diff --git a/docs/eittlandic/dictionary.org b/docs/eittlandic/dictionary.org index f352ab1..fe9dcc5 100644 --- a/docs/eittlandic/dictionary.org +++ b/docs/eittlandic/dictionary.org @@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ some abbreviations you should keep in mind: - adv :: adverb - art :: article - aux :: auxiliary +- c :: common - comp :: comparative - conj :: conjunction - Dan :: Danish @@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ some abbreviations you should keep in mind: - interr :: interrogative - iv :: irregular verb - m :: masculine +- mass :: mass noun - ME :: Middle Eittlandic - n :: neuter - neg :: negative @@ -75,6 +77,18 @@ it is indicated between parenthesis in the accusative case, preceeded by a dash, as in /dag(a-n)/. ** A +*** aug(a) +wn.n. {{{phon(ɔ̀j)}}} + +1. eye + +| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | +|------+-------+---------+-------+---------| +| Nom. | aug | augat | aug | augatr | +| Acc. | aug | augat | aug | augat | +| Dat. | aug | augat | augum | augatum | +| Gen. | augas | augats | augas | augat | + ** Á *** áng interj. {{{phon(ɛŋ)}}} @@ -87,12 +101,25 @@ by the island’s initial inhabitants. Compare modern-day Aleut /aang/ and Proto-Eskimoan /*aa/ or /*ii/. ** B -*** bræðr +*** borð +sn.n. {{{phon(borð)}}} + +1. table +2. large plank + +| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | +|------+-------+---------+--------+----------| +| Nom. | borð | borðit | borðr | borðitr | +| Acc. | borð | borðit | borð | borðit | +| Dat. | borð | borðit | borðum | borðitum | +| Gen. | borðs | borðits | borðs | borðit | + +*** bræð sm. {{{phon(brɛð)}}} See [[file:dictionary.md#broð][/bróð/]] -*** bróð +*** bróð(i) sm. {{{phon(brɔ̀ð)}}} , from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/b.php#br%C3%B3%C3%B0ir][bróðir]] 1. brother, plural /bræð/ @@ -101,26 +128,24 @@ Re-analysis of ON /bródir/ decomposed into /bróð/ + /-ir/ by popular etymology. Same goes for its former plural /bræðir/ which got re-analyzed into /bræð/ + /-ir/. -| / | | | | -| | | Singular | Plural | -|---+------+----------+--------| -| | Nom. | bróðr | bræðr | -| | Acc. | bróð | bræð | -| | Gen. | bróðir | bræðir | -| | Dat. | bróð | bræðum | +| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | +|------+--------+---------+--------+----------| +| Nom. | bróðr | bróðinn | bræðr | bræðinn | +| Acc. | bróð | bróðin | bræð | bræðin | +| Dat. | bróðir | bróðin | bræðir | bræðinum | +| Gen. | bróð | bróðins | bræðum | bræðin | -*** bók +*** bók(a) sf. {{{phon(bɔ̀k)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/b.php#b%C3%B3k2][bók]] 1. book, plural /bøk/ -| / | | | | -| | | Singular | Plural | -|---+------+----------+--------| -| | Nom. | bókr | bøkr | -| | Acc. | bók | bøk | -| | Gen. | bókar | bøkar | -| | Dat. | bók | bøkum | +| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | +|------+-------+---------+-------+---------| +| Nom. | bókr | bókann | bøkr | bøkann | +| Acc. | bók | bókan | bøk | bøkan | +| Dat. | bókar | bókan | bøkar | bøkanum | +| Gen. | bók | bókans | bøkum | bøkan | *** bøk sf. {{{phon(bø̀k)}}} @@ -142,33 +167,31 @@ ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ligr#Old_Norse][-ligr]]) 1. deeply 2. inherently -*** dótt -sf. {{{phon(dɔʃː)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/d.php#d%C3%B3ttir][dóttir]] +*** dótt(i) +sn.f. {{{phon(dɔʃː)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/d.php#d%C3%B3ttir][dóttir]] 1. daughter -| / | | | | -| | | Singular | Plural | -|---+------+----------+--------| -| | Nom. | dóttr | dœttr | -| | Acc. | dótt | dœtt | -| | Gen. | dóttr | dœtr | -| | Dat. | dótt | dœttum | +| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | +|------+--------+---------+--------+----------| +| Nom. | dóttr | dóttinn | dœttr | dœttinn | +| Acc. | dótt | dóttin | dœtt | dœttin | +| Dat. | dótt | dóttin | dœttum | dœttinum | +| Gen. | dóttar | dóttins | dœttar | dœttin | ** E -*** edd(a-t) +*** edd(a) wf. {{{phon(e:ðː)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/e.php#edda][edda]] 1. great grandmother 2. female ancestor, beyond the grandmother -| / | | | | -| | | Singular | Plural | -|---+------+----------+--------| -| | Nom. | edd | eddr | -| | Acc. | edd | edd | -| | Gen. | eddas | eddas | -| | Dat. | edd | eddam | +| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | +|------+-------+---------+-------+---------| +| Nom. | edd | eddann | eddr | eddann | +| Acc. | edd | eddan | edd | eddan | +| Dat. | eddas | eddan | eddam | eddanum | +| Gen. | eddas | eddans | eddas | eddan | *** Eittland wn. {{{phon(ɑɪʔlɑnd)}}}, from OE neutral /einn/ (/alone/, /lonely/), itself from @@ -177,15 +200,14 @@ ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/e.php#einn][einn]], and ON [[https://old-norse.n 1. High Kingdom of Eittland 2. island of Eittland -| / | | | -| | | Singular | -|---+------+-----------| -| | Nom. | eittland | -| | Acc. | eittland | -| | Gen. | eittlands | -| | Dat. | eittland | +| | Sg. | +|------+-----------| +| Nom. | Eittland | +| Acc. | Eittland | +| Gen. | Eittlands | +| Dat. | Eittland | -*** ell +*** ell(a) {{{phon(elː)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ella#Old_Norse][ella]] 1. (adv.) else, or, otherwise @@ -193,8 +215,8 @@ ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/e.php#einn][einn]], and ON [[https://old-norse.n ** É ** F -*** fað -m. {{{phon(fað)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#fa%C3%B0ir][faðir]] +*** fað(i) +sn.m. {{{phon(fað)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#fa%C3%B0ir][faðir]] 1. father, plural /feð/ @@ -202,12 +224,12 @@ Re-analysis of sg. /fadir/ and pl. /feðir/ as /fað/ and /feð/ respectively, each appended with a grammatical /-r/ or /-ir/ (which later got reduced to /-r/). -| | Singular | Plural | -|------+----------+--------| -| Nom. | faðr | feðr | -| Acc. | fað | feð | -| Gen. | faðar | feðar | -| Dat. | fað | feðum | +| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | +|------+-------+---------+-------+---------| +| Nom. | faðr | faðinn | feðr | feðinn | +| Acc. | fað | faðin | feð | feðin | +| Dat. | fað | faðin | feðum | feðinum | +| Gen. | faðar | faðins | feðar | feðin | *** feð sm. {{{phon(feð)}}} @@ -215,7 +237,7 @@ sm. {{{phon(feð)}}} See [[file:dictionary.md#fað][/fað/]] *** fé -wn. {{{phon(fɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#f%C3%A9][fé]] (cattle) +sn.n.mass. {{{phon(fɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#f%C3%A9][fé]] (cattle) 1. wealth @@ -223,33 +245,47 @@ wn. {{{phon(fɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#f%C3%A9][fé]] |------+----------+--------| | Nom. | fé | fé | | Acc. | fé | fé | -| Gen. | fés | fés | | Dat. | fé | fém | +| Gen. | fés | fés | *** fisk -sm. {{{phon(fiʃk)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#fiskr][fiskr]] +sn.m. {{{phon(fiʃk)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#fiskr][fiskr]] 1. fish -| | Singular | Plural | -|------+----------+--------| -| Nom. | fiskr | fiskr | -| Acc. | fisk | fisk | -| Gen. | fiskar | fiskar | -| Dat. | fisk | fiskum | +| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | +|------+--------+---------+--------+----------| +| Nom. | fiskr | fiskinn | fiskr | fiskinn | +| Acc. | fisk | fiskin | fisk | fiskin | +| Dat. | fisk | fiskin | fiskum | fiskinum | +| Gen. | fiskar | fiskins | fiskar | fiskin | ** G *** gauð -n. {{{phon(jɔʊð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/g.php#gau%C3%B0][gauð]] (/a barking/) +wn.f. {{{phon(jɔʊð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/g.php#gau%C3%B0][gauð]] (/a barking/) 1. a quarrel 2. a heated debate /(informal)/ +| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | +|------+-------+---------+--------+----------| +| Nom. | gauð | gauðit | gauðr | gauðitr | +| Acc. | gauð | gauðit | gauð | gauðit | +| Dat. | gauð | gauðit | gauðum | gauðitum | +| Gen. | gauðs | gauðits | gauðs | gauðit | + *** gef -f. {{{phon(jev)}}}, from Early Old Norse [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gj%C7%ABf#Old_Norse][gef]] +sn.f. {{{phon(jev)}}}, from Early Old Norse [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gj%C7%ABf#Old_Norse][gef]] 1. gift, present +| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | +|------+-------+---------+-------+---------| +| Nom. | gefr | gefinn | gefr | gefinn | +| Acc. | gef | gefin | gef | gefin | +| Dat. | gef | gefin | gefum | gefinum | +| Gen. | gefar | gefins | gefar | gefin | + *** gegn adv. {{{phon(jeɡn̩)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gegn#Old_Norse][gegn]] @@ -285,35 +321,70 @@ Note that there is no difference between singular and plural when using hav(a) i | 2 | hafsk | havisk | havisk | heðisk | | 3 | hafsk | havisk | havisk | heðisk | -*** heils(a-t) +*** heils(a) wn.f. {{{phon(hɑ:ɪls)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heilsa#Old_Norse][heilsa]] 1. health +| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | +|------+---------+----------+---------+-----------| +| Nom. | heils | heilsat | heilsr | heilsatr | +| Acc. | heils | heilsat | heils | heilsat | +| Dat. | heils | heilsat | heilsum | heilsatum | +| Gen. | heilsas | heilsats | heilsas | heilsat | + *** hjól -n. {{{phon(çɔl)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hj%C3%B3l#Old_Norse][hjól]] +sn.n. {{{phon(çɔl)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hj%C3%B3l#Old_Norse][hjól]] 1. wheel +| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | +|------+-------+---------+--------+----------| +| Nom. | hjól | hjólit | hjól | hjólitr | +| Acc. | hjól | hjólit | hjól | hjólit | +| Dat. | hjól | hjólit | hjólum | hjólitum | +| Gen. | hjóls | hjólits | hjóls | hjólit | + *** hlóð -n. {{{phon(l̥ɔð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hl%C3%B3%C3%B0][hlóð]] +wn.n. {{{phon(l̥ɔð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hl%C3%B3%C3%B0][hlóð]] 1. hearth 2. living room -*** hneis(a-t) +| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | +|------+-------+---------+--------+----------| +| Nom. | hlóð | hlóðit | hlóðr | hlóðitr | +| Acc. | hlóð | hlóðit | hlóð | hlóðit | +| Dat. | hlóð | hlóðit | hlóðum | hlóðitum | +| Gen. | hlóðs | hlóðits | hlóðs | hlóðits | + +*** hneis(a) wn.f. {{{phon(n̥ɑ:ɪs)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hneisa][hneisa]] 1. shame, disgrace, fear 2. reclusion (out of shame or out of fear) 3. social isolation +| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | +|------+---------+----------+---------+-----------| +| Nom. | hneis | hneisit | hneisr | hneisitr | +| Acc. | hneis | hneisit | hneis | hneisit | +| Dat. | hneis | hneisit | hneisum | hneisitum | +| Gen. | hneisas | hneisits | hneisas | hneisits | + *** hneising -n. {{{phon(n̥ɑɪsinɡ)}}} +wn.n. {{{phon(n̥ɑɪsinɡ)}}} 1. hermit 2. (modern) shut-in, hikikomori +| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | +|------+-----------+-------------+------------+--------------| +| Nom. | hneising | hneisingit | hneisingr | hneisingitr | +| Acc. | hneising | hneisingit | hneising | hneisingit | +| Dat. | hneising | hneisingit | hneisingum | hneisingitum | +| Gen. | hneisings | hneisingits | hneisings | hneisingit | + *** hnjós(a) v. {{{phon(ɲ̥ɔ̀ːs)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hnj%C3%B3sa][hnjósa]] @@ -333,6 +404,7 @@ pron. {{{phon(ʍar)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hvar#Old_Norse] adv. {{{phon(ʍɑt)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hvat#Old_Norse][hvat]] 1. what + *** hví adv. {{{phon(ʍè)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hv%C3%AD#Old_Norse][hví]] @@ -344,7 +416,8 @@ interj. {{{phon(ixːə)}}} 1. How cold! Brr! -From an unkwnown Greenlandic language, compare with modern Greenlandic /ikkii/. +From an unkwnown Greenlandic language, compare with modern Greenlandic +/ikkii/. ** Í ** J @@ -386,10 +459,17 @@ sn.m. {{{phon(ˈkonoŋ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/konungr#Old ** L *** land -n. {{{phon(land)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/land#Old_Norse][land]] +sn.n. {{{phon(land)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/land#Old_Norse][land]] 1. land +| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | +|------+-------+---------+--------+----------| +| Nom. | land | landit | land | landitr | +| Acc. | land | landit | land | landit | +| Dat. | land | landit | landum | landitum | +| Gen. | lands | landits | lands | landit | + ** M *** myrɡunn m. {{{phon(ˈmyrɡunː)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myrginn#Old_Norse][myrgunn]] @@ -401,7 +481,12 @@ wn.n. {{{phon(metr)}}}, from French “métro” 1. subway, underground -- definitive form: /metrot/ +| | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | +|------+--------+---------+--------+----------| +| Nom. | metr | metrot | metror | metrotr | +| Acc. | metr | metrot | metr | metrot | +| Dat. | metr | metrot | metrum | metrotum | +| Gen. | metros | metrots | metros | metrot | See also [[file:./dictionary.md#undirland][undirland]] @@ -459,7 +544,7 @@ inherited the simpler /úlfr/ term. Noun composed by Old Norse /noregs/ ** O ** Ó -*** óglað(r) +*** óglað adj. {{{phon(ˈɔ̀ɡʲœð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/oo.php#%C3%B3gla%C3%B0r][óglaðr]] 1. very sad, depressed, miserable @@ -524,12 +609,22 @@ wn.n. {{{phon(tren)}}}, from English [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/train#Engl *** undir adj. {{{phon(undir)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/undir#Old_Norse][undir]] -1. under, underneath +1. under, underneath, below -Can only be used with accusative or dative +Can only be used with accusative or dative. + +#+html: ::: tip Example +Bókinn er undir borðitum. + +| bók-inn | er | undir | borð-itum | +| book-DEF.NOM.SG.C | be.3sg.PRES.IND | under | table-DEF.DAT.SG.N | + +The book is under the table +#+html: ::: *** undirland -wn.n. {{{phon(ˈundirˌland)}}}, calque of English “underground” using [[file:./dictionary.md#undir][undir]] and [[file:./dictionary.md#land][land]] +sn.n. {{{phon(ˈundirˌland)}}}, calque of English “underground” using [[file:./dictionary.md#undir][undir]] +and [[file:./dictionary.md#land][land]] 1. underground, subway @@ -615,3 +710,11 @@ Eittlandic fjords. ** Đ ** Þ +* Notes :noexport: + +||Sg.|Def.Sg.|Pl.|Def.Pl.| +|- +|Nom. +|Acc. +|Dat. +|Gen. diff --git a/docs/eittlandic/grammar.org b/docs/eittlandic/grammar.org index ebbdb83..1e872ee 100644 --- a/docs/eittlandic/grammar.org +++ b/docs/eittlandic/grammar.org @@ -53,7 +53,42 @@ Third person pronouns in Eittlandic Here we also have few changes from the Early Old Norse pronouns for the third persons, singular and plural. +An additional set of pronouns contains reflexive pronouns. This one is +relatively small, as it does not agree in person, number, or +gender.However, it still agrees in case. Note that there is no +nominative reflexive pronoun in Eittlandic. +| Nominative | - | +| Accusative | sik | +| Dative | sér | +| Genitive | sín | + **** Demonstrative Pronouns +During its evolution from Old Eittlandic, the Eittlandic language lost +one set of demonstrative pronouns, the one containing /sé/ in Old +Eittlandic and Old Norse, in favour of the sets containing /hinn/ and +/þessi/. Thus, we have these two sets in Eittlandic. + +| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | +|--------+-----------+----------+--------| +| Sg Nom | hinn | hinn | hitt | +| Sg Acc | hin | hin | hitt | +| Sg Dat | hinum | hin | hin | +| Sg Gen | hins | hins | hins | +|--------+-----------+----------+--------| +| Pl Nom | hiner | hiner | hin | +| Pl Acc | hin | hiner | hin | +| Pl Dat | hinum | hinum | hinum | +| Pl Gen | hinn | hinn | hinn | + +It is interesting to see that this set of pronouns retained some +differences between their masculine and feminine form, which has +become quite rare in Modern Eittlandic. These are used in a similar +way as “that” or “those” in English, designating elements or things +that are judged as distant by the speaker from themselves. + +On the other hand, the following pronouns containing /þess/ relate to +the words “this” and “these” in English. + **** Possessive Pronouns Possessive pronouns in Eittlandic simply are the genitive form of the personal pronouns shown [[file:./grammar.md#personal-pronouns][above]]. The pronoun agrees with the owner in @@ -680,12 +715,12 @@ and weak nouns together. |---+------------+---------------+------------------------------| | | Sing. Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)t | | | Acc. | -(i)n | -(i)t | -| | Gen. | -(i)ns | -(i)ts | | | Dat. | -(i)n | -(i)t | +| | Gen. | -(i)ns | -(i)ts | | | Plur. Nom. | -(i)nn | -(i)tr | | | Acc. | -(i)n | -(i)t | -| | Gen. | -(i)n | -(i)t | | | Dat. | -(i)num | -(i)tum | +| | Gen. | -(i)n | -(i)t | The initial /i/ is only used when using the definite articles as a suffix would cause a consonant cluster forbidden by Eittlandic @@ -837,3 +872,52 @@ in number and gender. *** Dative Shift *** Dative Interest *** External Possession +* Notes :noexport: +** Grammaticalization in Germanic Languages +:PROPERTIES: +:CAPTURED: [2021-01-02 sam. 14:32] +:END: +*** Nordic Languages +**** Danish +- *Reflexive* /-s/ (reflexive suffix) > *passive* (passive marker) +- *sit* /sidde/ (sit) > *continuous* /sidde + og/ (coordinating conjunction, ’and’) + head verb -> progressive aspect + +**** Faroese +- *demonstrative* > *conjunction* +- *locative* > *a-possessive* + +**** Icelandic +- *back* (body part) /bak/ > *after* /bak(i)/ +- *back* (body part) /bak/ > *behind* /(að) bak(i)/ +- *circle* /hringur/ > *around* /kring/ +- *environs* (vinicity) /(um)hverfi/ > *around* (spatial) /umhverfis/ +- *keep* /halda/ (to hold) > *continuous* /halda áfram að + INF/ (to continue to) +- *man* /maður/ (man) > *indefinite pronoun* /maður/ (someone) + +**** Norwegian +- *dative* > *a-possessive* +- *intensive-refl* /selv/ > *even* + +**** Swedish +- *house* /hus/ (house) > *locative* /hos/ (at, next to) +- *keep* /hålla på att/ (hold) > *continuous* +- *simile* /liksom/ (like, as) > *quotative* /liksom/ (nonverbatim quotative) + +** Word order: +Postpositional: +- AdjN +- NRel +- DemN +- NumN and NNum +- PossN and NPoss (mín katt & katten mín) +- GenN + +** Genitive +In the genitive noun phrase, the genetive part is declined at the +genitive case, which cannot have a relative proposition. The noun +phrase that characterizes the genitive is in the nominative case. + +Example: +- My black and white cat’s big green eyes + + Mín svar