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New pronouns

Some new words, a lot more declension tables for nouns
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Lucien Cartier-Tilet 2023-12-29 13:02:52 +01:00
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@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ some abbreviations you should keep in mind:
- adv :: adverb
- art :: article
- aux :: auxiliary
- c :: common
- comp :: comparative
- conj :: conjunction
- Dan :: Danish
@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ some abbreviations you should keep in mind:
- interr :: interrogative
- iv :: irregular verb
- m :: masculine
- mass :: mass noun
- ME :: Middle Eittlandic
- n :: neuter
- neg :: negative
@ -75,6 +77,18 @@ it is indicated between parenthesis in the accusative case, preceeded
by a dash, as in /dag(a-n)/.
** A
*** aug(a)
wn.n. {{{phon(ɔ̀j)}}}
1. eye
| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. |
|------+-------+---------+-------+---------|
| Nom. | aug | augat | aug | augatr |
| Acc. | aug | augat | aug | augat |
| Dat. | aug | augat | augum | augatum |
| Gen. | augas | augats | augas | augat |
** Á
*** áng
interj. {{{phon(ɛŋ)}}}
@ -87,12 +101,25 @@ by the island’s initial inhabitants. Compare modern-day Aleut /aang/ and
Proto-Eskimoan /*aa/ or /*ii/.
** B
*** bræðr
*** borð
sn.n. {{{phon(borð)}}}
1. table
2. large plank
| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. |
|------+-------+---------+--------+----------|
| Nom. | borð | borðit | borðr | borðitr |
| Acc. | borð | borðit | borð | borðit |
| Dat. | borð | borðit | borðum | borðitum |
| Gen. | borðs | borðits | borðs | borðit |
*** bræð
sm. {{{phon(brɛð)}}}
See [[file:dictionary.md#broð][/bróð/]]
*** bróð
*** bróð(i)
sm. {{{phon(brɔ̀ð)}}} , from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/b.php#br%C3%B3%C3%B0ir][bróðir]]
1. brother, plural /bræð/
@ -101,26 +128,24 @@ Re-analysis of ON /bródir/ decomposed into /bróð/ + /-ir/ by popular
etymology. Same goes for its former plural /bræðir/ which got
re-analyzed into /bræð/ + /-ir/.
| / | <r> | | |
| | | Singular | Plural |
|---+------+----------+--------|
| | Nom. | bróðr | bræðr |
| | Acc. | bróð | bræð |
| | Gen. | bróðir | bræðir |
| | Dat. | bróð | bræðum |
| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. |
|------+--------+---------+--------+----------|
| Nom. | bróðr | bróðinn | bræðr | bræðinn |
| Acc. | bróð | bróðin | bræð | bræðin |
| Dat. | bróðir | bróðin | bræðir | bræðinum |
| Gen. | bróð | bróðins | bræðum | bræðin |
*** bók
*** bók(a)
sf. {{{phon(bɔ̀k)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/b.php#b%C3%B3k2][bók]]
1. book, plural /bøk/
| / | <r> | | |
| | | Singular | Plural |
|---+------+----------+--------|
| | Nom. | bókr | bøkr |
| | Acc. | bók | bøk |
| | Gen. | bókar | bøkar |
| | Dat. | bók | bøkum |
| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. |
|------+-------+---------+-------+---------|
| Nom. | bókr | bókann | bøkr | bøkann |
| Acc. | bók | bókan | bøk | bøkan |
| Dat. | bókar | bókan | bøkar | bøkanum |
| Gen. | bók | bókans | bøkum | bøkan |
*** bøk
sf. {{{phon(bø̀k)}}}
@ -142,33 +167,31 @@ ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ligr#Old_Norse][-ligr]])
1. deeply
2. inherently
*** dótt
sf. {{{phon(dɔʃː)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/d.php#d%C3%B3ttir][dóttir]]
*** dótt(i)
sn.f. {{{phon(dɔʃː)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/d.php#d%C3%B3ttir][dóttir]]
1. daughter
| / | <r> | | |
| | | Singular | Plural |
|---+------+----------+--------|
| | Nom. | dóttr | dœttr |
| | Acc. | dótt | dœtt |
| | Gen. | dóttr | dœtr |
| | Dat. | dótt | dœttum |
| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. |
|------+--------+---------+--------+----------|
| Nom. | dóttr | dóttinn | dœttr | dœttinn |
| Acc. | dótt | dóttin | dœtt | dœttin |
| Dat. | dótt | dóttin | dœttum | dœttinum |
| Gen. | dóttar | dóttins | dœttar | dœttin |
** E
*** edd(a-t)
*** edd(a)
wf. {{{phon(e:ðː)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/e.php#edda][edda]]
1. great grandmother
2. female ancestor, beyond the grandmother
| / | <r> | | |
| | | Singular | Plural |
|---+------+----------+--------|
| | Nom. | edd | eddr |
| | Acc. | edd | edd |
| | Gen. | eddas | eddas |
| | Dat. | edd | eddam |
| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. |
|------+-------+---------+-------+---------|
| Nom. | edd | eddann | eddr | eddann |
| Acc. | edd | eddan | edd | eddan |
| Dat. | eddas | eddan | eddam | eddanum |
| Gen. | eddas | eddans | eddas | eddan |
*** Eittland
wn. {{{phon(ɑɪʔlɑnd)}}}, from OE neutral /einn/ (/alone/, /lonely/), itself from
@ -177,15 +200,14 @@ ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/e.php#einn][einn]], and ON [[https://old-norse.n
1. High Kingdom of Eittland
2. island of Eittland
| / | <r> | |
| | | Singular |
|---+------+-----------|
| | Nom. | eittland |
| | Acc. | eittland |
| | Gen. | eittlands |
| | Dat. | eittland |
| | Sg. |
|------+-----------|
| Nom. | Eittland |
| Acc. | Eittland |
| Gen. | Eittlands |
| Dat. | Eittland |
*** ell
*** ell(a)
{{{phon(elː)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ella#Old_Norse][ella]]
1. (adv.) else, or, otherwise
@ -193,8 +215,8 @@ ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/e.php#einn][einn]], and ON [[https://old-norse.n
** É
** F
*** fað
m. {{{phon(fað)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#fa%C3%B0ir][faðir]]
*** fað(i)
sn.m. {{{phon(fað)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#fa%C3%B0ir][faðir]]
1. father, plural /feð/
@ -202,12 +224,12 @@ Re-analysis of sg. /fadir/ and pl. /feðir/ as /fað/ and /feð/ respectively,
each appended with a grammatical /-r/ or /-ir/ (which later got reduced to
/-r/).
| | Singular | Plural |
|------+----------+--------|
| Nom. | faðr | feðr |
| Acc. | fað | feð |
| Gen. | faðar | feðar |
| Dat. | fað | feðum |
| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. |
|------+-------+---------+-------+---------|
| Nom. | faðr | faðinn | feðr | feðinn |
| Acc. | fað | faðin | feð | feðin |
| Dat. | fað | faðin | feðum | feðinum |
| Gen. | faðar | faðins | feðar | feðin |
*** feð
sm. {{{phon(feð)}}}
@ -215,7 +237,7 @@ sm. {{{phon(feð)}}}
See [[file:dictionary.md#fað][/fað/]]
*** fé
wn. {{{phon(fɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#f%C3%A9][fé]] (cattle)
sn.n.mass. {{{phon(fɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#f%C3%A9][fé]] (cattle)
1. wealth
@ -223,33 +245,47 @@ wn. {{{phon(fɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#f%C3%A9][fé]]
|------+----------+--------|
| Nom. | fé | fé |
| Acc. | fé | fé |
| Gen. | fés | fés |
| Dat. | fé | fém |
| Gen. | fés | fés |
*** fisk
sm. {{{phon(fiʃk)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#fiskr][fiskr]]
sn.m. {{{phon(fiʃk)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#fiskr][fiskr]]
1. fish
| | Singular | Plural |
|------+----------+--------|
| Nom. | fiskr | fiskr |
| Acc. | fisk | fisk |
| Gen. | fiskar | fiskar |
| Dat. | fisk | fiskum |
| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. |
|------+--------+---------+--------+----------|
| Nom. | fiskr | fiskinn | fiskr | fiskinn |
| Acc. | fisk | fiskin | fisk | fiskin |
| Dat. | fisk | fiskin | fiskum | fiskinum |
| Gen. | fiskar | fiskins | fiskar | fiskin |
** G
*** gauð
n. {{{phon(jɔʊð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/g.php#gau%C3%B0][gauð]] (/a barking/)
wn.f. {{{phon(jɔʊð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/g.php#gau%C3%B0][gauð]] (/a barking/)
1. a quarrel
2. a heated debate /(informal)/
| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. |
|------+-------+---------+--------+----------|
| Nom. | gauð | gauðit | gauðr | gauðitr |
| Acc. | gauð | gauðit | gauð | gauðit |
| Dat. | gauð | gauðit | gauðum | gauðitum |
| Gen. | gauðs | gauðits | gauðs | gauðit |
*** gef
f. {{{phon(jev)}}}, from Early Old Norse [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gj%C7%ABf#Old_Norse][gef]]
sn.f. {{{phon(jev)}}}, from Early Old Norse [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gj%C7%ABf#Old_Norse][gef]]
1. gift, present
| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. |
|------+-------+---------+-------+---------|
| Nom. | gefr | gefinn | gefr | gefinn |
| Acc. | gef | gefin | gef | gefin |
| Dat. | gef | gefin | gefum | gefinum |
| Gen. | gefar | gefins | gefar | gefin |
*** gegn
adv. {{{phon(jeɡn̩)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gegn#Old_Norse][gegn]]
@ -285,35 +321,70 @@ Note that there is no difference between singular and plural when using hav(a) i
| 2 | hafsk | havisk | havisk | heðisk |
| 3 | hafsk | havisk | havisk | heðisk |
*** heils(a-t)
*** heils(a)
wn.f. {{{phon(hɑ:ɪls)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heilsa#Old_Norse][heilsa]]
1. health
| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. |
|------+---------+----------+---------+-----------|
| Nom. | heils | heilsat | heilsr | heilsatr |
| Acc. | heils | heilsat | heils | heilsat |
| Dat. | heils | heilsat | heilsum | heilsatum |
| Gen. | heilsas | heilsats | heilsas | heilsat |
*** hjól
n. {{{phon(çɔl)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hj%C3%B3l#Old_Norse][hjól]]
sn.n. {{{phon(çɔl)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hj%C3%B3l#Old_Norse][hjól]]
1. wheel
| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. |
|------+-------+---------+--------+----------|
| Nom. | hjól | hjólit | hjól | hjólitr |
| Acc. | hjól | hjólit | hjól | hjólit |
| Dat. | hjól | hjólit | hjólum | hjólitum |
| Gen. | hjóls | hjólits | hjóls | hjólit |
*** hlóð
n. {{{phon(l̥ɔð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hl%C3%B3%C3%B0][hlóð]]
wn.n. {{{phon(l̥ɔð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hl%C3%B3%C3%B0][hlóð]]
1. hearth
2. living room
*** hneis(a-t)
| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. |
|------+-------+---------+--------+----------|
| Nom. | hlóð | hlóðit | hlóðr | hlóðitr |
| Acc. | hlóð | hlóðit | hlóð | hlóðit |
| Dat. | hlóð | hlóðit | hlóðum | hlóðitum |
| Gen. | hlóðs | hlóðits | hlóðs | hlóðits |
*** hneis(a)
wn.f. {{{phon(n̥ɑ:ɪs)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hneisa][hneisa]]
1. shame, disgrace, fear
2. reclusion (out of shame or out of fear)
3. social isolation
| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. |
|------+---------+----------+---------+-----------|
| Nom. | hneis | hneisit | hneisr | hneisitr |
| Acc. | hneis | hneisit | hneis | hneisit |
| Dat. | hneis | hneisit | hneisum | hneisitum |
| Gen. | hneisas | hneisits | hneisas | hneisits |
*** hneising
n. {{{phon(n̥ɑɪsinɡ)}}}
wn.n. {{{phon(n̥ɑɪsinɡ)}}}
1. hermit
2. (modern) shut-in, hikikomori
| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. |
|------+-----------+-------------+------------+--------------|
| Nom. | hneising | hneisingit | hneisingr | hneisingitr |
| Acc. | hneising | hneisingit | hneising | hneisingit |
| Dat. | hneising | hneisingit | hneisingum | hneisingitum |
| Gen. | hneisings | hneisingits | hneisings | hneisingit |
*** hnjós(a)
v. {{{phon(ɲ̥ɔ̀ːs)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hnj%C3%B3sa][hnjósa]]
@ -333,6 +404,7 @@ pron. {{{phon(ʍar)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hvar#Old_Norse]
adv. {{{phon(ʍɑt)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hvat#Old_Norse][hvat]]
1. what
*** hví
adv. {{{phon(ʍè)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hv%C3%AD#Old_Norse][hví]]
@ -344,7 +416,8 @@ interj. {{{phon(ixːə)}}}
1. How cold! Brr!
From an unkwnown Greenlandic language, compare with modern Greenlandic /ikkii/.
From an unkwnown Greenlandic language, compare with modern Greenlandic
/ikkii/.
** Í
** J
@ -386,10 +459,17 @@ sn.m. {{{phon(ˈkonoŋ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/konungr#Old
** L
*** land
n. {{{phon(land)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/land#Old_Norse][land]]
sn.n. {{{phon(land)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/land#Old_Norse][land]]
1. land
| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. |
|------+-------+---------+--------+----------|
| Nom. | land | landit | land | landitr |
| Acc. | land | landit | land | landit |
| Dat. | land | landit | landum | landitum |
| Gen. | lands | landits | lands | landit |
** M
*** myrɡunn
m. {{{phon(ˈmyrɡunː)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myrginn#Old_Norse][myrgunn]]
@ -401,7 +481,12 @@ wn.n. {{{phon(metr)}}}, from French “métro”
1. subway, underground
- definitive form: /metrot/
| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. |
|------+--------+---------+--------+----------|
| Nom. | metr | metrot | metror | metrotr |
| Acc. | metr | metrot | metr | metrot |
| Dat. | metr | metrot | metrum | metrotum |
| Gen. | metros | metrots | metros | metrot |
See also [[file:./dictionary.md#undirland][undirland]]
@ -459,7 +544,7 @@ inherited the simpler /úlfr/ term. Noun composed by Old Norse /noregs/
** O
** Ó
*** óglað(r)
*** óglað
adj. {{{phon(ˈɔ̀ɡʲœð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/oo.php#%C3%B3gla%C3%B0r][óglaðr]]
1. very sad, depressed, miserable
@ -524,12 +609,22 @@ wn.n. {{{phon(tren)}}}, from English [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/train#Engl
*** undir
adj. {{{phon(undir)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/undir#Old_Norse][undir]]
1. under, underneath
1. under, underneath, below
Can only be used with accusative or dative
Can only be used with accusative or dative.
#+html: ::: tip Example
Bókinn er undir borðitum.
| bók-inn | er | undir | borð-itum |
| book-DEF.NOM.SG.C | be.3sg.PRES.IND | under | table-DEF.DAT.SG.N |
The book is under the table
#+html: :::
*** undirland
wn.n. {{{phon(ˈundirˌland)}}}, calque of English “underground” using [[file:./dictionary.md#undir][undir]] and [[file:./dictionary.md#land][land]]
sn.n. {{{phon(ˈundirˌland)}}}, calque of English “underground” using [[file:./dictionary.md#undir][undir]]
and [[file:./dictionary.md#land][land]]
1. underground, subway
@ -615,3 +710,11 @@ Eittlandic fjords.
** Đ
** Þ
* Notes :noexport:
||Sg.|Def.Sg.|Pl.|Def.Pl.|
|-
|Nom.
|Acc.
|Dat.
|Gen.

88
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@ -53,7 +53,42 @@ Third person pronouns in Eittlandic
Here we also have few changes from the Early Old Norse pronouns for
the third persons, singular and plural.
An additional set of pronouns contains reflexive pronouns. This one is
relatively small, as it does not agree in person, number, or
gender.However, it still agrees in case. Note that there is no
nominative reflexive pronoun in Eittlandic.
| Nominative | - |
| Accusative | sik |
| Dative | sér |
| Genitive | sín |
**** Demonstrative Pronouns
During its evolution from Old Eittlandic, the Eittlandic language lost
one set of demonstrative pronouns, the one containing /sé/ in Old
Eittlandic and Old Norse, in favour of the sets containing /hinn/ and
/þessi/. Thus, we have these two sets in Eittlandic.
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|--------+-----------+----------+--------|
| Sg Nom | hinn | hinn | hitt |
| Sg Acc | hin | hin | hitt |
| Sg Dat | hinum | hin | hin |
| Sg Gen | hins | hins | hins |
|--------+-----------+----------+--------|
| Pl Nom | hiner | hiner | hin |
| Pl Acc | hin | hiner | hin |
| Pl Dat | hinum | hinum | hinum |
| Pl Gen | hinn | hinn | hinn |
It is interesting to see that this set of pronouns retained some
differences between their masculine and feminine form, which has
become quite rare in Modern Eittlandic. These are used in a similar
way as “that” or “those” in English, designating elements or things
that are judged as distant by the speaker from themselves.
On the other hand, the following pronouns containing /þess/ relate to
the words “this” and “these” in English.
**** Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns in Eittlandic simply are the genitive form of the
personal pronouns shown [[file:./grammar.md#personal-pronouns][above]]. The pronoun agrees with the owner in
@ -680,12 +715,12 @@ and weak nouns together.
|---+------------+---------------+------------------------------|
| | Sing. Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)t |
| | Acc. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
| | Gen. | -(i)ns | -(i)ts |
| | Dat. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
| | Gen. | -(i)ns | -(i)ts |
| | Plur. Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)tr |
| | Acc. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
| | Gen. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
| | Dat. | -(i)num | -(i)tum |
| | Gen. | -(i)n | -(i)t |
The initial /i/ is only used when using the definite articles as a
suffix would cause a consonant cluster forbidden by Eittlandic
@ -837,3 +872,52 @@ in number and gender.
*** Dative Shift
*** Dative Interest
*** External Possession
* Notes :noexport:
** Grammaticalization in Germanic Languages
:PROPERTIES:
:CAPTURED: [2021-01-02 sam. 14:32]
:END:
*** Nordic Languages
**** Danish
- *Reflexive* /-s/ (reflexive suffix) > *passive* (passive marker)
- *sit* /sidde/ (sit) > *continuous* /sidde + og/ (coordinating conjunction, ’and’) + head verb -> progressive aspect
**** Faroese
- *demonstrative* > *conjunction*
- *locative* > *a-possessive*
**** Icelandic
- *back* (body part) /bak/ > *after* /bak(i)/
- *back* (body part) /bak/ > *behind* /(að) bak(i)/
- *circle* /hringur/ > *around* /kring/
- *environs* (vinicity) /(um)hverfi/ > *around* (spatial) /umhverfis/
- *keep* /halda/ (to hold) > *continuous* /halda áfram að + INF/ (to continue to)
- *man* /maður/ (man) > *indefinite pronoun* /maður/ (someone)
**** Norwegian
- *dative* > *a-possessive*
- *intensive-refl* /selv/ > *even*
**** Swedish
- *house* /hus/ (house) > *locative* /hos/ (at, next to)
- *keep* /hålla på att/ (hold) > *continuous*
- *simile* /liksom/ (like, as) > *quotative* /liksom/ (nonverbatim quotative)
** Word order:
Postpositional:
- AdjN
- NRel
- DemN
- NumN and NNum
- PossN and NPoss (mín katt & katten mín)
- GenN
** Genitive
In the genitive noun phrase, the genetive part is declined at the
genitive case, which cannot have a relative proposition. The noun
phrase that characterizes the genitive is in the nominative case.
Example:
- My black and white cat’s big green eyes
Mín svar