r> | | | | |
| | | Strong Masculine | Strong Feminine | Strong Neuter | Weak Masculine |
|---+---------+------------------+-----------------+---------------+----------------|
| | Sg.Nom. | heim-r | tíð | skip | tím-i |
| | Acc. | heim | tíð | skip | tím-a |
| | Dat. | heim-i | tíð | skip-i | tím-a |
| | Gen. | heim-s | tíð-ar | skip-s | tím-a |
| | Pl.Nom. | heim-ar | tíð-ir | skip | tím-ar |
| | Acc. | heim-a | tíð-ir | skip | tím-a |
| | Dat. | heim-um | tíð-um | skip-um | tím-um |
| | Gen. | heim-a | tíð-a | skip-a | tím-a |
| / | <r> | | | | |
| | | Strong Masculine | Strong Feminine | Strong Neuter | Weak Masculine |
|---+------------+------------------+-----------------+---------------+----------------|
| | Sing. Nom. | heim-r | tíð | skip | tím-i |
| | Acc. | heim | tíð | skip | tím-a |
| | Dat. | heim-i | tíð | skip-i | tím-a |
| | Gen. | heim-s | tíð-ar | skip-s | tím-a |
| | Plur. Nom. | heim-ar | tíð-ir | skip | tím-ar |
| | Acc. | heim-a | tíð-ir | skip | tím-a |
| | Dat. | heim-um | tíð-um | skip-um | tím-um |
| | Gen. | heim-a | tíð-a | skip-a | tím-a |
#+name: tbl:eittlandic-example-noun-inflexions
#+caption: Declensions for strong and weak nouns in Modern Eittlandic
| / | <r> | | | |
| | | Strong Common | Strong Neuter | Weak Nouns |
|---+---------+---------------+---------------+------------|
| | Sg.Nom. | heim-r | skip | tím |
| | Acc. | heim | skip | tím |
| | Dat. | heim | skip | tím |
| | Gen. | heim-ar | skip-s | tím-s |
| | Pl.Nom. | heim-r | skip | tím-r |
| | Acc. | heim | skip | tím |
| | Dat. | heim-um | skip-um | tím-um |
| | Gen. | heim-ar | skip-s | tím-s |
| / | <r> | | | |
| | | Strong Common | Strong Neuter | Weak Nouns |
|---+------------+---------------+---------------+------------|
| | Sing. Nom. | heim-r | skip | tím |
| | Acc. | heim | skip | tím |
| | Dat. | heim | skip | tím |
| | Gen. | heim-ar | skip-s | tím-s |
| | Plur. Nom. | heim-r | skip | tím-r |
| | Acc. | heim | skip | tím |
| | Dat. | heim-um | skip-um | tím-um |
| | Gen. | heim-ar | skip-s | tím-s |
As you can see, a good amount of declensions disappeared from nouns,
with only four marked cases for strong common nouns and two for strong
@ -1187,17 +1035,17 @@ We end up with the following declension system in Eittlandic.
#+name: tbl:eittlandic-noun-inflexion
#+caption: Eittlandic noun inflexion
| / | <r> | | | |
| | | Strong Common | Strong Neuter | Weak Nouns |
|---+---------+---------------+---------------+------------|
| | Sg.Nom. | -r | | |
| | Acc. | | | |
| | Dat. | | | |
| | Gen. | -(a)r | -s | -s |
| | Pl.Nom. | -r | | -r |
| | Acc. | | | |
| | Dat. | -um | -um | -um |
| | Gen. | -(a)r | -s | -s |
| / | <r> | | | |
| | | Strong Common | Strong Neuter | Weak Nouns |
|---+------------+---------------+---------------+------------|
| | Sing. Nom. | -r | | |
| | Acc. | | | |
| | Dat. | | | |
| | Gen. | -(a)r | -s | -s |
| | Plur. Nom. | -r | | -r |
| | Acc. | | | |
| | Dat. | -um | -um | -um |
| | Gen. | -(a)r | -s | -s |
The /-ar/ ending drops the /a/ when an underlying ending vowel is present
in a word, as with /dótt/ (daughter) becoming /dóttir/ in its genitive
@ -1236,17 +1084,17 @@ a noun ends with an «n» or an «l» respectively, hence the table below
showing the declensions of strong masculine /himn/ (/heaven/) and strong
feminine /hafn/ (/harbour/, /haven/).
#+name: tbl:irregular-noun-declensions
| <r> | | |
| | himn | hafn |
|---------+--------+--------|
| Sg.Nom. | himnn | hafnn |
| Acc. | himn | hafn |
| Dat. | himn | hafn |
| Gen. | himnar | hafnar |
| Pl.Nom. | himnn | hafnn |
| Acc. | himn | hafn |
| Dat. | himnum | hafnum |
| Gen. | himnar | hafnar |
| <r> | | |
| | himn | hafn |
|------------+--------+--------|
| Sing. Nom. | himnn | hafnn |
| Acc. | himn | hafn |
| Dat. | himn | hafn |
| Gen. | himnar | hafnar |
| Plur. Nom. | himnn | hafnn |
| Acc. | himn | hafn |
| Dat. | himnum | hafnum |
| Gen. | himnar | hafnar |
During the last five centuries, the root of the word got regularized
so that only one or two forms are allowed. Due to umlaut or ablaut, it
@ -1257,17 +1105,17 @@ time of Old Norse. These changes mainly remains in a few common words.
The table below gives some examples of such irregularities. These
words are marked as irregular in the dictionary.
#+name: tbl:irregularities-root-nouns
| <r> | | | | |
| | kettle (m.) | foot (m.) | book (f.) | water (n.) |
|---------+-------------+-----------+-----------+------------|
| Sg.Nom. | ketll | fótr | bók | vatn |
| Acc. | ketl | fót | bók | vatn |
| Dat. | ketl | fót | bók | vatn |
| Gen. | ketlar | fótar | bókar | vatn |
| Pl.Nom. | katll | fœtr | bœkr | vótnn |
| Acc. | katl | fœt | bœkr | vótn |
| Dat. | katlum | fótum | bókum | vótnum |
| Gen. | katl | fœt | bœk | vótn |
| <r> | | | | |
| | kettle (m.) | foot (m.) | book (f.) | water (n.) |
|------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+------------|
| Sing. Nom. | ketll | fótr | bók | vatn |
| Acc. | ketl | fót | bók | vatn |
| Dat. | ketl | fót | bók | vatn |
| Gen. | ketlar | fótar | bókar | vatn |
| Plur. Nom. | katll | fœtr | bœkr | vótnn |
| Acc. | katl | fœt | bœkr | vótn |
| Dat. | katlum | fótum | bókum | vótnum |
| Gen. | katl | fœt | bœk | vótn |
*** Articles and Demonstratives
# - Do noun phrases have articles?
@ -1303,19 +1151,18 @@ case marking itself. The full declension table of definite articles
can be found in the table below. As we can see, the definite articles
underwent an important regularization as well as merging strong neuter
and weak nouns together.
#+name: tbl:definite-articles
| / | <r> | | |
| | | Strong Common | Strong Neuter and Weak Nouns |
|---+---------+---------------+------------------------------|
| | Sg.Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)t |
| | Acc. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
| | Dat. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
| | Gen. | -(i)ns | -(i)ts |
| | Pl.Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)tr |
| | Acc. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
| | Dat. | -(i)num | -(i)tum |
| | Gen. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
| / | <r> | | |
| | | Strong Common | Strong Neuter and Weak Nouns |
|---+------------+---------------+------------------------------|
| | Sing. Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)t |
| | Acc. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
| | Dat. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
| | Gen. | -(i)ns | -(i)ts |
| | Plur. Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)tr |
| | Acc. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
| | Dat. | -(i)num | -(i)tum |
| | Gen. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
The initial /i/ is only used when using the definite articles as a
suffix would cause a consonant cluster forbidden by Eittlandic

21
docs/eittlandic/phonology.org
View File

@ -560,28 +560,7 @@ formal speech.
Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪnləɡr)}}}
#+html: :::
**** {{{phon(ɔ)}}} and {{{phon(ɑ)}}} merger
Western Eittlandic is currently going a phonological merge of the
vowels {{{phon(ɔ)}}} and {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into {{{phon(ɒ)}}}. The vowel {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}} also
follows this pattern, morphing into {{{phon(ɒ̀)}}}.
**** Great Vowel Shift variation
While the Great Vowel Shift is happened relatively uniformly in
Eittland, some regions did not follow the same pattern as what
happened everywhere else.
The main example is the area around Đeberget where the vowel {{{phon(ɑː)}}}
evolved not as {{{phon(ɛ̀)}}} but as {{{phon(ɔ̀)}}}.
*** Eastern Eittlandic
**** {{{phon(y)}}} and {{{phon(u)}}} merger
In areas around Vestrheim especially, locals tend to merge {{{phon(y)}}}
into {{{phon(u)}}}.
**** Centralisation of {{{phon(i)}}}
In the northern rural parts of Eastern Eittland, populations tend to
centralise {{{phon(i)}}} into {{{phon(ɨ)}}}.
**** Great Vowel Shift variation
When the [[file:./phonology.md#great-vowel-shift][Great Vowel Shift]] happened, not all regions were affected the
same. As such, we can find in some rural parts of the Eastern