initial commit

docs/.dir-locals.el

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+;;; Directory Local Variables            -*- no-byte-compile: t -*-
+;;; For more information see (info "(emacs) Directory Variables")
+
+((org-mode . ((org-list-allow-alphabetical . nil)
+              (org-confirm-babel-evaluate . nil))))

docs/.vuepress/.dir-locals.el

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+;;; Directory Local Variables            -*- no-byte-compile: t -*-
+;;; For more information see (info "(emacs) Directory Variables")
+
+((typescript-mode . ((typescript-indent-level . 2))))

docs/.vuepress/client.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import { defineClientConfig } from '@vuepress/client';
+import ImgFigure from './components/ImgFigure.vue';
+
+export default defineClientConfig({
+  enhance({app}) {
+    app.component('ImgFigure', ImgFigure);
+  },
+  setup() {},
+  layouts: {},
+  rootComponents: [],
+})

docs/.vuepress/components/ImgFigure.vue

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<template>
+  <img :alt="alt" :src="src" />
+  <figcaption><slot></slot></figcaption>
+</template>
+
+<script setup lang="ts">
+const props = defineProps<{
+  src: string;
+  alt?: string;
+  caption: string;
+}>();
+</script>
+
+<style>
+figcaption {
+  text-align: center;
+  margin-top: 1rem;
+  margin-bottom: 1rem;
+}
+</style>

docs/.vuepress/config.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+import { defineUserConfig, defaultTheme } from "vuepress";
+import { removeHtmlExtensionPlugin } from "vuepress-plugin-remove-html-extension";
+import head from "./head";
+
+export default defineUserConfig({
+  lang: "en-US",
+  title: "Phundrak's Conlangs",
+  head: head,
+  description: "Documentation of the constructed languages made by Phundrak",
+  markdown: {
+    html: false,
+    linkify: true,
+    typographer: true,
+    headers: {
+      level: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
+    },
+  },
+  plugins: [removeHtmlExtensionPlugin()],
+  theme: defaultTheme({
+    sidebarDepth: 5,
+    repo: "https://labs.phundrak.com/phundrak/conlang.phundrak.com",
+    sidebar: [
+      {
+        text: "Index",
+        link: "/",
+      },
+      {
+        text: "Eittlandic",
+        link: "/eittlandic/",
+        collapsible: true,
+        children: [
+          {
+            text: "The Country",
+            link: "/eittlandic/country",
+          },
+          {
+            text: "Linguistic Typology",
+            link: "/eittlandic/typology",
+          },
+          {
+            text: "Phonology",
+            link: "/eittlandic/phonology",
+          },
+          {
+            text: "Syntax",
+            link: "/eittlandic/syntax",
+          },
+          {
+            text: "Dictionary",
+            link: "/eittlandic/dictionary",
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+      {
+        text: "Proto-Ñyqy",
+        link: "/proto-nyqy/",
+        collapsible: true,
+        children: [
+          {
+            text: "Introduction",
+            link: "/proto-nyqy/introduction",
+          },
+          {
+            text: "Culture and People",
+            link: "/proto-nyqy/culture-and-people",
+          },
+          {
+            text: "Linguistic Typology",
+            link: "/proto-nyqy/typology",
+          },
+          {
+            text: "Phonology",
+            link: "/proto-nyqy/phonology",
+          },
+          {
+            text: "Syntax",
+            link: "/proto-nyqy/syntax",
+          },
+          {
+            text: "Dictionary",
+            link: "/proto-nyqy/dictionary",
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    ],
+  }),
+});

docs/.vuepress/head.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+interface SimplifiedHeader {
+  tag: string;
+  content: [any];
+}
+
+const simplifiedHead = [
+  {
+    tag: "meta",
+    content: [
+      {
+        name: "author",
+        content: "Lucien Cartier-Tilet",
+      },
+      {
+        property: "og:image",
+        content: "https://cdn.phundrak.com/img/rich_preview.png",
+      },
+      {
+        property: "org:title",
+        content: "P’undrak’s Conlangs",
+      },
+      {
+        property: "og:description",
+        content: "Documentation of P’undrak’s constructed languages",
+      },
+      {
+        name: "twitter:card",
+        content: "summary",
+      },
+      {
+        name: "twitter:site",
+        content: "@phundrak",
+      },
+      {
+        name: "twitter:creator",
+        content: "@phundrak",
+      },
+      { name: "msapplication-TileColor", content: "#3b4252" },
+      { name: "msapplication-TileImage", content: "/ms-icon-144x144.png" },
+      { name: "theme-color", content: "#3b4252" },
+    ],
+  },
+  {
+    tag: "link",
+    content: [
+      {
+        rel: "apple-touch-icon",
+        sizes: "57x57",
+        href: "/apple-icon-57x57.png",
+      },
+      {
+        rel: "apple-touch-icon",
+        sizes: "60x60",
+        href: "/apple-icon-60x60.png",
+      },
+      {
+        rel: "apple-touch-icon",
+        sizes: "72x72",
+        href: "/apple-icon-72x72.png",
+      },
+      {
+        rel: "apple-touch-icon",
+        sizes: "76x76",
+        href: "/apple-icon-76x76.png",
+      },
+      {
+        rel: "apple-touch-icon",
+        sizes: "114x114",
+        href: "/apple-icon-114x114.png",
+      },
+      {
+        rel: "apple-touch-icon",
+        sizes: "120x120",
+        href: "/apple-icon-120x120.png",
+      },
+      {
+        rel: "apple-touch-icon",
+        sizes: "144x144",
+        href: "/apple-icon-144x144.png",
+      },
+      {
+        rel: "apple-touch-icon",
+        sizes: "152x152",
+        href: "/apple-icon-152x152.png",
+      },
+      {
+        rel: "apple-touch-icon",
+        sizes: "180x180",
+        href: "/apple-icon-180x180.png",
+      },
+      {
+        rel: "icon",
+        type: "image/png",
+        sizes: "192x192",
+        href: "/android-icon-192x192.png",
+      },
+      {
+        rel: "icon",
+        type: "image/png",
+        sizes: "32x32",
+        href: "/favicon-32x32.png",
+      },
+      {
+        rel: "icon",
+        type: "image/png",
+        sizes: "96x96",
+        href: "/favicon-96x96.png",
+      },
+      {
+        rel: "icon",
+        type: "image/png",
+        sizes: "16x16",
+        href: "/favicon-16x16.png",
+      },
+      { rel: "manifest", href: "/manifest.json" },
+    ],
+  },
+];
+
+let head = [];
+simplifiedHead.map((tag: SimplifiedHeader) => {
+  let tagName = tag.tag;
+  tag.content.forEach((element) => {
+    head.push([tagName, element]);
+  });
+});
+
+export default head;

docs/.vuepress/public/browserconfig.xml

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+<browserconfig><msapplication><tile><square70x70logo src="/ms-icon-70x70.png"/><square150x150logo src="/ms-icon-150x150.png"/><square310x310logo src="/ms-icon-310x310.png"/><TileColor>#eceff4</TileColor></tile></msapplication></browserconfig>

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+   xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+   xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+   xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
+   xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#"
+   xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">
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docs/.vuepress/public/img/eittlandic/flag_nord.svg

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docs/.vuepress/public/img/eittlandic/land_army.svg

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docs/.vuepress/public/img/eittlandic/vowels.png

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docs/.vuepress/styles/index.scss

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+/*
+ * Nord Theme:
+ *   - Copyright (c) 2016-present Arctic Ice Studio <development@arcticicestudio.com>
+ *   - Copyright (c) 2016-present Sven Greb <development@svengreb.de>
+ */
+
+:root {
+  --nord0: #2e3440;
+  --nord1: #3b4252;
+  --nord2: #434c5e;
+  --nord3: #4c566a;
+  --nord4: #d8dee9;
+  --nord5: #e5e9f0;
+  --nord6: #eceff4;
+  --nord7: #8fbcbb;
+  --nord8: #88c0d0;
+  --nord9: #81a1c1;
+  --nord10: #5e81ac;
+  --nord11: #bf616a;
+  --nord12: #d08770;
+  --nord13: #ebcb8b;
+  --nord14: #a3be8c;
+  --nord15: #b48ead;
+
+  scroll-behavior: smooth;
+
+  // brand colors
+  --c-brand: var(--nord14);
+  --c-brand-light: var(--nord14);
+
+  // background colors
+  --c-bg: var(--nord6);
+  --c-bg-light: var(--nord6);
+  --c-bg-lighter: var(--nord5);
+  --c-bg-dark: var(--nord5);
+  --c-bg-darker: var(--nord4);
+  --c-bg-navbar: var(--c-bg);
+  --c-bg-sidebar: var(--c-bg);
+  --c-bg-arrow: var(--nord4);
+
+  // text colors
+  --c-text: var(--nord1);
+  --c-text-accent: var(--c-brand);
+  --c-text-light: var(--nord2);
+  --c-text-lighter: var(--nord3);
+  --c-text-lightest: var(--nord4);
+  --c-text-quote: var(--nord2);
+
+  // border colors
+  --c-border: var(--nord4);
+  --c-border-dark: var(--nord4);
+
+  // custom container colors
+  --c-tip: var(--nord14);
+  --c-tip-bg: var(--c-bg);
+  --c-tip-title: var(--c-text);
+  --c-tip-text: var(--c-text);
+  --c-tip-text-accent: var(--c-text-accent);
+  --c-warning: var(--nord13);
+  --c-warning-bg: var(--c-bg);
+  --c-warning-bg-light: var(--c-bg-light);
+  --c-warning-bg-lighter: var(--c-bg-lighter);
+  --c-warning-border-dark: var(--nord3);
+  --c-warning-details-bg: var(--c-bg);
+  --c-warning-title: var(--nord12);
+  --c-warning-text: var(--nord12);
+  --c-warning-text-accent: var(--nord12);
+  --c-warning-text-light: var(--nord12);
+  --c-warning-text-quote: var(--nord12);
+
+  --c-danger: var(--nord11);
+  --c-danger-bg: var(--c-bg);
+  --c-danger-bg-light: var(--c-bg-light);
+  --c-danger-bg-lighter: var(--c-bg-light);
+  --c-danger-border-dark: var(--nord11);
+  --c-danger-details-bg: var(--nord2);
+  --c-danger-title: var(--nord11);
+  --c-danger-text: var(--nord11);
+  --c-danger-text-accent: var(--nord11);
+  --c-danger-text-light: var(--nord11);
+  --c-danger-text-quote: var(--nord11);
+
+  --c-details-bg: var(--c-bg-lighter);
+
+  // badge component colors
+  --c-badge-tip: var(--c-tip);
+  --c-badge-warning: var(--c-warning);
+  --c-badge-warning-text: var(--c-bg);
+  --c-badge-danger: var(--c-danger);
+  --c-badge-danger-text: var(--c-bg);
+
+  // transition vars
+  --t-color: 0.3s ease;
+  --t-transform: 0.3s ease;
+
+  // code blocks vars
+  --code-bg-color: var(--nord0);
+  --code-hl-bg-color: var(--nord1);
+  --code-ln-color: #9e9e9e;
+  --code-ln-wrapper-width: 3.5rem;
+
+  // font vars
+  --font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen,
+    Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Fira Sans', 'Droid Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;
+  --font-family-code: Consolas, Monaco, 'Andale Mono', 'Ubuntu Mono', monospace;
+
+  // layout vars
+  --navbar-height: 3.6rem;
+  --navbar-padding-v: 0.7rem;
+  --navbar-padding-h: 1.5rem;
+  --sidebar-width: 20rem;
+  --sidebar-width-mobile: calc(var(--sidebar-width) * 0.82);
+  --content-width: 740px;
+  --homepage-width: 960px;
+}
+
+html.dark {
+  // brand colors
+  --c-brand: var(--nord14);
+  --c-brand-light: var(--nord14);
+
+  // background colors
+  --c-bg: var(--nord1);
+  --c-bg-light: var(--nord2);
+  --c-bg-lighter: var(--nord2);
+  --c-bg-dark: var(--nord3);
+  --c-bg-darker: var(--nord3);
+
+  // text colors
+  --c-text: var(--nord4);
+  --c-text-light: var(--nord5);
+  --c-text-lighter: var(--nord5);
+  --c-text-lightest: var(--nord6);
+  --c-text-quote: var(--c-text);
+
+  // border colors
+  --c-border: var(--nord3);
+  --c-border-dark: var(--nord3);
+
+  // custom container colors
+  --c-tip: var(--nord14);
+  --c-warning: var(--nord13);
+  --c-warning-bg: var(--c-bg);
+  --c-warning-bg-light: var(--c-bg-light);
+  --c-warning-bg-lighter: var(--c-bg-lighter);
+  --c-warning-border-dark: var(--nord3);
+  --c-warning-details-bg: var(--c-bg);
+  --c-warning-title: var(--nord13);
+  --c-warning-text: var(--nord13);
+  --c-warning-text-accent: var(--nord13);
+  --c-warning-text-light: var(--nord13);
+  --c-warning-text-quote: var(--nord13);
+
+  --c-danger: var(--nord11);
+  --c-danger-bg: var(--c-bg);
+  --c-danger-bg-light: var(--c-bg-light);
+  --c-danger-bg-lighter: var(--c-bg-light);
+  --c-danger-border-dark: var(--nord11);
+  --c-danger-details-bg: var(--nord2);
+  --c-danger-title: var(--nord11);
+  --c-danger-text: var(--nord11);
+  --c-danger-text-accent: var(--nord11);
+  --c-danger-text-light: var(--nord11);
+  --c-danger-text-quote: var(--nord11);
+
+  --c-details-bg: var(--c-bg-light);
+
+  // badge component colors
+  --c-badge-warning-text: var(--nord0);
+  --c-badge-danger-text: var(--nord0);
+
+  // code blocks vars
+  --code-hl-bg-color: var(--nord2);
+}

docs/.vuepress/themeLocales.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+const themeLocales = {
+  "/": {
+    sidebar: ["/index.md", "/eittlandic/index.md"],
+  },
+};

docs/eittlandic/country.org

@@ -0,0 +1,562 @@
+#+title: The Country of Eittland
+#+setupfile: ../headers
+
+* The Country of Eittland
+** Eittlandic Geography
+Eittland is an active volcanic island. In its center we can find the
+most active volcanoes, surrounded by glaciers and some regular
+mountains. It is surrounded by some taiga, taiga plains covered mainly
+by ashen pines (/pinus fraxinus/), and a large cold desert covering most
+of the center of the island and its northern eastern part. Outside of
+this largely unpopulated region, Eastern Eittland mainly consists of
+grasslands with some temperate rainforests on its southern shores as
+well as some occasional wetland and marshes. On the other hand,
+Western Eittland has a lot more temperate deciduos forests, temperate
+rainforests and some more wetlands and marshes still. Three small cold
+deserts spawn in Western Eittland, including one north east of
+Đeberget not far from the city. More details can be found in the map
+below. Overall, the southern and western parts of Eittland can be
+compared to Scotland in terms of temperatures, or a warmer Iceland.
+
+#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/eittlandic/map-biomes.png">Biomes of the Eittlandic Island</ImgFigure>
+
+Eastern Eittland is also recognizable by its great amount of flat
+shorelines, especially in its northern and eastern parts which are part
+of the more recent paths of lava flows. On the other hand, its few
+fjords and the numerous fjords found in the western part of the island
+are characteristic of much older parts of Eittland. The Fjord
+themselves were formed during the last ice age, while the smoother
+shore lines formed since. Western Eittland also has two main bays
+which are two very old caldeira volcanoes. It is not known whether
+they will be one day active again or not.
+
+** Culture
+The Eittlandic people share a common basis for their culture which
+remained rather conservative for much longer than the other nordic
+people due to its resistance towards Christianity conversion. The
+number of people adhering to Norse beliefs remained very high through
+the ages and only recently began declining, going from 93% of
+Eittlanders declaring themselves follower of the Norse Faith in 1950
+to 68% in 2019. This decline is also due to either people converting
+to a religion or due to the immigration boom from the last seventy
+years, though the main reason is the decline in people identifying to
+any faith at all --- the number of atheists went from only 2% of
+Eittlanders in 1940 to 15% in 2019. The evolution of the religious
+population is shown in the chart below, and a geographical
+distribution of these in 2019 can be found in the map following the
+chart --- note that only the main religion is shown in a particular
+area and religions with less people in said area are not shown. You
+can also see on said map the population repartition of Eittland.
+
+#+headers: :cache yes :exports none
+#+begin_src gnuplot :file img/eittlandic/religions.png :var data=eittland-religions
+set title "Religions in Eittland since 1950"
+set title boxed offset 0,0 font ",15"
+set key invert reverse Left outside
+
+set yrange [0:100]
+set grid y
+set ylabel "Percentage"
+
+set border 3
+set style data histograms
+set style histogram rowstacked
+set style fill solid border -1
+set boxwidth 1
+
+plot data u 2:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 title 'Norse Faith', \
+     data u 3:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 title 'Atheism', \
+     data u 4:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 title 'Church of Eittland', \
+     data u 5:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 title 'Christianity', \
+     data u 6:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 title 'Buddhism', \
+     data u 7:xticlabels(1) axis x1y1 title 'Other'
+#+end_src
+
+#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/eittlandic/religions.png">Religious Evolution of Eittland Since 1900</ImgFigure>
+
+#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/eittlandic/map-religion.png">Religious population of Eittland in 2019</ImgFigure>
+
+There is also a regional cultural difference between Western, Eastern,
+and Southern Eittland marked with some differences in traditions and
+language. There is currently a nationalist movement in Southern
+Eittland so a new state is created within the Kingdom of Eittland. The
+repartition of the different eittlandic cultures is shown in the map
+below.
+#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/eittlandic/map-cultural.png">Cultural Map of Eittland</ImgFigure>
+
+Standard Eittlandic is a relatively young language, created in the
+1960s by the government in order to create a standard dialect to
+facilitate communications between Eittlanders and make learning the
+language easier. Standard Eittlandic is now enforced as the /de facto/
+legal language of the High Kingdom of Eittland, used by its
+government, schools, and universities, but the local dialects are
+still widely spoken privately and in business which remains regional.
+They still have a strong presence in popular media and are still
+spoken by younger generations, however, a decline has been registered
+since the 90s among young people living in cities, speaking more and
+more in Standard Eittlandic instead. Dialects are also rarely used on
+the internet outside of private conversation. An estimate of 17% of
+the Eittlandic population younger than 25 in 2017 do not speak any
+dialectal Eittlandic outside of Standard Eittlandic, although only 2%
+of them do not understand their family’s dialectal Eittlandic.
+Standard Eittlandic also became the default dialect for Eittlandic
+communities living outside of Eittland --- in these communities the
+inability of speaking other dialects rise to 61% while the ability to
+understand them rises to 25% among Eittlanders younger than 25 in 2018
+and who still have Eittlandic as their mother tongue.
+
+It is estimated only 0.05% of people living in Eittland do not speak
+any Eittlandic dialect, all of them being immigrants or children of
+immigrants. It is therefore safe to say Eittlandic is still going
+strong and does not face any risk of disappearing anytime soon,
+although we might be at the start of the decline of the historical
+dialects of Eittland in favor of Standard Eittlandic.
+
+In this document, you will see references to both Standard Eittlandic
+and Modern Eittlandic. Although some people use the terms
+interchangeably, they are not. /Standard Eittlandic/ refers to the
+official dialect described above, while /Modern Eittlandic/ refers to
+all modern dialects of Eittlandic. This document focuses on Modern
+Eittlandic in general, and when details about specific dialects are
+given, the name of said dialect will be shared.
+
+** Name of the Country
+The origins of the name of Eittland are unclear, two main theories
+exist regarding its etymology.
+
+The first theory says the root of the name of “Eittland” is the
+accusative of /einn/ (Old Norse /one/, /alone/) and /land/ (Old Norse /country/,
+/land/. This is due to how remote it seemed to the people who
+discovered, before Iceland and Greenland were known. Hence, a possible
+translation of “Eittland” can be /Lonely Land/. The term “Eittlandic” is
+relatively transparent considering the term “Icelandic” for “Iceland”
+and “Greenlandic” for “Greenland”.
+
+However, the second but least probable theory is the island is named
+after /eitr/, a mythical poison from which the first Jøtunn Ymir was
+created. Eittland’s waters near the volcanoes containing high amounts
+of sulfur, a poison, could be what named the island. This association
+with poison, as well as the association to the place where it was
+found, /Ginnungagap/, could have acted as a deterrent to prevent people
+outsiders from coming.
+
+This last theory’s first recorded mention is from the 18th century,
+while the first theory appears to be much older, and therefore much
+more likely. It is possible the latter was thought of as a way to
+re-invigorate Eittland’s identity as a pagan country unlike its other
+Nordic counterparts, maybe even as a fearsome country.
+
+Although the country is known as Eittland, the island itself bears a
+few other names. Early records show the island being referred to as
+/Vestrheim/ by early settlers, meaning /West Home/, and its inhabitants
+being referred to as /Vestrheiming/ and /Vestrheimingjar/ (singular and
+plural respectively). Around the same time, settlers living closer to
+the mountains would also call the inner lands /Fjallheim/, meaning
+/Mountain Home/, which stuck until now as a name for the Northwestern
+peninsula of Eittland. Lastly, the name /Eldøy/, /Fire Island/, was used
+to refer both to Eittland and Iceland due to their volcanic activity.
+Nowadays, the name morphed into /Eldfjall/ to refer to the volcanic
+cluster at the center of the Island.
+
+** History
+*** Early Eittlandic History (7th-12th centuries)
+According to historical records, Eittland was first found in 763 by
+Norwegian explorers. Its first settlement appeared in 782 on its
+eastern shores with hopes of finding new farmland. The population grew
+rapidly after the discovery of the southern shores, and in 915
+Eittland became self-governing with Ásmundr Úlfsonn declared the first
+Eittlandic king. However, in order to avoid any unnecessary conflicts,
+the new king swore allegiance to the Norwegian king Harald I
+Halfdansson. Eittland thus became a vassal state to the Norwegian
+crown while retaining autonomy from it, which was granted due to the
+distance between the two countries.
+
+Shortly after however, the beginning of the christianisation of the
+nordic countries and especially of Norway created a new immigration
+boost in Eittland with norsemen seeking a pagan land untouched by
+christian faith. In 935, a year after Haakon I Haraldsson became king
+of Norway and began trying to introduce Christianity to its people,
+the newly crowned king Áleifr I Ásmundson of Eittland adopted a new
+law forbidding the Christian faith to be imported, promoted, and
+practiced in Eittland. This decision forever weakened the alliance
+between the two countries and detariorated their relationship.
+
+As more and more people in Eittland were moving to its western part
+due to larger opportunities with its farmlands, king Áleifr I chose in
+936 to move the capital of Eittland from Hylfjaltr to Đeberget and
+split in half the country. He appointed his brother Steingrímr, later
+known as Steingrímr I Áleifsbróðr, as his co-ruler and gave him
+authority over Eastern Eittland while he kept ruling himself over
+Western Eittland. This choice is due to the difficulty of going from
+one side of the island to the other by land --- lava flows often
+forcefully close and destroy paths joining the two parts together.
+This gave birth to the two states of the Kingdom of Đeberget (also
+called the /Western Eittlandic Kingdom/) and the Kingdom of Hylfjaltr
+(also called the /Eastern Eittlandic Kingdom/). More on that in
+[[Political Organization][#Political-Organization]].
+
+*** Crusades and Independence (13th century - 1400)
+As soon as the 13th century, and through the 14th century, the
+Teutonic Order and the Livonian Order, backed by the Holy Roman
+Empire, proposed crusades against Eittland to get rid of its norse
+faith. However, these never came to be due to the distance between
+Eittland and mainland Europe, despite the papal authorisations in
+1228, 1257, 1289, 1325, and 1367.
+
+In 1397, the creation of the Kalmar Union kicked a new crusade, this
+time backed by the Union itself as well as the Teutonic Order --- Eric
+of Pomerania aimed to unify his country both religiously by getting
+rid of the norse faith in Eittland and politically by getting rid of
+its established monarchy. A contingent sailed to Eittland to submit
+the island, however they were met with fierce resistance by the locals
+on arrival. Estimates show that while some 2.400 Eittlandic people
+died during this first invasion, most of the 3.000 men sent were
+either killed or taken prisoners.
+
+In 1398, a new contingent of 12.000 men landed in Eittland. This time,
+a much more prepared army of 14.000 men faced them on a battlefield
+east of the eastern capital of Hyfjaltr. This resulted in an
+Eittlandic victory, however the Monarch of Hylfjaltr Eiríkr IV
+Ásgeirsbróðr lost his life during the battle. Coincidentally, the High
+King Ásgeirr I Biœrgson died of unknown causes around the same time.
+Historians still debate whether it is due to the ongoing conflict, and
+if it is by who. Theories range from poisoning by spies from the
+Kalmar Union, to assassination by the next rulers, to a much more
+simple, unknown health condition which coincided with the ongoing
+events.
+
+During the same year, the Althing elected Arvid I Geirson as the new
+High King who nominated his brother Havardr I Arvidbróðr as the
+Monarch of Hylfjaltr. While the previous monarchs took a more
+defensive approach, they chose to become much more aggressive,
+striving for independence. After demands were sent to the Kalmar
+Union, Eittland began a series of raids on its territories, ranging
+from Iceland to the Faroese Islands to even two raids in Norway and
+Denmark. These raids only aimed trade and military ships but severely
+handicaped the Union’s marine.
+
+On September 17th, 1400 High King Arvid Geirson of Eittland and King
+Erik of the Kalmar Union met in Reykjavik to sign the Treaty of
+Reykjavik, during which the Kalmar Union recognized the independence
+of Eittland and renounced its claims to the island. On the other hand,
+Eittland ceeded its Greenlandic colonies to the Kalmar Union. Both
+parties agreed to end the hostilities towards one another.
+
+While the Union no longer launched any crusades against Eittland, the
+Teutonic Order attempted to land again in 1407 with 4.000 men.
+Although the Kingdom of Hylfjaltr took a devastating blow during the
+initial days of the crusade, loosing well over 6.000 men, the invaders
+were ultimately defeated thanks to reinforcement from the Kingdom of
+Ðeberget. This marked the end of crusades in Eittland.
+
+*** The Absolute Monarchy (1400-1852)
+Once independent, Eittland quickly became isolated among the European
+nations due as it was percieved as a pagan nation by the rest of the
+continent. For over a century, the country had to be almost entirely
+self-sufficient. This lead to a more in-depth survey of the resources
+of the land launched in 1421. Large quantities of iron were discovered
+in 1432 in Western Eittland in the geologically older parts of the
+island as well as copper and some gold.
+
+Unfortunately for the island, no coal deposit ever got found, the
+islanders turned to charcoal instead. During the following century, an
+important deforestation of Eittland took place until the royal decree
+of 1542 was proclaimed in order to protect the forests. It ruled that
+for each tree felled in the next hundred years, four shall be planted,
+and only one once the period ended. The only exceptions were for
+creating new pastures with the condition of the request being
+submitted and accepted by the local Jarl and its government.
+
+The discovery of important marble deposits in the geologically more
+recent parts of the island in 1512 was the event that reopened trades
+with the continent. England was the first country to openly trade with
+Eittland, swiftly followed by states from the Holy Roman Empire and
+other protestant countries. The country became famous for its pure
+white and green marble, which became its emblem. Walking in the
+streets of major cities today, we can still see most of the monuments
+and buildings from during that era made of marble. It is particularly
+the case in Hylfjaltr, known by the nickname of “The White City” due
+to the sheer amount of monuments made of ouf this material.
+
+It is around this time religious wars broke out in mainland Europe,
+and war refugees coming at first from Scandinavia and soon enough from
+all Northern and Western Europe came to Eittland to seek refuge. They
+were accepted on the condition never to try and spread their religion
+on the island with the risk of expulsion back to continental Europe.
+At the time, the influx of refugees represented around one percent of
+its total population, with about two thirds of it being protestants
+and the rest catholics. The local protestant population officially
+founded in 1587 the Church of Eittland.
+
+You can find in the chart below a breakdown of the various countries
+and regions religious refugees came from. Although Scandinavia was one
+of the first regions to take refuge in Eittland, most of refugees came
+from the Holy Roman Empire and from France where religious wars were
+particularly violent. It is estimated most of the Protestant
+population of Eittland are mainly from French descent, while the HRE’s
+and Scandinavian population came with mixes of Christians and
+Protestants. On the other hand, most if not all of the English
+population was Christian.
+
+#+header: :exports none
+#+header: :file img/eittlandic/religious-refugees.png :cache yes
+#+begin_src gnuplot :var data=nationality-religious-refugees
+set title "Country of Origin of Religious Refugees"
+set title boxed offset 0,-3 font ",15"
+set style fill solid border lt -1
+set style textbox opaque noborder
+set boxwidth 1.0 absolute
+unset key
+
+set yrange [0:45]
+set grid y
+set ylabel "Percentage"
+
+set border 3
+set style data histograms
+set style histogram cluster gap 1
+set style fill solid border -1
+set boxwidth 0.9
+set xtic rotate by -45 scale 0
+
+plot data u 2:xtic(1)
+#+end_src
+
+#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/eittlandic/religious-refugees.png">Breakdown of the country or region of origin of religious refugees in the 1500s</ImgFigure>
+
+With the beginning of coloniolization of Northern America, Eittland
+became a naval hotspot. Its position allowed ships to cut in half
+their journey if necessary and replenish their supplies. England and
+the Netherlands were the first countries to halt in Eittland for such
+reasons, participating in an important economic boom in the early 16th
+century on a national scale. France later joined this trade route
+starting in 1619 when going to their colonies in modern-day Canada.
+
+On the 30th of March 1775, England demanded from Eittland a port to be
+used as a military port as part of their war effort during the
+American revolution. Eittland refused these demands, invoking a
+neutrality concerning the ongoing conflict. In response, England sent
+an ultimatum, asking the port of Vátrsteinn to be their military base.
+On Eittland’s second refusal, England declared war and launched a land
+invasion of the island. The general in charge of the invasion, Sir
+Andrew Sapping, decided to avoid landing in fjords, judging it too
+risky and prone to ambushes. Instead, English troops landed in the
+flatlands west of Vátrsteinn. While eittlandic troops were massing in
+the nearby town of Vestrfjoðarkjapt, a volcano erupted into a
+pyroclastic flow. The English landing site being on its path, half of
+the invading English forces were immediately wiped out, and two thirds
+of their vessels were badly dammaged or destroyed. Immediately after
+this, Sir Sapping surrendered to the Eittlandic troops which were
+captured as prisonners of war. Due to this defeat and the sudden
+reduction in available men and ships in the English army, the Treaty
+of Hylfjaltr was signed on the 25 of May of the same year. While
+England recognized its defeat, Eittland promised not to intervene on
+any side in the current rebellion of the American colonies (which was
+not the intent of Eittland in the first place).
+
+After the independence of the United States of America, Eittland
+retained its status as a maritime hotspot between Northern America and
+Europe. Its ports of Kóparvall and Tvinnár, near Ðeberget and
+Hylfjaltr respectively, became the two major ports in Eittland, with
+Tvinnár generally favoured by ships coming from Europe and Kóparvall
+favoured by ships coming from Northern America.
+
+** Political Organization
+*** Kingdoms and Monarchy
+While Eittland is a single country, it is host to two kingdoms: the
+Kingdom of Đeberget in the western part of the country, and the
+Kingdom of Hylfjaltr in its eastern part. This is due to a separation
+of the country in two halves during the reign of Eittlands second king
+Áleifr I when he realized the difficulties he and the following
+monarchs of the island would face trying to rule the country alone
+while the latter is almost always split in two by active volcanoes.
+Thus, while the two kingdoms operate very independently from each
+other --- each have their own policies on economics, education,
+industry, and so on --- they also operate in cooperation as the
+Eittlandic High Kingdom with the king of Đeberget at its head when it
+comes to common policies, such as military decision and internrational
+affairs.
+#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/eittlandic/map-political.png">The Two Eittlandic States</ImgFigure>
+
+This means that while both governments are independent from each other
+and are legally equals to each other, the western monarch is the one
+with the authority to decide on national actions after negotiations
+between them and the eastern monarch. This is reflected by the throne
+rooms found in official buildings such as the royal palaces where
+three thrones can be found: a central, very large throne surrounded by
+two other identical thrones, the right one for the monarch of
+Hylfjaltr and the left one for the king of Đeberget. Most of the time,
+both monarchs sit on their side throne, including when they meet each
+other as the monarchs of Hylfjaltr and Đeberget. However, when the
+monarch of Đeberget is meant to act as the High Monarch of Eittland,
+they step up to the central throne and then represent the country as a
+whole.
+
+At the end of the reign of the High King, either through abdication or
+their death, his successor is enthroned within a month. Then, within a
+year, the new High King has to appoint a new monarch for Hylfjaltr.
+Traditionally, the new co-ruler is a brother of the current High
+Monarch, however history showed it could be sometimes an uncle, a son,
+a sister or even sometimes a daughter. When the eastern monarch either
+abdicates or dies, the High Monarch has a month to designate a new
+one.
+
+Up until the 14th century, the monarch of Hylfjaltr was rarely the
+successor of the High Monarch. However, High King Ólafr I changed this
+tradition and created a new one. He named his brother and co-ruler
+King of Eittland and his son Prince of Eittland. From here on, the
+King (or occasionally the Queen) of Eastern Eittland was meant to
+become the new High Monarch of Eittland and make the Prince (or
+occasional Princess) the ruler of Hylfjaltr. Then, once the reign of
+the King ends, the Prince becomes the new High King and nominates a
+new King and a new Prince. This was done to ensure the upcoming High
+Monarch would be prepared in ruling the whole country by first ruling
+the state. If anything were to happen to the Prince or Princess of
+Eittland while the King or Queen of Hylfjaltr is on the throne, they
+would have to nominate a new heir among the other possible heirs
+possible for the late High Monarch.
+
+When the High Monarchs steps up to the central throne, they may
+designate someone to fill in the role of the monarch of Đeberget for
+the time being. They can also authorize the monarch of Hylfjaltr to do
+so in case they are unavailable and someone need to represent the
+country in front of foreign representatives. The last example was
+during the two last years of Eríkr IX’s reign from 1987 to 1989 when
+he could not act as High King due to his illness. While he did not
+abdicate, he authorized king Harald III to act as High King while he
+appointed his daughter and present-day High Queen Njall III as the
+acting monarch of Đeberget.
+
+*** Regions and Jarldoms
+While each kingdom is ruled by a monarch and the country is ruled by
+the High Monarch, the kingdoms are divided into several kinds of
+subdivisions. The most common one is the jarldom, historically ruled
+by and still represented by a jarl during ceremonies. “Jarl”
+translates as “Earl” in English, and they were the nobles in charge of
+managing parts of the land in the name of the ruler.
+
+#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/eittlandic/map-provinces.png">Eittlandic Provinces</ImgFigure>
+
+Some parts of the land are directly under the control of the crown,
+such as the districts of Đeberget and Hylfjaltr, which the ruler ruled
+without intermediaries. They are the private possessions of the family
+of the rulers.
+
+On top of this the center of the island is divided in territories, one
+administered by the government of Đeberget and two by the government
+of Hylfjaltr. These territories are supposedly not inhabited by anyone
+and are currently natural parks. This is mostly where you can find the
+mountains and volcanoes of Eittland as well as its cold deserts.
+
+Due to the Last Royal Decree of 1826, jarls no longer rule their
+jarldom themselves anymore. Instead, a local elected government takes
+care of this role now.
+
+*** Governments
+**** Monarchy and Things
+The first form of government created in Eittland revolved around
+Things (/þing/ in Eittlandic), assemblies of varying size occasionally
+created at various levels of the state to decide on important matters,
+with the Althing being the highest Thing to exist in Eittland. The
+Things allow at first any adult man to participate, but as the
+population grew some restrictions were put in place in order to limit
+the amount of participants. Only one man could represent a household
+starting from 982. Then, starting from 998, only jarls were allowed to
+the ruler’s Thing, and only ten jarls from each kingdom, elected among
+all the jarls from the same kingdom, would be allowed to attend the
+High Monarch’s Thing. These jarls would then act as representatives of
+the kingdom to the High King and his counsellors.
+
+In 1278, the first formal ministry (or department) was created in the
+Ðeberget Kingdom, called a /Ráðuneyt/ (litt. “fellowship of
+counsellors”) with a /Ráðunautr/ at its head, to aid the King Hallþórr V
+Gunhildson’s in administering agriculture. The Hylfjaltr Kingdom soon
+followed, creating its own in 1283 by order of Eyvindor III
+Steingrímson. From then, ráðuneyts were created as needed with a
+growing number.
+
+**** Constitutional Monarchy
+In 1826, fearing the revolutionary climate in mainland Europe, Ólafr V
+passed the appropriately named “Last Royal Decree” in 1826. This act
+put in place a new form of government based on the British monarchy.
+
+The king transfers all the royal power from the rulers of Đeberget and
+Hylfjaltr to the House of the People and the House of the Land (the
+equivalent of the lower and upper Houses respectively). The House of
+the People is composed of men elected during general elections every
+eight years. It was decided for each jarldom and district, one
+representative would be elected plus another one for each percentage
+of the population of the kingdom the jarldom represents.
+
+A similar system was created for jarldoms in order to replace jarls
+with locally elected governments, as well as the organisation of
+municipalities.
+
+At first only male land owner of the Nordic Faith could vote and could
+be elected. In 1886, all men of the Nordic Faith got the right to vote
+and be elected in the general elections. In 1902, women gained the
+right to vote and they gained the right to be elected in 1915. The law
+that allowed women to vote also made the authorities stop enforcing
+the restriction on the faith of the participants --- while the
+original texts of 1826 and 1886 were clear on the fact only men of the
+Nordic Faith were allowed to vote and be elected, women had no such
+restriction making it unclear if it only applied to women or if this
+restriction was revoked for everyone. Organizers of the next elections
+in 1914 chose not to enforce this religious restriction and ever since
+then. In 1998, Queen Siv I exceptionally used her powers of High Queen
+to pass a law to clarify this issue and formally make Eittland a
+non-religious country. This also removed the long unenforced ban on
+other religions in Eittland.
+
+Note that while the rulers of Đeberget and Hylfjaltr have lost all
+their power with the “Last Royal Decree”, the High Monarch remained
+unaffected by the text though they act and are expected to act as if
+it were the case. To replace them, the eastern and western governments
+elect a single national representative meant to act as the head of
+both states instead of the High Monarch who now holds only a
+ceremonial position. However, it happens from time to time the High
+Monarch passes a law, although they only write down in the law already
+well established traditions, such as the ban on the religious
+restrictions for voters which had not been enforced for almost a
+century by that point.
+
+Today, Ráðuneyts still exist, but their head is no longer designated
+by the monarch but by the head of the House of the People. Here is the
+list of Ministries that exist in Eittland in 2022:
+- /Bærráðuneyt/ :: Agriculture Ministry
+- Dæmaráðuneyt :: Justice Ministry
+- Erlendslandsráðuneyt :: Foreign Affair Ministry
+- Fræðiráðuneyt :: Education Ministry
+- Heilsráðuneyt :: Health Ministry
+- Konungdómráðuneyt :: Kingdom’s Ministry (State Affairs)
+- Náttúrráðuneyt :: Nature Ministry (including ecology)
+- Rógráðuneyt :: War Ministry
+- Teknikráðuneyt :: Technology Ministry
+- Kaupráðuneyt :: Economy Ministry
+- Vinnaráðuneyt :: Employment Ministry
+
+With the separation of the State with its religious departments
+following the law of 1998, the /Heiðniráðuneyt/ (the Heathendom
+Department) became an entity separate from the Government. Its
+Ráðunautr used to be exceptionally appointed by the House of the Land,
+unlike the rest of Ráðunautrs.
+
+* Private Data                                                     :noexport:
+#+name: eittland-religions
+|    / |           < |         |                    |              |          |       |
+| Year | Norse Faith | Atheism | Church of Eittland | Christianity | Buddhism | Other |
+|------+-------------+---------+--------------------+--------------+----------+-------|
+| 1900 |          97 |       0 |                  2 |            1 |        0 |     0 |
+| 1950 |          93 |       2 |                  2 |            1 |        0 |     2 |
+| 1975 |          84 |       7 |                  3 |            1 |      0.5 |   4.5 |
+| 2000 |          76 |      12 |                  3 |            1 |        4 |     4 |
+| 2019 |          69 |      18 |                  3 |            1 |        6 |     3 |
+
+#+name: nationality-religious-refugees
+| Country           | Percentage |
+|-------------------+------------|
+| France            |         36 |
+| Holy Roman Empire |         24 |
+| Scandinavia       |         22 |
+| United Kingdom    |         14 |
+| Others            |          4 |

docs/eittlandic/dictionary.org

@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+#+setupfile: ../headers
+
+* Dictionary
+** A
+
+** Á
+
+** Æ
+
+** B
+*** bræð
+m. {{{phon(brɛð)}}}
+
+See [[file:dictionary.md#broð][/bróð/]]
+
+*** bróð
+m. {{{phon(brɔð)}}}
+
+1. brother, plural /bræð/
+
+Re-analysis of /bródir/ decomposed into /bróð/ + /-ir/ by popular
+etymology. Same goes for its former plural /bræðir/ which got
+re-analyzed into /bræð/ + /-ir/.
+
+| / |  <r> |          |        |
+|   |      | Singular | Plural |
+|---+------+----------+--------|
+|   | Nom. | bróðr    | bræðr  |
+|   | Acc. | bróð     | bræð   |
+|   | Gen. | bróðir   | bræðir |
+|   | Dat. | bróð     | bræðum |
+
+*** bók
+f. {{{phon(bɔk)}}}
+1. book, plural /bøk/
+
+| / |  <r> |          |        |
+|   |      | Singular | Plural |
+|---+------+----------+--------|
+|   | Nom. | bókr     | bøkr   |
+|   | Acc. | bók      | bøk    |
+|   | Gen. | bókar    | bøkar  |
+|   | Dat. | bók      | bøkum  |
+
+*** bøk
+f. {{{phon(bøk)}}}
+
+See [[file:dictionary.md#bok][/bók/]]
+
+** C
+
+** D
+*** djúp
+adj. {{{phon(dʒop)}}}
+
+1. deep
+2. profound (figuratively)
+
+*** djúpligr
+adv. {{{phon(dʒopliɡr̩)}}}
+
+1. deeply
+*** dóttir
+f. {{{phon(dɔʧir)}}}, plural *dœtr* {{{phon(dœtr̩)}}}
+
+1. daughter
+
+** Đ
+
+** E
+*** edda
+f. {{{phon(ed)}}}
+
+1. great grandmother
+2. female ancestor, beyond the grandmother
+*** Eittland
+n. {{{phon(ɑɪʔlɑnd)}}}
+
+1. (n) High Kingdom of Eittland, island of Eittland
+
+** É
+
+** F
+*** feð
+m. {{{phon(feð)}}}
+
+See [[file:dictionary.md#føð][/føð/]]
+
+*** fé
+n. {{{phon(fɛ)}}}
+
+1. wealth
+
+From Old Norse /fé/.
+
+|      | Singular | Plural |
+|------+----------+--------|
+| Nom. | fé       | fé     |
+| Acc. | fé       | fé     |
+| Gen. | fés      | fés    |
+| Dat. | fé       | férum  |
+
+*** fisk
+m. {{{phon(fiʃk)}}}
+
+1. fish
+
+From Old Norse /fiskr/.
+
+|      | Singular | Plural |
+|------+----------+--------|
+| Nom. | fiskr    | fiskr  |
+| Acc. | fisk     | fisk   |
+| Gen. | fiskar   | fiskar |
+| Dat. | fisk     | fiskum |
+
+*** føð
+m. {{{phon(føð)}}}
+
+1. father, plural /feð/
+
+   From Old Norse /fødir/ and /feðir/ which got re-analyzed as /føð/
+   appended with a grammatical /-ir/ (which later got reduced to a /-r/).
+
+|      | Singular | Plural |
+|------+----------+--------|
+| Nom. | føðr     | feðr   |
+| Acc. | føð      | feð    |
+| Gen. | føðar    | feðar  |
+| Dat. | føð      | feðum  |
+
+** G
+*** gauð
+n. {{{phon(jɔʊð)}}}
+
+1. a barking
+2. a quarrel
+*** gegn
+adv. {{{phon(jeɡn̩)}}}
+
+1. against, opposing
+*** gjøf
+f. {{{phon(jøv)}}}
+
+1. gift, present
+
+** H
+*** heilsa
+f. {{{phon(hɑɪls)}}}
+
+1. health
+*** hjól
+n. {{{phon(çɔl)}}}
+
+1. wheel
+*** hlóð
+n. {{{phon(l̥ɔð)}}}
+
+1. hearth
+2. living room
+*** hneisa
+f. {{{phon(n̥ɑɪs)}}}
+
+1. shame, disgrace
+2. social isolation
+*** hneising
+n. {{{phon(n̥ɑɪsinɡ)}}}
+
+1. hermit
+2. (modern) shut-in, hikikomori
+*** hnjósa
+v. {{{phon(ɲ̥ɔs)}}}
+
+1. to sneeze
+*** hrifs
+n. {{{phon(r̥ivs)}}}
+
+1. assault, mugging
+*** hvat
+adv. {{{phon(ʍɑt)}}}
+
+1. what
+*** hví
+adv. {{{phon(ʍe)}}}
+
+1. why
+
+** I
+
+** Í
+
+** J
+
+** K
+*** kaup
+n. {{{phon(kɔp)}}}
+
+1. commerce
+2. bargain, barter
+
+** L
+
+** M
+
+** N
+*** noregsúlf
+m. {{{phon(norejsolv)}}}
+
+1. wolf, litt. Norway’s wolf.
+
+   Wolves do not naturally live in Eittland. Their only relatives
+   introduced to the island were dogs and wolf-dogs, and the latter
+   inherited the simpler /úlfr/ term. Noun composed by Old Norse /noregs/
+   (genitive of /Noregr/, /Norway/) and /úlfr/.
+
+** O
+
+** Ó
+*** óglaðr
+adj. {{{phon(ɔɡʲɑðr̩)}}}
+
+1. very sad, depressed, miserable
+
+** Ø
+
+** Œ
+*** Œgir
+m. {{{phon(œjir)}}}
+
+1. A mythical beast residing in the forests of the western
+Eittlandic fjords.
+
+** P
+
+** Q
+
+** R
+
+** S
+*** sitja
+v. {{{phon(sitʃ)}}}
+
+1. to sit
+2. to represent (politics)
+*** sjá
+v. {{{phon(ʃɛ)}}}
+
+1. to see
+2. to understand
+*** skilja
+v. {{{phon(ʃkiʎ)}}}
+
+1. to differenciate
+2. to segregate, to separate
+3. to understand a difference
+*** snjór
+m. {{{phon(sɲɔr)}}}
+
+1. snow
+
+** T
+
+** Þ
+
+** U
+*** uppá
+prep. {{{phon(upɸə)}}}
+
+1. upon
+
+** Ú
+*** úlf
+m. {{{phon(olv)}}}
+
+1. wolf-dog. See also /noregsúlfr/.
+
+** V
+*** veisheit
+f. {{{phon(βɑɪshɑɪt)}}}
+
+1. knowledge or wisdom. From German /Weisheit/. See also /vizka/
+*** viska
+f. {{{phon(βiʃk)}}}
+
+1. practical knowledge or wisdom, acquired from experience
+See /veisheit/ for a more general term for /wisdow/
+
+** Y
+
+** Ý
+
+** Z

docs/eittlandic/functional-system.org

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+#+setupfile: ../headers
+* Functional System                                                :noexport:
+** Grammatical Relationship
+# Examplify some simple intransitive, transitive, and ditransitive
+# clauses. Three-argument clauses may not unequivocally exist.
+# - What are the grammatical erlations of this language? Give
+#   morphosyntactic evidence for each one that you propose.
+#   - Subject?
+#   - Ergative?
+#   - Absolutive?
+#   - Direct object?
+#   - Indirect object?
+#   There are basically four possible sources of evidence for
+#   grammatical relations:
+#   - morphological case on NPs
+#   - person marking on verbs
+#   - constituent ord
+#   - some pragmatic hierarchy
+# - Is the system of grammatical relations in basic (affirmative,
+#   declarative) clauses organized according to a
+#   nominative/accusative, ergative/absolutive, tripartite, or some
+#   other system?
+# - Is there a split system for organizing grammatical relations? If
+#   so, what determin
+#   - Is there split instransitivity? If so, what semantic or
+#     discourse/pragmatic factor conditions the split?
+#   - Does the system for pronouns and/or person marking on verbs
+#     operate on the same basis as that of full NPs?
+#   - Are there different grammatical-relation systems depending on
+#     the clause type (e.g. main vs. dependent clauses, affirmative
+#     vs. negative clauses)?
+#   - Are there different grammatical-relation assignment systems
+#     depending on th
+#   - Are there any syntactic processes (e.g. conjunction reduction,
+#     relativization) that operate on an ergative/absolutive basis?
+** Constructions Link
+** Valence Increase
+*** Causative
+*** Applicative
+*** Dative Shift
+*** Dative Interest
+*** External Possession

docs/eittlandic/img

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+../.vuepress/public/img

docs/eittlandic/index.org

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+#+setupfile: ../headers
+
+* Eittland
+
+Eittland (Eittlandic: /Eittland/, {{{rune(eittland)}}}, {{{phon(ɑɪʔlɑ̃d)}}}) is part
+of the family of Nordic countries and a member state of the Nordic
+Council, with a population of 31.5 millions as per the 2019 national
+census. It has a superficy of 121 km^{2}, making it the second largest
+island in Europe after Great Britain. Its capital Đeberget is the
+largest eittlandic city with a population of 1.641.600 in 2019. The
+island is naturally separated in two, its western and eastern sides,
+by a chain of volcanoes spawning on the separation of the North
+American and the Eurasian plates, much like its northern sister
+Iceland. Thus, its Eastern side covers 49km^{2} of the island and hosts
+11.3 million inhabitants while the western side covers 72km^{2} with a
+population of 20.1 millions.

docs/eittlandic/phonology.org

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+#+setupfile: ../headers
+* Phonetic Inventory and Translitteration
+** Evolution from Early Old Norse to Eittlandic
+Eittlandic evolved early on from Early Old Norse, and as such some
+vowels it evolved from are different than the Old Norse vowels and
+consonants some other Nordic languages evolved from. In this chapter,
+we will see the main list of attested phonetic evolution Eittlandic
+lived through.
+
+The history of Eittlandic goes from the late 8th century until
+modern-day Eittlandic. Its history is divided as shown on table below.
+It is not an exact science though as changes happened progressively
+through the country. Changes were also progressive, meaning the dates
+chosen to go from one language to the other are relatively arbitrary.
+In evolution examples, it will be indicated whether the Eittlandic
+pronunciation is specific to a certain time area (with /Early Middle
+Eittlandic/, /Late Old Eittlandic/, etc…) but if it only specifies
+/Eittlandic/ it means no significant changes in pronunciation occurred
+since the phonetic rule shown. Meaning is also shown between
+parenthesis. In case of semantic shift, its new meaning in Eittlandic
+is shown --- the same goes for the word’s spelling.
+
+#+name: table:history-eittlandic-language
+#+caption: Linguistic eras of Eittland
+| Period                      | Language          |
+|-----------------------------+-------------------|
+| 8th century - 12th century  | Old Eittlandic    |
+| 13th century - 16th century | Middle Eittlandic |
+| 17th century - today        | Modern Eittlandic |
+
+It is generally considered the gj-shift of the 13th century is the
+evolution that marks the change from Old Eittlandic to Middle
+Eittlandic while the great vowel shift marks the change from Middle
+Eittlandic to Modern Eittlandic between the 16th and the 17th century.
+
+*** hʷ » ʍ
+One of the first evolution of the Eittlandic was the evolution of the
+{{{phon(hʷ)}}} into a {{{phon(ʍ)}}} (written «hv»). It differs from other nordic
+languages which evolved their {{{phon(hʷ)}}} into a {{{phon(v)}}}, like in
+Icelandic or in Norwegian. However, this evolution is cause to debate,
+mainly due to the original phoneme {{{phon(hʷ)}}} which could be inherited
+from Proto-Norse instead.
+
++ Example :: Early Old Norse or Late Proto-Norse /hvat/ (what)
+  {{{phon(hʷɑt)}}} » Eittlandic /hvat/ (what) {{{phon(ʍɑt)}}}
+
+*** C / #h_ » C[-voice]
+When preceded by a {{{phon(h)}}}, word-initial consonants such as «l», «r»,
+«n» would lose their voicing and become voiceless consonants. Note
+«hj» went to {{{phon(ç)}}}.
+
++ Example ::
+  - Early Old Norse /hlóð/ (/hearth/) {{{phon(hloːð)}}} » Old Eittlandic /hlóð/
+    {{{phon(l̥oːð)}}}
+  - Early Old-Norse /hneisa/ (/shame, disgrace/) {{{phon(hneisɑ)}}} » Early Old
+    Eittlandic {{{phon(n̥eisɑ)}}}
+  - Early Old Norse /hrifs/ (/robbery/) {{{phon(hrifs)}}} » Old Norse {{{phon(r̥ifs)}}}
+  - Early Old Norse /hjól/ (wheel) {{{phon(hjoːl)}}} » Old Eittlandic {{{phon(çoːl)}}}
+
+*** g / {#,V}_⁣{V,#} » ɣ
+In word-initial position and followed by a vowel or when between
+vowels, Early Old Norse {{{phon(g)}}} gets palatalized into a {{{phon(ɣ)}}}.
+
++ Example :: Early Old Norse /gegn/ (/against, right opposite/) {{{phon(gegn̩)}}}
+  » Old Eittlandic {{{phon(ɣegn̩)}}}
+
+*** V / _⁣# » ∅ ! j _
+When finishing a word, short unaccented vowels disappeared.
+Historically, they first went through a weakening transforming them
+into a {{{phon(ə)}}}, but they eventually disappeared before long vowels got
+affected by the first part of the rule. However, it did not apply to
+final vowels following a «j».
+
++ Example :: Old Norse /heilsa/ (/health/) {{{phon(heilsɑ)}}} » Late Old
+  Eittlandic /heils/ {{{phon(heils)}}}.
+
+Reflecting this change, the last vowel got lost in the Eittlandic
+orthography. However, this rule did not get applied consistently with
+a good deal of people that kept them well until the [[*Great Vowel Shift][Great Vowel Shift]].
+
+*** V / j_# » ə
+While the final short vowel of words did not disappear when preceded
+by a «j», they still weakened to a schwa.
+
++ Example :: Old Norse /sitja/ (/to sit/) {{{phon(sitjɑ)}}} » Old Eittlandic
+  {{{phon(sitjə)}}}
+
+*** Vː / _# » ə
+When at the end of a word, long unaccented vowels get weakened into a
+schwa.
+
++ Example :: Old Norse /erþó/ (as though) {{{phon(erθoː)}}} » Late Old
+  Eittlandic {{{phon(erθə)}}}.
+
+Notice how in the modern orthography the «ó» didn’t get lost, unlike
+with the previous rule. Unlike the schwa from the previous rule, the
+current schwa still bears the long vowel feature although it is not
+pronounced anymore by that point, influencing the rule described in [[*ə\[-long\] / C_# »
+∅][rule 15]].
+
+*** ɣ / {#,V}_ » j
+During the 13th century, continued palatalization of the letter «g»
+when beginning or preceding a vowel transformed it from {{{phon(g)}}} in
+Proto-Norse to {{{phon(ɣ)}}} in Old Eittlandic to {{{phon(j)}}} in Early Modern
+Eittlandic.
+
++ Example :: Old Norse /gauð/ (a barking) {{{phon(gɑuð)}}} » Early Middle
+  Eittlandic /gauð/ (a barking, a quarrel) {{{phon(jɑuð)}}}.
+
+This is the first rule of the g/j-shift along with the three next
+rules, marking the passage from Old Eittlandic to Middle Eittlandic.
+
+*** gl » gʲ
+The exception to the above rule is the «g» remains a hard {{{phon(g)}}} when
+followed by an «l» in which case {{{phon(gl)}}} becomes {{{phon(gʲ)}}}.
+
++ Example :: Old Norse /óglaðr/ (sad, moody) {{{phon(oːɡlɑðr̩)}}} » Early
+  Middle Eittlandic /óglaðr/ (very sad, miserable) {{{phon(oːɡʲɑðr̩)}}}
+
+*** d g n s t / _j » C[+palat]
+Another exception to the rule in [[*t / _C » ʔ ! _ʃ][rule 21]] is the «g» remains a hard
+{{{phon(g)}}} when followed by a {{{phon(j)}}}, in which case {{{phon(gj)}}} becomes
+{{{phon(j)}}}. Other phonemes {{{phon(d)}}}, {{{phon(h)}}}, {{{phon(n)}}}, {{{phon(s)}}}, and
+{{{phon(t)}}} also get palatalized, merging with the following {{{phon(j)}}}. In
+the end, we have the conversion table given by the table below.
+
+#+name: cons:palatalization
+#+caption: Consonants palatalization
+| Early Old Norse | Eittlandic |
+|-----------------+------------|
+| {{{phon(dj)}}}        | {{{phon(dʒ)}}}   |
+| {{{phon(gj)}}}        | {{{phon(j)}}}    |
+| {{{phon(nj)}}}        | {{{phon(ɲ)}}}    |
+| {{{phon(sj)}}}        | {{{phon(ʃ)}}}    |
+| {{{phon(tj)}}}        | {{{phon(tʃ)}}}   |
+
+Note this is also applicable to devoiced consonants from the rule
+described in [[*C / #h_ » C\[-voice\]][rule 2]].
+
++ Example ::
+  - Early Old Norse /djúp/ (/deep/) {{{phon(djuːp)}}} » Middle Eittlandic /djúp/
+    (/deep, profound/) {{{phon(dʒuːp)}}}
+  - Early Old Norse /gjøf/ (/gift/) {{{phon(gjøf)}}} » Early Middle Eittlandic
+    {{{phon(jøf)}}}
+  - Early Old Norse /snjór/ (/snow/) {{{phon(snjoːr)}}} » Middle Eittlandic
+    {{{phon(sɲoːr)}}}
+  - Early Old Norse /hnjósa/ (/to sneeze/) {{{phon(hnjoːsɑ)}}} » Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ɲ̥oːs)}}}
+  - Early Old Norse /sjá/ (/to see/) {{{phon(sjɑː)}}} » Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃɑː)}}}
+  - Early Old Norse /skilja/ (/to understand, to distinguish/)
+    {{{phon(skiljɑ)}}} » Early Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiljə)}}}
+  - Old Eittlandic /sitja/ (/to sit/) {{{phon(sitjə)}}} » Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(sitʃə)}}}
+
+*** j » jə / _#
+With the appearance of word-final {{{phon(j)}}}, and epenthtetic {{{phon(ə)}}}
+appeared due to the phonological rule forbidding word-final consonant
+clusters to end with a {{{phon(j)}}}.
+
++ Example ::
+  - Early Old Norse /berg/ (/rock/, /boulder/) {{{phon(berɡ)}}} » Middle
+    Eittlandic /berg/ {{{phon(berjə)}}}
+
+*** u / V_ » ʊ
+When following another vowel, {{{phon(u)}}} becomes an {{{phon(ʊ)}}}.
+
++ Example :: Old Norse /kaup/ (/bargain/) {{{phon(kɑup)}}} » Early Middle
+  Eittlandic {{{phon(kɑʊp)}}}
+
+*** {s,z} / _C[+plos] » ʃ
+If {{{phon(s)}}} or {{{phon(z)}}} precede a plosive consonant, they become
+palatalized into a {{{phon(ʃ)}}} --- the distinction between «s» and «z» is
+lost.
+
++ Example ::
+  - Old Norse /fiskr/ (/fish/) {{{phon(fiskr̩)}}} » Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(fiʃkr̩)}}}
+  - Early Old Norse /vizka/ (/wisdom/) {{{phon(βizkɑ)}}} » Middle Eittlandic
+    /viska/ {{{phon(βiʃk)}}}
+
+Note that in the Modern Eittlandic orthography, the «z» is replaced
+with an «s».
+
+*** f / {V,C[+voice]}_ {V,C[+voice],#} » v
+When a «f» is either surrounded by voice phonemes or is preceded by a
+voiced phoneme and ends a word, it gets voiced into a {{{phon(v)}}}.
+
++ Example :: Old Norse /úlf/ (wolf) {{{phon(uːlf)}}} » Middle Eittlandic /úlv/ {{{phon(uːlv)}}}.
+
+*** l / _j » ʎ
+When followed by a «j», any «l» becomes a {{{phon(ʎ)}}}, merging with the
+following «j».
+
++ Example :: Early Middle Eittlandic /skilja/ (to understand, to
+  distinguish) {{{phon(ʃkiljə)}}} » Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiʎə)}}}
+
+*** ə[-long] / C_# » ∅
+As described in the [[*Vː / _# » ə][rule 6]], the schwa resulting from it kept its long
+vowel feature although it wasn’t pronounced anymore. This resulted in
+the current rule making all schwas resulting from short vowels at the
+end of words to disappear when following a voiced consonant. This
+basically boils down to any former short vowel following a «j» in
+word-final position.
+
++ Example :: Middle Eittlandic (to understand, to distinguish)
+  {{{phon(ʃkiʎə)}}} » Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃkiʎ)}}}
+
+*** ɑʊ » oː
+Sometime in the 15th century, any occurence of «au», pronounced by
+then {{{phon(ɑʊ)}}}, began shifting to {{{phon(oː)}}}.
+
++ Example :: Early Middle Eittlandic /kaup/ (/bargain/) {{{phon(/kɑʊp/)}}} » Late
+  Middle Eittlandic /kaup/ (/commerce/) {{{phon(koːp)}}}
+
+*** C[+long +plos -voice] » C[+fric] ! / _C » C[+long +plos] » C[-long]
+Unless followed by another consonant, any unvoiced long plosive
+consonant becomes a short affricate while other long plosives simply
+become shorter.
+
++ Example ::
+  - Old Norse /edda/ (great grandmother) {{{phon(edːɑ)}}} » Late Middle Eittlandic
+    /edda/ (great grandmother, femalle ancestor) {{{phon(edɑ)}}}
+  - Old Norse /Eittland/ {{{phon(eitːlɑnd)}}} » Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(eitlɑnd)}}}
+  - Old Norse /uppá/ (/upon/) {{{phon(upːɑː)}}} » Late Middle Eittlandic {{{phon(upɸə)}}}
+
+*** r » ʁ (Eastern Eittlandic)
+From the beginning of the 16th century, the Eastern Eittlandic {{{phon(r)}}}
+began morphing into an {{{phon(ʁ)}}} in all contexts except in word-final
+«-r», remanants of Old Norse’s nominative «-R». This is typical in the
+Eastern region of Eittland and it can be even heard in some dialects
+of Southern Eittlandic.
+
++ Example ::
+  - Old Norse /dratta/ (/to trail/ or /walk like a cow/) {{{phon(drɑtʃ)}}} » Eastern Modern
+    Eittlandic /dratt/ (/act mindlessly/) {{{phon(dʁɑtʃ)}}}
+  - Early Old Norse /fjárdráttr/ (/(unfairly) making money/)
+    {{{phon(fjɑːdrɑːtːr̩)}}} » Eastern Modern Eittlandic /fjárdráttr/ (/to scam/)
+    {{{phon(fjɛʁdʁɛtr̩)}}}
+
+*** Great Vowel Shift
+The great vowel shift happened during the 16th and 17th century during
+which long vowels underwent a length loss, transforming them into
+different short vowels. Only three rules governed this shift:
+- V[+high +long] » V[-high -long]
+- V[+tense +long] » V[-tense -long]
+- V[-tense +long] » V[-long -low]
+
+Hence, the vowels evolved as shown in the table below.
+#+name: vow:eittland:evolution
+#+caption: Evolution of Old Norse long vowels to Eittlandic short vowels
+| Orthography | Old Eittlandic vowel | Modern Eittlandic Vowel |
+|-------------+----------------------+-------------------------|
+| á           | {{{phon(ɑː)}}}             | {{{phon(ɛ)}}}                 |
+| é           | {{{phon(eː)}}}             | {{{phon(ɛ)}}}                 |
+| í           | {{{phon(iː)}}}             | {{{phon(e)}}}                 |
+| ó           | {{{phon(oː)}}}             | {{{phon(ɔ)}}}                 |
+| œ (ǿ)       | {{{phon(øː)}}}             | {{{phon(œ)}}}                 |
+| ú           | {{{phon(uː)}}}             | {{{phon(o)}}}                 |
+| ý           | {{{phon(yː)}}}             | {{{phon(ø)}}}                 |
+
+As you can see, some overlap is possible from Old Norse vowels and
+Modern Eittlandic vowels. For instance, Eittlanders will read «e» and
+«í» both as an {{{phon(e)}}}.
+
++ Examples ::
+  - Middle Eittlandic /sjá/ (/to see/) {{{phon(ʃɑː)}}} » Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ʃɛ)}}}
+  - Old Norse /fé/ (/cattle/) {{{phon(feː)}}} » Modern Eittlandic /fé/ (wealth) {{{phon(fɛ)}}}
+  - Late Proto-Norse /hví/ (/why/) {{{phon(hʷiː)}}} » Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(ʍe)}}}
+  - Old Norse /bók/ (/beech/, /book/) {{{phon(boːk)}}} » Modern Eittlandic (/book/)
+    {{{phon(bɔk)}}}
+  - Early Old Norse /œgir/ (/frightener/, /terrifier/) {{{phon(øːɡir)}}} » Modern
+    Eittlandic /Œgir/ (a kind of mythical beast) {{{phon(œjir)}}}
+  - Middle Eittlandic /úlv/ (/wolf/) {{{phon(uːlv)}}} » Modern Eittlandic {{{phon(olv)}}}
+
+Diphthongs also evolved following these rules:
+- {{{phon(ei)}}} » {{{phon(ɑɪ)}}}
+- {{{phon(ou)}}} » {{{phon(ɔʊ)}}}
+- {{{phon(øy)}}} » {{{phon(œʏ)}}}
+
+*** V / _N » Ṽ[-tense] ! V[+high] (Southern Eittlandic)
+When preceding a nasal, any vowel that is not high as determined by
+the vowel tree in [[*Vowel Inventory][Vowel Inventory]] gets nasalized when preceding a
+nasal consonant and loses its tenseness if it has any. Hence, the
+pronunciation of the «a» in /Eittland/ is {{{phon(ã)}}}. However, Old Norse
+/runa/ (rune) {{{phon(runɑ)}}} becomes /run/ (letter, character, rune) {{{phon(run)}}}
+without any nasalization.
+
+Note this evolution is mostly proeminent in the southern regions of
+Eittland and the city of Hundraðskip. It is less often documented in
+Eastern Eittland and almost undocumented in Western Eittland. It is
+more often documented in casual conversation buch rarer in formal
+conversation, especially when the majority of the speakers in a group
+are not southerners.
+
+*** t / _C » ʔ ! _ʃ
+When a {{{phon(t)}}} precedes another consonant, it becomes a glottal stop.
+
++ Example :: Early Modern Eittlandic /Eittland/ {{{phon(ɑɪtlɑnd)}}} » Modern
+  Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪʔlɑnd)}}}
+
+*** V^{U} » ə ! diphthongs (Western Eittlandic)
+A recent evolution in Western Eittland is weakening any unstressed
+vowel that is not a diphthong to a schwa. It is only documented in
+casual speech but almost never in formal speech.
+
++ Example ::
+  - Standard Eittlandic /ádreif/ (spray) {{{phon(ɛdrɑɪv)}}} » Western Casual
+    Eittlandic {{{phon(ɛdrɑɪv)}}}
+  - Standard Eittlandic /einlægr/ (/sincere/) {{{phon(ɑɪnlæɡr)}}} » Western
+    Casual Eittlandic {{{phon(ɑɪnləɡr)}}}
+
+** Vowel Inventory
+Modern Eittlandic has a total of ten simple vowels and three
+diphthongs, regardless of the dialect. Unlike its ancestor language,
+Old Norse, it does not bear any distinction in vowel length anymore
+since the great vowel shift (see the [[*Great Vowel Shift][Great Vowel Shift]]). The first
+table below lists the Eittlandic simple vowels while the second table
+lists the Eittlandic diphthongs.
+
+#+name: tab:vow:ipa
+#+caption: Vowel inventory of Modern Eittlandic
+|       <r> |  <c>  | <c>  |
+|           | front | back |
+|-----------+-------+------|
+|     close |  i y  |  u   |
+| close-mid |  e ø  |  o   |
+|  open-mid |  ɛ œ  |  ɔ   |
+|      open |       |  ɑ   |
+
+#+name: tab:vow:dipththongs
+#+caption: Diphthongs of Modern Eittlandic
+| diphthong | phonetics |
+|    <c>    |    <c>    |
+|-----------+-----------|
+|    ei     | {{{phon(ɑɪ)}}}  |
+|    au     | {{{phon(ɔʊ)}}}  |
+|    ey     |  {{{phon(œʏ)}}}  |
+
+#+name: vow-dot-gen
+#+header: :var vowels=vowels-featural-list
+#+begin_src emacs-lisp :wrap "src dot :file eittland/vowel-feature-tree.png :exports none"
+(conlanging-list-to-graphviz vowels)
+#+end_src
+
+#+RESULTS[a09b27a1d20480fac7c5b832d8573babcfaa929f]: vow-dot-gen
+#+begin_src dot :file eittland/vowel-feature-tree.png :exports none
+graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jqz0zl768va"[label="vowels"];"+high-0jqz0zl768vg"[label="+high"];"vowels-0jqz0zl768va"--"+high-0jqz0zl768vg";"+round-0jqz0zl768vi"[label="+round"];"+high-0jqz0zl768vg"--"+round-0jqz0zl768vi";"+front-0jqz0zl768vk"[label="+front"];"+round-0jqz0zl768vi"--"+front-0jqz0zl768vk";"/y/-0jqz0zl768vm"[label="/y/"];"+front-0jqz0zl768vk"--"/y/-0jqz0zl768vm";"-front-0jqz0zl768vr"[label="-front"];"+round-0jqz0zl768vi"--"-front-0jqz0zl768vr";"/u/-0jqz0zl768vs"[label="/u/"];"-front-0jqz0zl768vr"--"/u/-0jqz0zl768vs";"-round-0jqz0zl768w1"[label="-round"];"+high-0jqz0zl768vg"--"-round-0jqz0zl768w1";"/i/-0jqz0zl768w3"[label="/i/"];"-round-0jqz0zl768w1"--"/i/-0jqz0zl768w3";"-high-0jqz0zl768wg"[label="-high"];"vowels-0jqz0zl768va"--"-high-0jqz0zl768wg";"+round-0jqz0zl768wh"[label="+round"];"-high-0jqz0zl768wg"--"+round-0jqz0zl768wh";"+tense-0jqz0zl768wj"[label="+tense"];"+round-0jqz0zl768wh"--"+tense-0jqz0zl768wj";"+front-0jqz0zl768wl"[label="+front"];"+tense-0jqz0zl768wj"--"+front-0jqz0zl768wl";"/ø/-0jqz0zl768wn"[label="/ø/"];"+front-0jqz0zl768wl"--"/ø/-0jqz0zl768wn";"-front-0jqz0zl768ws"[label="-front"];"+tense-0jqz0zl768wj"--"-front-0jqz0zl768ws";"/o/-0jqz0zl768wu"[label="/o/"];"-front-0jqz0zl768ws"--"/o/-0jqz0zl768wu";"-tense-0jqz0zl768x3"[label="-tense"];"+round-0jqz0zl768wh"--"-tense-0jqz0zl768x3";"+low-0jqz0zl768x5"[label="+low"];"-tense-0jqz0zl768x3"--"+low-0jqz0zl768x5";"/œ/-0jqz0zl768x8"[label="/œ/"];"+low-0jqz0zl768x5"--"/œ/-0jqz0zl768x8";"-low-0jqz0zl768xc"[label="-low"];"-tense-0jqz0zl768x3"--"-low-0jqz0zl768xc";"/ɔ/-0jqz0zl768xe"[label="/ɔ/"];"-low-0jqz0zl768xc"--"/ɔ/-0jqz0zl768xe";"-round-0jqz0zl768xx"[label="-round"];"-high-0jqz0zl768wg"--"-round-0jqz0zl768xx";"+tense-0jqz0zl768xz"[label="+tense"];"-round-0jqz0zl768xx"--"+tense-0jqz0zl768xz";"/e/-0jqz0zl768y1"[label="/e/"];"+tense-0jqz0zl768xz"--"/e/-0jqz0zl768y1";"-tense-0jqz0zl768y5"[label="-tense"];"-round-0jqz0zl768xx"--"-tense-0jqz0zl768y5";"+low-0jqz0zl768y7"[label="+low"];"-tense-0jqz0zl768y5"--"+low-0jqz0zl768y7";"/ɑ/-0jqz0zl768y9"[label="/ɑ/"];"+low-0jqz0zl768y7"--"/ɑ/-0jqz0zl768y9";"-low-0jqz0zl768yd"[label="-low"];"-tense-0jqz0zl768y5"--"-low-0jqz0zl768yd";"/ɛ/-0jqz0zl768yf"[label="/ɛ/"];"-low-0jqz0zl768yd"--"/ɛ/-0jqz0zl768yf";}
+#+end_src
+
+#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/eittlandic/vowel-feature-tree.png" alt="Eittlandic Vowel Featural Tree">Eittlandic Vowels Featural Tree</ImgFigure>
+
+- a {{{phon(ɑ)}}} ::
+- á {{{phon(ɛ)}}} ::
+- æ {{{phon(ɛ)}}} ::
+- e {{{phon(e)}}} ::
+- é {{{phon(ɛ)}}} ::
+- i {{{phon(i)}}} ::
+- í {{{phon(e)}}} ::
+- o {{{phon(o)}}} ::
+- ó {{{phon(ɔ)}}} ::
+- u {{{phon(u)}}} ::
+- ú {{{phon(o)}}} ::
+- y {{{phon(y)}}} ::
+- ý {{{phon(ø)}}} ::
+
+*** Private Data                                                :noexport:
+#+name: vowels-featural-list
+- vowels
+  - +high
+    - +round
+      - +front
+        - /y/
+      - -front
+        - /u/
+    - -round
+      - /i/
+  - -high
+    - +round
+      - +tense
+        - +front
+          - /ø/
+        - -front
+          - /o/
+      - -tense
+        - +low
+          - /œ/
+        - -low
+          - /ɔ/
+    - -round
+      - +tense
+        - /e/
+      - -tense
+        - +low
+          - /ɑ/
+        - -low
+          - /ɛ/
+
+** Consonant Inventory
+
+*** Private Data                                                :noexport:
+
+** Pitch and Stress
+
+** Regional accents
+Eittlandic is a language in which three distinct main dialects exist
+with their own accent. These three main dialects are Eastern
+Eittlandic spoken in the majority Kingdom of Hylfjaltr, Western
+Eittlandic spoken in the majority of the Kingdom of Ðeberget, and
+Southern Eittlandic spoken on the southern parts of the island,
+regardess of the legal kingdom (see the map shown in [[file:./country.md#culture][Culture]]. Three
+main elements of their respective accent were presented above in [[*r » ʁ (Eastern Eittlandic)][rule
+18]], [[*V / _N » Ṽ\[-tense\] ! V\[+high\] (Southern Eittlandic)][rule 20]] and [[*V^{U} » ə ! diphthongs (Western Eittlandic)][rule 22]].
+
+Some regional variation can be also found in these dialects, although
+less significant and less consistantly than the changes mentioned
+above. As such, we can find in some rural parts of the Eastern
+Eittlandic dialect area high vowels slightly more open than their
+equivalent in Standard Eittlandic, as shown in table below.
+#+name: vow:accent:east
+#+caption: Equivalence Between Eastern Eittlandic and Standard Eittlandic
+|           <c>            |         <c>         |
+| Rural Eastern Eittlandic | Standard Eittlandic |
+|--------------------------+---------------------|
+|         {{{phon(i)}}}          |       {{{phon(ɪ)}}}       |
+|         {{{phon(y)}}}          |       {{{phon(ʏ)}}}        |
+|         {{{phon(u)}}}          |       {{{phon(ʊ)}}}       |
+
+On the other hand, Southern Eittlandic tends to front its {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into
+{{{phon(a)}}} after nasal consonants and glides and into {{{phon(ɐ)}}} otherwise.

docs/eittlandic/syntax.org

@@ -0,0 +1,415 @@
+#+setupfile: ../headers
+
+* Syntax
+** Word Structure                                                 :noexport:
+** Word Classes
+*** Nouns                                                             :noexport:
+# - What are the distributional properties of nouns?
+# - What are the structural properties of nouns?
+# - What are the major formally distinct subcategories of nouns?
+# - What is the basic structure of the noun word (for polysynthetic
+#   languages) and/or noun phrases (for more isolating languages)?
+
+**** Countables and Uncountables                                      :noexport:
+**** Proper Nouns                                                     :noexport:
+*** Pronouns and Anaphoric Clitics                                    :noexport:
+# - Does the language have free pronouns and/or anaphoric clitics?
+#   (These are distinct from grammatical agreement.)
+# - Give a chart of the free pronouns and/or anaphoric clitics.
+**** Personal Pronouns
+**** Demonstrative Pronouns
+**** Possessive Pronouns
+*** Verbs                                                             :noexport:
+# - What are the distributional properties of verbs?
+# - What are the structural properties of verbs?
+# - What are the major subclasses of verbs?
+# - Describe the order of various verbal operators within the verbal
+# - word or verb phrase.
+# - Give charts of th
+# - tense/aspect/mode, etc. Indicate major allomorphic variants.
+# - Are directional and/or locational notions expressed in the verb or
+# - verb phrase at all?
+#   - Is this operation obligatory, i.e. does one member of the
+#     paradigm have to occur in every finite verb or verb phrase?
+#   - Is it productiv
+#     verb stems, and does it have the same meaning with each one?
+#     (Nothing is fully productive, but some operations are more
+#     productive than others.)
+#   - Is this operation primarily coded morphologically, analytically,
+#     or lexically? Are there any exceptions to the general case?
+#   - Where in the verb phrase or verbal word is this operation likely
+#     to appear? Can it occur in more than one place?
+**** Verbal Structure
+**** Verbal Derivations
+**** Verbal Inflexions
+*** Modifiers
+# - If you posit a morphosyntactic category of adjectives, give
+#   evidence for not grouping theseforms with the verbs or nouns. What
+#   characterizes a form as being an adjective in this language?
+# - How can you characterize semantically the class of concepts coded
+#   by this formal category?
+# - Do adjectives agr
+#   noun class)?
+# - What kind of syst
+# - How high can a fluent native speaker count without resorting
+#   either to words from another language or to a generic word like
+#   /many/? Exemplify the system up to this point.
+# - Do numerals agree with their head nouns (number, case, noun
+#   class, ...)?
+**** Descriptive Adjectives                                           :noexport:
+**** Non-Numeral Quantifiers                                          :noexport:
+**** Numerals
+
+*** Adverbs                                                           :noexport:
+# - What characterikes a form as being an adverb in this language? If
+#   you posit a distinct class of adverbs, argue for why these forms
+#   should not be treated as nouns, verbs, or adjectives.
+# - For each kind of adverb listed in this section, list a few members
+#   of the type, and specify whether there are any restrictions
+#   relavite to that type, e.g. where they can come in a clause, any
+#   morphemes common to the type, etc.
+# - Are any of these classes of adverbs related to older
+#   complement-taking (matrix) verbs?
+*** Adpositions                                                       :noexport:
+*** Grammatical Particules                                            :noexport:
+** Constituants Order Typology                                    :noexport:
+*** Constituants Order in Main Clauses
+# - What is the neutral order of free elements in the unit?
+# - Are there variations?
+# - How do the variant orders function?
+# - Specific to the main clause constituent order: What is the
+#   pragmatically neutral order of constituents (A/S, P, and V) in
+#   basic clauses of the language?
+*** Constituants Order in Nominal Clauses
+# - Describe the order(s) of elements in the noun phrase.
+*** Constituants Order in Verbal Clauses
+# - Where do auxliari
+#   verb?
+# - Where do verb-phrase adverbs occur with respect to the verb and
+#   auxiliaries?
+*** Adpositional Phrases
+# - Is the language dominantly prepositional or post-positional? Give
+#   examples.
+# - Do many adpositions come from nouns or verbs?
+*** Comparatives
+# - Does the language have one or more grammaticalized comparative
+#   constructions? If so, what is the order of the standard, the
+#   marker and the quality by which an item is compared to the
+#   standard?
+*** Questions
+# - In yes/no questions, if there is a question particle, where does
+#   it occur?
+# - In information qu
+** Structure of a Nominal Group
+*** Composed Words                                               :noexport:
+# - Is there noun-noun compounding that results in a noun (e.g.
+#   /windshield/)?
+# - How do you know it is compounding?
+# - Is there noun-verb (or verb-noun) compounding that results in a
+#   noun (e.g. /pickpocket/, /scarecrow/)?
+# - Are these process
+#   can-opener)? How common is compounding?
+*** Denominalization                                             :noexport:
+# - Are there any processes (productive or not) that form a verb from
+#   a noun?
+# - An adjective from a noun?
+# - An adverb from a noun?
+*** Numbers                                                      :noexport:
+# - Is number express
+# - Is the distinction between singular and non-singular obligatory,
+#   optional, or completely absent in the noun phrase?
+# - If number marking is “optional”, when does it tend to occur, and
+#   when does it tend not to occur?
+# - If number marking is obligatory, is number overtly expressed for
+#   all noun phrases or only some subclasses of noun phrases, such as
+#   animate?
+# - What non-singular distinctions are there?
+*** Grammatical Case
+# - Do nouns exhibit morphological case?
+# - If so, what are the cases? (The functions of the cases will be
+#   elaborated in lat
+**** Cases in Modern Eittlandic
+Although seldom visible, as described in [[file:./syntax.md#case-marking][Case Marking]], cases still
+remain part of the Eittlandic grammar, expressed through its syntax
+rather than explicit marking on its nouns and adjectives. Four
+different grammatical cases exist in this language: the *nominative*,
+*accusative*, *genitive*, and *dative* case.
+- The *nominative* case represents the subject of a sentence, that is,
+  the subject of intransitive clauses and the agent of transitive
+  clauses. As we’ll see below, it is morphologically marked only in
+  dialects other than Standard Eittlandic, and only if the word is a
+  strong masculine word.
+- On the other hand *accusative*, like Old Norse, usually marks the
+  object of a verb, but it can also express time-related ideas such as
+  a duration in time, or after some prepositions. It is also the
+  default case when a noun has no clear status in a clause, and it can
+  as such serve as a vocative.
+- *Dative* usually marks indirect objects of verbs in Old Norse, though
+  it can also often mark direct objects depending on the verb used.
+
+**** Case Marking
+Although present in Early Old Norse, the use of grammatical cases has
+been on the decline since the Great Vowel Shift (see [[file:phonology.md#great-vowel-shift][Phonology: Great
+Vowel Shift]]). Due to the general loss of word-final short vowels and
+to regularization of its nouns, Eittlandic lost almost all of weak
+nouns’ inflexions and a good amount in its strong nouns’ inflexions.
+On top of this, the root of most nouns got regularized, getting rid of
+former umlauts. Hence, while in Old Norse one might find the table
+below presented in Cleasby and Vigfusson (1874), Modern Eittlandic is
+simplified to the table following it.
+
+#+name: tbl:old-norse-noun-inflexions
+#+caption: 1st declension of strong nouns and declensions of masculine weak nouns in Old Norse
+| / |        <r> |                  |                 |               |                |
+|   |            | Strong Masculine | Strong Feminine | Strong Neuter | Weak Masculine |
+|---+------------+------------------+-----------------+---------------+----------------|
+|   | Sing. Nom. | heim-r           | tíð             | skip          | tím-i          |
+|   |       Acc. | heim             | tíð             | skip          | tím-a          |
+|   |       Gen. | heim-s           | tíð-ar          | skip-s        | tím-a          |
+|   |       Dat. | heim-i           | tíð             | skip-i        | tím-a          |
+|   | Plur. Nom. | heim-ar          | tíð-ir          | skip          | tím-ar         |
+|   |       Acc. | heim-a           | tíð-ir          | skip          | tím-a          |
+|   |       Gen. | heim-a           | tíð-a           | skip-a        | tím-a          |
+|   |       Dat. | heim-um          | tíð-um          | skip-um       | tím-um         |
+
+#+name: tbl:eittlandic-example-noun-inflexions
+#+caption: Declensions for strong and weak nouns in Modern Eittlandic
+| / |        <r> |               |               |            |
+|   |            | Strong Common | Strong Neuter | Weak Nouns |
+|---+------------+---------------+---------------+------------|
+|   | Sing. Nom. | heim-r        | skip          | tím        |
+|   |       Acc. | heim          | skip          | tím        |
+|   |       Gen. | heim-ar       | skip-s        | tím-s      |
+|   |       Dat. | heim          | skip          | tím        |
+|   | Plur. Nom. | heim-r        | skip          | tím-r      |
+|   |       Acc. | heim          | skip          | tím        |
+|   |       Gen. | heim-ar       | skip-s        | tím-s      |
+|   |       Dat. | heim-um       | skip-um       | tím-um     |
+
+As you can see, a good amount of declensions disappeared from nouns,
+with only four marked cases for strong common nouns and two for strong
+neuter and weak nouns. The declension system completely merged weak
+nouns which are no longer distinguished by gender. Strong masculine
+and strong feminine also got merged into strong common.
+
+Declensions are no longer productive in almost all Modern Eittlandic
+dialects. They are still mostly used in formal and written speech, but
+they are less and less used in less formal circumstances and in oral
+speech. The Royal Academy for Literature, which authored Standard
+Eittlandic, even recommends not using grammatical cases when using
+this dialect as they are reduntand with other syntactic strategies.
+While the recommendation is mostly followed, speakers still tend to
+use the singular genetive declension oraly. Younger folks at the time
+of writing even tend to regularize it as /-ar/ for strong neuter and
+weak nouns.
+
+The only exception to declensions no longer being productive is in the
+Hylfjaltr Kingdom’s exclave in southern Eittland where speakers of its
+local dialect tend instead to favor strong nouns for newer terms.
+Hence, while most dialects agree on “internet” (pl.nom /internetr/,
+pl.dat /internetum/) being a weak noun, this dialect treats it as either
+a strong feminine (sg.gen /internetar/, pl.nom&acc /internetr/, pl.dat
+/internetum/) or a strong neuter (sg.gen /internets/, pl.dat /internetum/)
+--- the difference is due to subdivisions in said dialect, mainly
+between rural and urban areas favoring the former and the latter
+respectively.
+
+There are some regular exceptions to the declension system. The first
+one, inherited from Old Norse, is the /-r/ suffix becoming /-n/ or /-l/ when
+a noun ends with an «n» or an «l» respectively, hence the table below
+showing the declensions of strong masculine /himn/ (/heaven/) and strong
+feminine /hafn/ (/harbour/, /haven/).
+#+name: tbl:irregular-noun-declensions
+|        <r> |        |        |
+|            | himn   | hafn   |
+|------------+--------+--------|
+| Sing. Nom. | himnn  | hafnn  |
+|       Acc. | himn   | hafn   |
+|       Gen. | himnar | hafnar |
+|       Dat. | himn   | hafn   |
+| Plur. Nom. | himnn  | hafnn  |
+|       Acc. | himn   | hafn   |
+|       Gen. | himnar | hafnar |
+|       Dat. | himnum | hafnum |
+
+During the last five centuries, the root of the word got regularized
+so that only one or two forms are allowed. Due to umlaut or ablaut, it
+is possible the main vowel of a word changes between its singular and
+plural form, even sometimes affecting its dative form. These changes
+are due to old vowels long gone since --- with most even gone by the
+time of Old Norse. These changes mainly remains in a few common words.
+The table below gives some examples of such irregularities. These
+words are marked as irregular in the dictionary.
+#+name: tbl:irregularities-root-nouns
+ |        <r> |             |           |           |            |
+ |            | kettle (m.) | foot (m.) | book (f.) | water (n.) |
+ |------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+------------|
+ | Sing. Nom. | ketll       | fótr      | bók       | vatn       |
+ |       Gen. | ketl        | fót       | bók       | vatn       |
+ |       Acc. | ketlar      | fótar     | bókar     | vatn       |
+ |       Dat. | ketl        | fót       | bók       | vatn       |
+ | Plur. Nom. | katll       | fœtr      | bœkr      | vótnn      |
+ |       Acc. | katl        | fœt       | bœkr      | vótn       |
+ |       Gen. | katl        | fœt       | bœk       | vótn       |
+ |       Dat. | katlum      | fótum     | bókum     | vótnum     |
+
+*** Articles and Demonstratives
+# - Do noun phrases have articles?
+# - If so, are they obligatory or optional, and under what
+#   circumstances do they occur?
+# - Are they separate words, or bound morphemes?
+# - Is there a class of classes of demonstratives as distinct from
+#   articles?
+# - How many degrees of distance are there in the system of
+#   demontsratives?
+# - Are there other distinctions beside distances?
+
+When the noun of a nominal group is not a mass noun or a proper noun,
+an article must accompany it, except for indefinite plural nouns.
+
+**** Indefinite Article
+The indefinite article is /einn/, the same term as /one/ in Eittlandic. It
+agrees in declension with its noun, though it is to be noted its
+declension is irregular, as seen in table below. Similarly, other
+numerals have declensions as discussed in [[file:word-structure-and-classes.md#numerals][Word Classes: Numerals]].
+#+name: tbl:declension-einn
+|      | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
+|------+-----------+----------+--------|
+| Nom. | einn      | ein      | eit    |
+| Acc. | ein       | ein      | eit    |
+| Dat. | ein       | einn     | eits   |
+| Gen. | einn      | ein      | eit    |
+
+**** Definite articles
+As in other scandinavian languages, definite articles in Eittlandic
+act as suffixes to the noun and fully replace its declension as it has
+case marking itself. The full declension table of definite articles
+can be found in the table below. As we can see, the definite articles
+underwent an important regularization as well as merging strong neuter
+and weak nouns together.
+#+name: tbl:definite-articles
+| / |        <r> |               |                              |
+|   |            | Strong Common | Strong Neuter and Weak Nouns |
+|---+------------+---------------+------------------------------|
+|   | Sing. Nom. | -(i)nn        | -(i)t                        |
+|   |       Acc. | -(i)n         | -(i)t                        |
+|   |       Gen. | -(i)ns        | -(i)ts                       |
+|   |       Dat. | -(i)n         | -(i)t                        |
+|   | Plur. Nom. | -(i)nn        | -(i)tr                       |
+|   |       Acc. | -(i)n         | -(i)t                        |
+|   |       Gen. | -(i)n         | -(i)t                        |
+|   |       Dat. | -(i)num       | -(i)tum                      |
+
+The initial /i/ is only used when using the definite articles as a
+suffix would cause a consonant cluster forbidden by Eittlandic
+phonology, otherwise it is omitted. An example of the former case is
+with /vatn/ (/water/) which becomes /vatnits/ when in its definite singular
+genitive form, while /øy/ (/island/) becomes /øyns/ in the same form. Like
+the indefinite article, the suffix agrees in gender, agreeing either
+with strong masculine or feminine words (or as established before,
+strong common) or with strong neuter and weak nouns.
+
+The use of definite articles with nouns is further discussed in
+[[file:./syntax.md#definiteness][Definiteness]].
+
+*** Definiteness
+Definiteness in Eittlandic serves multiple purposes. Its most obvious
+one is to distinguish between an indefinite and a definite entity, as
+in English /a dog/ or /the dog/, respectively /einn hundr/ and /hundinn/, as
+discussed in [[file:./syntax.md#articles-and-demonstratives][Articles and Demonstratives]].
+
+However, definiteness is also necessary with suffixed possessives and
+demonstrative.
+
+*** Possessives
+# - How are possessors expressed in the noun phrase?
+# - Do nouns agree with their possessors? Do possessors agree with
+#   possessed nouns? Neither, or both?
+# - Is there a distinction between alienable and inalienable
+#   possesson?
+# - Are there other types of possession?
+# - When the possessor is a full noun, where does it usually come with
+#   respect to the possessed noun?
+*** Gender
+# - Is there a noun class system?
+# - What are the classes and how are they manifested in the noun
+#   phrase?
+# - What dimension of reality is most central to the noun class system
+#   (e.g. animacy, shape, function, etc.)? What other dimensions are
+#   relevant?
+# - Do the classifiers occur with numerals? Adjectives? Verbs?
+# - What is their function in these contexts?
+Eittlandic inherited from Old Norse a gender system divided into three
+genders: male, female, and neuter. Although the number of elements
+marking it declined during its evolution, Eittlandic still marks
+gender in its strong nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and to a certain
+degree in its articles. However, as mentioned in [[file:./syntax.md#case-marking][Case Marking]], case
+marking and by extensions gender marking is slowly disappearing in
+Modern Eittlandic nouns and adjectives.
+
+Due to the presence of declensions with strong nouns and
+adjectives, its pronouns, and to a certain degree different articles,
+it can still be said Eittlandic is a gendered language although it
+doesn’t hold much importance in its grammar anymore. Since strong
+nouns aren’t productive anymore and weak nouns lost all obvious gender
+differences, we can even consider gender as not productive anymore in
+Eittlandic and bound to eventually disappear. In fact, the loss of
+gender is even stronger in Standard Eittlandic due to the theoretical
+absence of declensions in this dialect.
+
+In case a strong noun is used with a strong adjective, both will agree
+in number and gender.
+
++ Examples:
+  - hvítr hund
+
+    white.m.sg.acc dog.m.sg.acc
+
+    white dog
+  - langir tungir
+
+    long.f.pl.acc tongues.f.pl.acc
+
+    long tongues
+
+*** Diminution and Augmentation                                    :noexport:
+# - Does the language employ diminutive and/or augmentative operators
+#   in the noun or noun phrase?
+# - Questions to answ
+#   - Is this operation obligatory, i.e. does one member of the
+#     paradigm have to occur in every full noun phrase?
+#   - Is it productiv
+#     full noun phras
+#     one? (Nothing is fully productive, but some operations are more
+#     so than others.)
+#   - Is this operation primarily expressed lexically,
+#     morphologically, or analytically?
+# - Where in the noun phrase is this operation likely to be located?
+# - Can it occur in more than one place?
+
+** Predicates and Linked Constructions                            :noexport:
+*** Nominal Predicates
+# - How are proper inclusion and equative predicates formed?
+# - What restrictions are there, if any, on the TAM marking of such
+#   clauses?
+*** Adjective Predicates
+# - How are predicate adjective formed? (Include a separate section on
+#   predicate adjectives only if they are structurally distinct from
+#   predicate nominals.)
+*** Locative Predicat
+# - How are locational clauses (or predicate locatives) formed?
+*** Existential Predicates
+# - How are existential clauses formed? (Give examples in different
+#   tense/aspects, especially if there is significant variation.)
+# - How are negative
+# - Are there extended uses of existential morphology? (Provide
+#   pointers to other relevant sections of the grammar.)
+*** Possessive Clauses
+# - How are possessiv
+** Verbal Groups Structure                                        :noexport:
+** Intransitive Clauses                                           :noexport:
+** Ditransitive Clauses                                           :noexport:
+** Dependent Type Clauses                                         :noexport:
+*** Non-Finite
+*** Semi-Finite
+*** Finite

docs/eittlandic/typology.org

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+#+setupfile: ../headers
+
+* Typological Outline of the Eittlandic Language
+# - Is the language dominantly isolating or polysynthetic?
+# - If the language is at all polysynthetic, is it dominantly
+#   agglutinative or fusional? Give examples of its dominant pattern
+#   and any secondary patterns.
+# - If the language is at all agglutinative, is it dominantly
+#   prefixing, suffixing or neither?
+# - Illustrate the major and secondary patterns (including infixation,
+#   stem modification, reduplication, suprasegmental modification, and
+#   suppletion).
+# - If the language is at all polysynthetic, is it dominantly
+#   "head-marking", "dependent-marking", or mixed?
+# - Give some examples of each type of marking the language exhibits.
+Over the last centuries, Eittlandic evolved to become a language
+leaning more and more towards an analytic language, losing its
+fusional aspect Old Eittlandic once had. It grammar now greatly relies
+on its syntax as well as on grammatical particules rather than on its
+morphology. Let’s take the following sentence as an example.
+
+- Barn etar fisk
+
+  barn et-ar fisk
+
+  child.nom eat-3sg fish.acc
+
+  A child is eating a fish
+
+In this sentence, the word order helps us understand the child is the
+subject of the sentence while its subject is /fisk/, although we have no
+information on their number; the sentence could also very well mean
+/children are eating fishes/. Unlike in Old Eittlandic where we could
+have the following sentences.
+
+- Barn etar fiska
+
+  barn et-ar fiska
+
+  child.nom eat-3sg fish-pl.acc
+
+  A child is eating fishes
+- Fiska etar barn
+
+  fisk-a et-ar barn
+
+  fish-pl.acc eat-3sg child.nom
+
+  A child is eating fishes
+
+Both have the same meaning as the Eittlandic sentence. However, the
+near-complete (or even complete in Standard Eittlandic) loss of case
+marking makes the sentence /fisk barn etar/ much more gruesome.
+
+- Fisk etar barn
+
+  fisk et-ar barn
+
+  fish.nom eat-3sg barn.acc
+
+  A fish is eating a child
+
+Eittlandic is a V-2 language, meaning in most cases, finite verbs are
+in second position in their clause and may be in first position
+interrogative clauses and dependent clauses, as shown below.
+- Han talð mér þat kom han hér í gær
+
+  han talð mér þat kom han hér í=gær
+
+  3sg.m.nom tell-3sg.pret 1sg.dat that come.3sg.pret 3sg.m.nom here yesterday
+
+  He told me he came here yesterday
+
+Loss of case marking also affected adjectives which share most of
+their declensions with nouns. The parts where Eittlandic retains its
+fusional aspect is with verbs, where loss of its words’ final vowel
+had much less impact, as we could see in /barn fisk etar/. In this case,
+/etar/ is the third person singular declension of the verb /et/, a weak
+verb.

docs/headers

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# -*- mode: org -*-
+#+AUTHOR: Lucien Cartier-Tilet
+#+EMAIL: lucien@phundrak.com
+#+CREATOR: Lucien Cartier-Tilet
+#+LANGUAGE: en
+
+# ### ORG OPTIONS ##############################################################
+
+#+options: H:4 broken_links:mark email:t ^:{} tex:dvisvgm toc:nil
+#+keywords: conlang, idéolangue, langue, langues, linguistique, linguistics, phundrak, drakpa
+#+startup: content align hideblocks
+#+property: header-args:emacs-lisp :noweb yes :exports none :eval yes :cache yes
+#+property: header-args:dot :dir img :exports results :eval yes :cache yes :class gentree
+
+# ### MACROS ###################################################################
+#+macro: newline @@html:<br>@@
+#+macro: latex-html @@latex:$1@@@@html:$2@@
+#+macro: phon @@html:/$1/@@
+#+macro: v @@html:<span class=vertical>$1</span>@@
+#+macro: begin-largetable @@html:<div class="largetable">@@
+#+macro: end-largetable @@html:</div>@@
+#+macro: recon *@@html:<i>$1</i>@@
+#+macro: rune (eval (conlanging-to-org-runes $1 'eittlandic))

docs/index.org

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#+title: P’undrak’s Constructed Languages
+#+setupfile: headers
+
+* P’undrak’s Constructed Languages
+** Introduction
+Hi, I’m P’undrak (pronounced {{{phon(pʰynɖak̚)}}}), also known as Lucien
+Cartier-Tilet. I create constructed languages and worlds, both for fun
+and for my literary universe. As you might have guessed with the name
+of this website, you will find here the documentation of my public
+constructed languages. If you want to know more about me, you can head
+to my [[https://phundrak.com/en][main website]].

docs/proto-nyqy/culture-and-people.org

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#+setupfile: ../headers
+* Culture of the Proto-Ñyqy People
+While the Proto-Ñyqy is the most well attested cultural and linguistic
+family, the temporal distance between the Proto-Ñyqy people and us
+makes it extremely hard to reconstruct anything. The various branches
+of the Ñyqy family evolved over the past eight to twelve past
+millenia, and some changed pretty drastically compared to their
+ancestors. Therefore, do not expect an in-depth description of what
+their society was like, but rather what could be considered an
+overview compared to some other culture descriptions.
+
+** The Name of the Language
+First, it is important to know where the name of this language came
+from. Since it has such a wide spread in this world, giving it a name
+based on where its daughter branches went would give it a very long
+name, or with a shorter one we would have very boring or limited names
+--- the “Proto-Northern-Southern” language doesn’t sound very good,
+and the “Proto-Mojhal-Andelian” language leaves other major branches
+out, such as the Pritian branch which we cannot ommit, just as the
+Mojhal and Andelian branches. So, researchers went with the
+reconstructed word for the inclusive /we/: {{{recon(ñyqy)}}}. It itself is a
+coumpound word made up of {{{recon(ñy)}}}, which is the first person
+pronoun, and {{{recon(qy)}}} which is sometimes used as a grammatical
+morpheme indicating a plural --- it also means six, as we will later
+on, the number system of the Proto-Ñyqy people was a bit complex.
+
+** Geographical Location
+It is often very hard to find the location of very old reconstructed
+languages, such as the Proto-Mojhal language itself which location is
+still not clearly known despite its name. But when it comes to the
+Proto-Ñyqy people, we have a surprisingly good idea of where they
+were: in the hot rainforests of the northern main continent, most
+probably near nowadays’ Rhesodia. We know this thanks to some of their
+reconstructed words which are typical for the other people that lived
+or still live in hot rainforests, and these terms are older than the
+split between the northern and southern groups. For instance, both
+groups have a common ancestor word for /bongo/, {{{recon(zebec)}}}, as well as
+for the /bonobo/, {{{recon(pœwec)}}}, which are only found in these
+rainforests.
+
+** Society
+The Proto-Ñyqy was a matriachal society, led most likely by older
+women who had an important spiritual role. This cultural trait is
+found in numerous daughter branches of the Ñyqy family, and it would
+be unreasonable to think a large amount of them would change in the
+same way despite many branches being most likely disconnected from one
+another, and the patriarchal branches almost all retained women as
+their spiritual figurehead, even if political power passed in the
+hands of men.
+
+** Religion and Beliefs
+This question might be the hardest of all to answer, as we can only
+speculate based on the religions the daughter cultures of the Ñyqy
+family had, as well as the few hints we can get through the Proto-Ñyqy
+vocabulary. Through this keyhole, dusted by millenia of cultural and
+linguistic changes, we can offer an initial answer. It seems the
+Proto-Ñyqy reveered several gods, with however one god or goddes above
+them called {{{recon(Qiisci)}}}, that might have been to them some form of
+queen or some sort of god for the gods themselves. We can find for
+instance this figure in the Mojhal patheon under the name of Kísce.
+Other than the parental figure of this divinity, their role is vastly
+unknown.
+
+** Personal Names                                                 :noexport:

docs/proto-nyqy/dictionary.org

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+#+setupfile: ../headers
+* Dictionary
+** B
+*** {{{recon(beñ)}}}
+  1. (n) tooth/teeth
+*** {{{recon(bin)}}}
+  1. (n) something bad, badness
+  2. (n) mischief, ill-will, maliciousness
+  3. (n) dirtiness
+
+** C
+*** {{{recon(cø)}}}
+  1. (pron) my, first person singular possessive pronoun
+
+** E
+
+** G
+
+** I
+
+** J
+
+** M
+
+** N
+*** {{{recon(noc)}}}
+  1. (n) old age
+  2. (n) elderly person
+*** {{{recon(núc)}}}
+  1. (n) youth
+  2. (n) youngster, teenager
+
+** Ñ
+*** {{{recon(ñocm)}}}
+  1. (n) human being
+  2. (n) someone
+*** {{{recon(ñe)}}}
+  1. (n) house
+
+** O
+
+** Ø
+
+** Œ
+
+** P
+*** {{{recon(pœwec)}}}
+  1. (n) bonobo
+*** {{{recon(pom)}}}
+  1. genitive particle
+
+** Q
+*** {{{recon(qy)}}}
+  1. (pron) first person singular
+
+** S
+
+** U
+
+** Ú
+
+** W
+
+** Y
+*** {{{recon(yq)}}}
+  1. demonstrative of proximity, designating something visible by but
+     far from both speakers.
+
+** Z
+*** {{{recon(zebec)}}}
+  1. (n) bongo (antelope)

docs/proto-nyqy/functional-system.org

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#+setupfile: ../headers
+* Functional System
+** Grammatical Relationship                                        :noexport:
+# Examplify some simple intransitive, transitive, and ditransitive
+# clauses. Three-argument clauses may not unequivocally exist.
+# - What are the grammatical erlations of this language? Give
+#   morphosyntactic evidence for each one that you propose.
+#   - Subject?
+#   - Ergative?
+#   - Absolutive?
+#   - Direct object?
+#   - Indirect object?
+#   There are basically four possible sources of evidence for
+#   grammatical relations:
+#   - morphological case on NPs
+#   - person marking on verbs
+#   - constituent order
+#   - some pragmatic hierarchy
+# - Is the system of grammatical relations in basic (affirmative,
+#   declarative) clauses organized according to a
+#   nominative/accusative, ergative/absolutive, tripartite, or some
+#   other system?
+# - Is there a split system for organizing grammatical relations? If
+#   so, what determines the split?
+#   - Is there split instransitivity? If so, what semantic or
+#     discourse/pragmatic factor conditions the split?
+#   - Does the system for pronouns and/or person marking on verbs
+#     operate on the same basis as that of full NPs?
+#   - Are there different grammatical-relation systems depending on
+#     the clause type (e.g. main vs. dependent clauses, affirmative
+#     vs. negative clauses)?
+#   - Are there different grammatical-relation assignment systems
+#     depending on the tense and/or aspect of the clause?
+#   - Are there any syntactic processes (e.g. conjunction reduction,
+#     relativization) that operate on an ergative/absolutive basis?
+** Constructions Linked to Voice and Valence                       :noexport:
+** Valence Increase                                                :noexport:
+*** Causative
+*** Applicative
+*** Dative Shift
+*** Dative Interest
+*** External Possession

docs/proto-nyqy/img

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../.vuepress/public/img

docs/proto-nyqy/index.org

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#+setupfile: ../headers
+
+* Proto-Ñyqy
+
+The documentation is about a conlang I created. However, it will be
+written as an in-universe document would be. Therefore, any reference
+to other works, documents or people will be completely fictional. If
+there is somewhere written along the lines of “there needs to be more
+research done on the subject”, this simply means I haven’t written
+anything on this subject, and I may or may not plan to. As you might
+notice, the style of writing in this document will be inspired mainly
+by the book /Indo-European Language and Culture/ by Benjamin W. Forston.
+Go read this book if you haven’t already, it’s extremely interesting
+(except for the part with the Old Irish and Vedic people and what
+their kings and queens did with horses, I wish to unread that).

docs/proto-nyqy/introduction.org

@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+#+setupfile: ../headers
+
+* Introduction
+** Language Evolution
+We are not sure which was the first language ever spoken in our world.
+Was there even one primordial language, or were there several that
+spontaneously appeared around our world here and there? We cannot know
+for certain, this is too far back in our history. Some scientists
+estimate the firsts of our kind to be gifted the ability to speak
+lived some hundred of thousand of years back, maybe twice this period
+even. There is absolutely no way to know what happened at that time
+with non-physical activities, and we can only guess. We can better
+guess how they lived, and how they died, than how they interacted with
+each other, what was their social interaction like, and what were the
+first words ever spoken on our planet. Maybe they began as grunts of
+different pitches, with hand gestures, then two vowels became
+distinct, a couple of consonants, and the first languages sprung from
+that. This, we do not know, and this is not the subject of this book
+anyways.
+
+What we do know is, languages evolve as time passes. One language can
+morph in the way it is pronounced, in the way some words are used, in
+the way they are shaped by their position and role in the sentence, by
+how they are organized with each other. A language spoken two
+centuries back will sound like its decendent today, but with a
+noticeable difference. Jumping a couple of centuries back, and we lost
+some intelligibility, and some sentences sound alien to us. A
+millenium back, and while the language resonates, we cannot understand
+it anymore. Going the other way around, travelling to the future,
+would have the same effect, except that we would not necessarily
+follow only one language, but several, for in different places,
+different changes would take place. As time goes by, these differences
+become more and more proeminent, and what was once the same langage
+becomes several dialects that become less and less similar to one
+another, until we end up with several languages, sister between
+themselves, daughters to the initial language.
+
+** Relating Languages Between Themselves
+We are not sure who first emited the theory of language evolution;
+this has been lost to time during the great collapse two thousand
+years back, and only a fraction of the knowledge from back then
+survived the flow of time. We’re lucky even to know about this. It’s
+the Professor Loqbrekh who, in 3489, first deciphered some books that
+were found two decades prior, written in Énanonn. They described the
+principle of language evolution, and how language families could be
+reconstructed, how we could know languages are related, and a hint on
+how mother languages we do not know could be reconstructed. The
+principle on how historical linguistics are the following:
+
+#+begin_quote
+If two languages share a great number of coincidentally similar
+features, especially in their grammar, so much so that it cannot be
+explained by chance only, then these two languages are surely related.
+#+end_quote
+
+By this process, we can recreate family trees of languages. Some are
+more closely related to one another than some other, which are more
+distant. Sometimes, it is even unsure if a language is related to a
+language tree; maybe the language simply borrowed a good amount of
+vocabulary from another language that we either now of, or died since.
+
+The best attested languages are the ones we have written record of. In
+a sense, we are lucky: while we do know a vast majority of the written
+documents prior to the great collapse were lost during this sad event,
+we still have a good amount of them left in various languages we can
+analyze, and we still find some that were lost before then and found
+back again. The earliest written record we ever found was from the
+Loho language, the oldest member of the Mojhal language tree attested;
+the Mojhal tree has been itself linked to the Ñyqy tree some fifty
+years ago by the Pr Khorlan (3598).
+
+#+name: tree-language-family
+#+begin_src dot :file proto-nyqy/nyqy-family-tree.png :exports none
+digraph d {
+    graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];
+    node[shape=plaintext];
+    ranksep=.75; size="7.5,7.5";
+
+    {
+        "-10000" -> "-8000" -> "-6000" -> "-5000" -> "-4500" ->
+        "-4000" -> "-3500" -> "-2000" ->
+        "-1000" -> "-500" -> present;
+    }
+
+    {
+        rank=same;
+        "-8000";
+        protonyqy[label="Proto-Ñyqy\n6,000 to 10,000 years ago"];
+    }
+
+    {
+        rank=same;
+        "-5000";
+        protoma[label="Proto-Mojhal-Andelian\n4,000 to 6,000 years ago"];
+    }
+
+    {
+        rank=same;
+        "-4500";
+        prototiltinian[label="Proto-Tiltinian\nca. 4,500 years ago"];
+        protoandelian[label="Proto-Andelian\nca. 4,000 to 5,000 years ago"];
+    }
+
+    {
+        rank=same;
+        "-4000";
+        protomojhal[label="Proto-Mojhal\nca. 4,000 years ago"];
+    }
+
+    {
+        rank=same;
+        "-3500";
+        loho[label="Loho\nca. 3,500 years ago"];
+    }
+
+    {
+        rank=same;
+        "-2000";
+        oldpritian[label="Old Pritian\nca. 2,000 years ago"];
+        "ne’ic"[label="Ñe’ic\nca. 2,500 years ago"];
+    }
+
+    {
+        rank=same;
+        "-1000";
+        oryora[label="Old Ryora\nca. 1,300 years ago"];
+        oenanonn[label="Old Énanonn\nca. 900 years ago"];
+        omanniki[label="Old Manniki\nca. 1,200 years ago"];
+        midpritian[label="Middle Pritian\n 1,100 years ago"];
+    }
+
+    {
+        rank=same;
+        "-500";
+        oauc[label="Old Auc\n600 years ago"];
+        mmanniki[label="Middle Manniki\nca. 400 years ago"];
+    }
+
+    {
+        rank=same;
+        present;
+        enanonn[label="Énanonn"];
+        ryora[label="Ryora"];
+        auc[label="Auc"];
+        manniki[label="Manniki"];
+        pritian[label="Pritian"];
+    }
+
+    protonyqy -> protoma;
+    protonyqy -> oldpritian;
+    protonyqy -> prototiltinian;
+
+    protoma -> protomojhal;
+    protoma -> protoandelian;
+
+    protomojhal -> loho;
+    protomojhal -> "ne’ic";
+
+    "ne’ic" -> oenanonn -> enanonn;
+    "ne’ic" -> omanniki -> mmanniki -> manniki;
+
+    protoandelian -> oryora -> ryora;
+    protoandelian -> oauc -> auc;
+
+    oldpritian -> midpritian -> pritian;
+}
+#+end_src
+
+#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/proto-nyqy/nyqy-family-tree.png" alt="Ñyqy Family Tree">Ñyqy Family Tree</ImgFigure>
+
+
+** Principles of Historical Linguistics
+So, how does historical linguistics work? How does one know what the
+mother language of a bunch of other languages is? In historical
+linguistics, we study the similarities between languages and their
+features. If a feature is obviously common, there is a good chance it
+is inherited from a common ancestor. The same goes for words, we
+generally take the average of several words, we estimate what their
+ancestor word was like, and we estimate what sound change made these
+words evolve the way they did. If this sound change consistently works
+almost always, we know we hit right: sound changes are very regular,
+and exceptions are very rare. And this is how we can reconstruct a
+mother language that was lost to time thanks to its existing daughter
+languages.
+
+But as we go back in time, it becomes harder and harder to get
+reliable data. Through evolution, some information is lost --- maybe
+there once was an inflectional system that was lost in all daughter
+languages, and reconstructing that is nigh impossible. And since no
+reconstruction can be attested, we need a way to distinguish these
+from attested forms of words. This is why attested words are simply
+written like “this”, while reconstructed words are written with a
+preceding star like “{{{recon(this)}}}”. Sometimes, to distinguish both from
+the text, you will see the word of interest be written either in *bold*
+or /italics/. This bears no difference in meaning.
+
+** On Proto-Languages
+As we go back in time, there is a point at which we have to stop: we
+no longer find any related language to our current family, or we can’t
+find enough evidence that one of them is part of the family and if
+they are related, they are very distantly related. This language we
+cannot go beyond is called a proto-language, and it is the mother
+language of the current language family tree. In our case, the
+Proto-Ñyqy language, spoken by the Ñyqy people, is the mother language
+of the Ñyqy language family tree and the ancestor of the more widely
+known Mojhal languages.
+
+There is something I want to insist on very clearly: a proto-language
+is not a “prototype” language as we might think at first --- it is not
+an imperfect, inferior language that still needs some iterations
+before becoming a full-fledged language. It has been proven multiple
+times multiple times around the world, despite the best efforts of the
+researchers of a certain empire, that all languages are equally
+complex regardless of ethnicity, education, time, and place. Languages
+that are often described as “primitive” are either called so as a way
+to indicate they are ancient, and therefore close to a proto-language,
+or they are described so by people trying to belittle people based on
+incorrect belief that some ethnicities are somehow greater or better
+than others. This as well has been proven multiple times that this is
+not true. A proto-language bore as much complexity as any of the
+languages currently spoken around the world, and a primitive language
+in linguistic terms is a language close in time to these
+proto-languages, such as the Proto-Mojhal language (which is also in
+turn the proto-language of the Mojhal tree). The only reason these
+languages might seem simpler is because we do not know them and cannot
+know them in their entierty, so of course some features are missing
+from it, but they were surely there.
+
+Note that “Proto-Ñyqy” is the usual and most widely accepted spelling
+of the name of the language and culture, but other spellings are
+accepted such as “Proto Ñy Qy”, “Proto Ñy Ħy”, “Proto Ḿy Qy”, or
+“Proto Ḿy Ħy”, each with their equivalent with one word only after the
+“Proto” part. As we’ll see later in [[file:phonology.md#consonants][Phonology: Consonants]], the actual
+pronunciation of consonants is extremely uncertain, and each one of
+these orthographies are based on one of the possible pronunciations of
+the term {{{recon(ñyqy)}}}. In this book, we’ll use the so called
+“coronal-only” orthography, unless mentionned otherwise. Some people
+also have the very bad habit of dubbing this language and culture as
+simply “Ñyqy” (or one of its variants), but this is very wrong, as the
+term “Ñyqy” designates the whole familiy of languages and cultures
+that come from the Proto-Ñyqy people. The Tiltinian languages are as
+much Tiltinian as they are Ñyqy languages, but that does not mean they
+are the same as the Proto-Ñyqy language, even if they are relatively
+close in terms of time. When speaking about something that is “Ñyqy”,
+we are generally speaking about daughter languages and cultures and
+not about the Proto-Ñyqy language and culture itself.
+
+Note also we usually write this language with groups of morphemes,
+such as a noun group, as one word like we do with {{{recon(ñyqy)}}}.
+However, when needed we might separate the morphemes by a dash, such
+as in {{{recon(ñy-qy)}}}.
+
+** Reconstructing the Culture Associated to the Language
+While the comparative method described in [[file:introduction.md#principles-of-historical-linguistics][Principles of Historical
+Linguistics]] work on languages, we also have good reasons to believe
+they also work of culture: if elements of different cultures that
+share a language from the same family also share similar cultural
+elements, we have good reasons to believe these elements were
+inherited from an earlier stage of a common culture. This is an entire
+field of research in its own right, of course, but linguistics also
+come in handy when trying to figure out the culture of the Ñyqy
+people: the presence of certain words can indicate the presence of
+what they meant, while the impossibility of recreating a word at this
+stage of the language might indicate it only appeared in later stages
+of its evolution, and it only influenced parts of the decendents of
+the culture and language. For instance, the lack of word for “honey”
+in Proto-Ñyqy but the ability to reconstruct a separate word for both
+the northern and southern branches strongly suggests both branches
+discovered honey only after the Proto-Ñyqy language split up into
+different languages, and its people in different groups, while the
+easy reconstruction of {{{recon(mygú)}}} signifying /monkey/ strongly suggests
+both branches knew about this animal well before these two groups
+split up. More on their culture in [[file:culture-and-people.md][Culture and People]].

docs/proto-nyqy/phonology.org

@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+#+setupfile: ../headers
+* Phonetics and Phonology of Proto-Ñyqy
+** Phonetic Inventory and Translitteration
+*** Vowels
+As we stand today, eight vowels were reconstructed for Proto-Ñyqy, as
+presented in the table below.
+
+#+NAME: table:vowels:trans
+#+CAPTION: Proto-Ñyqy Vowels
+#+ATTR_LATEX: :placement [htb]
+|             | antérieures | postérieures |
+|-------------+-------------+--------------|
+| fermées     | y           | ú            |
+| pré-fermées | i           | u            |
+| mi-fermées  | ø           | œ            |
+| mi-ouvertes | e           | o            |
+
+Below is a short guide to their pronunciation:
+- e :: {{{phon(*ɛ)}}} as in General American English /“bed”/ [bɛd]
+- i :: {{{phon(*ɪ)}}} as in General American English /“bit”/ [bɪt]
+- o :: {{{phon(*ɔ)}}} as in General American English /“thought”/ [θɔːt]
+- ø :: {{{phon(*ø)}}} as in French /“peu”/ [pø]
+- œ :: {{{phon(*ɤ)}}} as in Scottish Gaelic /“doirbh”/ [d̪̊ɤrʲɤv]
+- u :: {{{phon(*ʊ)}}} as in General American English /“hook”/ [hʊ̞k]
+- ú :: {{{phon(*u)}}} as in General American English /“boot”/ [bu̟ːt]
+- y :: {{{phon(*y)}}} as in French /“dune”/ [d̪yn]
+
+We also have a ninth vowel, noted «ə» which denotes an unknown vowel.
+It is most likely this was before the Proto-Ñyqy breakup a simple
+schwa standing where a vowel got reduced either at an earlier stage
+than Proto-Ñyqy or during the breakup of the language. Depending on
+the languages that evolved from Proto-Ñyqy, some got rid of it later
+while some other reinstated it as a full vowel with different rules
+each on which vowel it would become. Thus in the current stage of
+reasearch on Proto-Ñyqy, we cannot know for certain which vowel it
+should have been.
+
+It is however possible to create a featural tree for the known vowels,
+determining which would have been considered closer to others, as
+seens with the vowel tree below.
+#+NAME: vow-tree
+#+header: :var vowels=vowels-featural-list
+#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :wrap "src dot :file proto-nyqy/vowel-feature-tree.png :exports none"
+(conlanging-list-to-graphviz vowels)
+#+END_SRC
+
+#+RESULTS[eaefac0c72a08ab3e9f428c0d312996e99dc0502]: vow-tree
+#+begin_src dot :file proto-nyqy/vowel-feature-tree.png :exports none
+graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jqz10ex3ux6"[label="vowels"];"+back-0jqz10ex3uxr"[label="+back"];"vowels-0jqz10ex3ux6"--"+back-0jqz10ex3uxr";"+tense-0jqz10ex3uy2"[label="+tense"];"+back-0jqz10ex3uxr"--"+tense-0jqz10ex3uy2";"+high-0jqz10ex3uyb"[label="+high"];"+tense-0jqz10ex3uy2"--"+high-0jqz10ex3uyb";"/u/-0jqz10ex3uyk"[label="/u/"];"+high-0jqz10ex3uyb"--"/u/-0jqz10ex3uyk";"-high-0jqz10ex3uz6"[label="-high"];"+tense-0jqz10ex3uy2"--"-high-0jqz10ex3uz6";"/ɤ/-0jqz10ex3uzg"[label="/ɤ/"];"-high-0jqz10ex3uz6"--"/ɤ/-0jqz10ex3uzg";"-tense-0jqz10ex3v0u"[label="-tense"];"+back-0jqz10ex3uxr"--"-tense-0jqz10ex3v0u";"+high-0jqz10ex3v14"[label="+high"];"-tense-0jqz10ex3v0u"--"+high-0jqz10ex3v14";"/ʊ/-0jqz10ex3v1d"[label="/ʊ/"];"+high-0jqz10ex3v14"--"/ʊ/-0jqz10ex3v1d";"-high-0jqz10ex3v20"[label="-high"];"-tense-0jqz10ex3v0u"--"-high-0jqz10ex3v20";"/ɔ/-0jqz10ex3v29"[label="/ɔ/"];"-high-0jqz10ex3v20"--"/ɔ/-0jqz10ex3v29";"-back-0jqz10ex3v4z"[label="-back"];"vowels-0jqz10ex3ux6"--"-back-0jqz10ex3v4z";"+tense-0jqz10ex3v59"[label="+tense"];"-back-0jqz10ex3v4z"--"+tense-0jqz10ex3v59";"+high-0jqz10ex3v5i"[label="+high"];"+tense-0jqz10ex3v59"--"+high-0jqz10ex3v5i";"/y/-0jqz10ex3v5r"[label="/y/"];"+high-0jqz10ex3v5i"--"/y/-0jqz10ex3v5r";"-high-0jqz10ex3v6c"[label="-high"];"+tense-0jqz10ex3v59"--"-high-0jqz10ex3v6c";"/ø/-0jqz10ex3v6m"[label="/ø/"];"-high-0jqz10ex3v6c"--"/ø/-0jqz10ex3v6m";"-tense-0jqz10ex3v7w"[label="-tense"];"-back-0jqz10ex3v4z"--"-tense-0jqz10ex3v7w";"+high-0jqz10ex3v86"[label="+high"];"-tense-0jqz10ex3v7w"--"+high-0jqz10ex3v86";"/ɪ/-0jqz10ex3v8f"[label="/ɪ/"];"+high-0jqz10ex3v86"--"/ɪ/-0jqz10ex3v8f";"-high-0jqz10ex3v91"[label="-high"];"-tense-0jqz10ex3v7w"--"-high-0jqz10ex3v91";"/ɛ/-0jqz10ex3v9a"[label="/ɛ/"];"-high-0jqz10ex3v91"--"/ɛ/-0jqz10ex3v9a";}
+#+end_src
+
+#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/proto-nyqy/vowel-feature-tree.png" alt="Proto-Ñyqy Vowel Featural Tree">Proto-Ñyqy Vowels Featural Tree</ImgFigure>
+
+**** Private Data                                               :noexport:
+#+name: vowels-featural-list
+- vowels
+  - +back
+    - +tense
+      - +high
+        - /u/
+      - -high
+        - /ɤ/
+    - -tense
+      - +high
+        - /ʊ/
+      - -high
+        - /ɔ/
+  - -back
+    - +tense
+      - +high
+        - /y/
+      - -high
+        - /ø/
+    - -tense
+      - +high
+        - /ɪ/
+      - -high
+        - /ɛ/
+
+*** Consonants
+The topic of consonants, unlike vowels, is a hot debate among
+linguists. while we are pretty sure proto-ñyqy has twelve consonants,
+we are still unsure which consonants they are due to the extreme
+unstability of the dorsal feature, and there is seemingly no
+consistency as to how the consonants stabilized in the different
+languages that emerged from the proto-ñyqy breakup. it is only in the
+recent years Ishy Maeln proposed a new theory that is gaining traction
+among proto-ñyqy specialists: each consonant could be pronounced
+either as a dorsal or as a non-dorsal depending on its environment and
+both potential pronunciation can be correct. she even goes further and
+proposes proto-ñyqy had an alternating rule stating a given consonant
+had to be non-dorsal if the previous one was, and vice versa. this
+would explain the common pattern of dorsal consonants alternation
+found in some early languages found after the breakup such as
+proto-mojhal. this phenomenon is more thouroughly explained in
+[[file:phonology.md#consonants][Consonants]].
+
+You can find the featural tree of the Proto-Ñyqy consonants in the
+consonant tree below. Each grapheme displays below its dorsal
+pronunciation on the left and its non-dorsal pronunciation on the
+right.
+
+#+name: cons-tree
+#+header: :var consonants=consonants-featural-list
+#+begin_src emacs-lisp :wrap "src dot :file proto-nyqy/consonant-feature-tree.png :exports none"
+(conlanging-list-to-graphviz consonants)
+#+end_src
+
+#+RESULTS[084ff9041851d57a11859fbe86f3939212c0caf5]: cons-tree
+#+begin_src dot :file proto-nyqy/consonant-feature-tree.png :exports none
+graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"consonants-0jqz10keat1f"[label="consonants"];"+coronal-0jqz10keat1m"[label="+coronal"];"consonants-0jqz10keat1f"--"+coronal-0jqz10keat1m";"+anterior-0jqz10keat1p"[label="+anterior"];"+coronal-0jqz10keat1m"--"+anterior-0jqz10keat1p";"+voice-0jqz10keat1r"[label="+voice"];"+anterior-0jqz10keat1p"--"+voice-0jqz10keat1r";"+nasal-0jqz10keat1t"[label="+nasal"];"+voice-0jqz10keat1r"--"+nasal-0jqz10keat1t";"n\nɳ / n-0jqz10keat1v"[label="n\nɳ / n"];"+nasal-0jqz10keat1t"--"n\nɳ / n-0jqz10keat1v";"-nasal-0jqz10keat21"[label="-nasal"];"+voice-0jqz10keat1r"--"-nasal-0jqz10keat21";"z\nʝ / z-0jqz10keat22"[label="z\nʝ / z"];"-nasal-0jqz10keat21"--"z\nʝ / z-0jqz10keat22";"-voice-0jqz10keat2d"[label="-voice"];"+anterior-0jqz10keat1p"--"-voice-0jqz10keat2d";"s\nç / s-0jqz10keat2e"[label="s\nç / s"];"-voice-0jqz10keat2d"--"s\nç / s-0jqz10keat2e";"-anterior-0jqz10keat2t"[label="-anterior"];"+coronal-0jqz10keat1m"--"-anterior-0jqz10keat2t";"+voice-0jqz10keat2v"[label="+voice"];"-anterior-0jqz10keat2t"--"+voice-0jqz10keat2v";"j\nɟ / d͡ʒ-0jqz10keat2y"[label="j\nɟ / d͡ʒ"];"+voice-0jqz10keat2v"--"j\nɟ / d͡ʒ-0jqz10keat2y";"- voice-0jqz10keat34"[label="- voice"];"-anterior-0jqz10keat2t"--"- voice-0jqz10keat34";"c\nc / t͡ʃ-0jqz10keat36"[label="c\nc / t͡ʃ"];"- voice-0jqz10keat34"--"c\nc / t͡ʃ-0jqz10keat36";"-coronal-0jqz10keat5e"[label="-coronal"];"consonants-0jqz10keat1f"--"-coronal-0jqz10keat5e";"+voice-0jqz10keat5g"[label="+voice"];"-coronal-0jqz10keat5e"--"+voice-0jqz10keat5g";"+nasal-0jqz10keat5i"[label="+nasal"];"+voice-0jqz10keat5g"--"+nasal-0jqz10keat5i";"+labial-0jqz10keat5k"[label="+labial"];"+nasal-0jqz10keat5i"--"+labial-0jqz10keat5k";"m\nŋ͡m / m-0jqz10keat5m"[label="m\nŋ͡m / m"];"+labial-0jqz10keat5k"--"m\nŋ͡m / m-0jqz10keat5m";"-labial-0jqz10keat5r"[label="-labial"];"+nasal-0jqz10keat5i"--"-labial-0jqz10keat5r";"ñ\nɴ / ɦ̃-0jqz10keat5t"[label="ñ\nɴ / ɦ̃"];"-labial-0jqz10keat5r"--"ñ\nɴ / ɦ̃-0jqz10keat5t";"-nasal-0jqz10keat63"[label="-nasal"];"+voice-0jqz10keat5g"--"-nasal-0jqz10keat63";"+labial-0jqz10keat65"[label="+labial"];"-nasal-0jqz10keat63"--"+labial-0jqz10keat65";"+constricted-0jqz10keat67"[label="+constricted"];"+labial-0jqz10keat65"--"+constricted-0jqz10keat67";"w\nw / v-0jqz10keat6d"[label="w\nw / v"];"+constricted-0jqz10keat67"--"w\nw / v-0jqz10keat6d";"-constricted-0jqz10keat6h"[label="-constricted"];"+labial-0jqz10keat65"--"-constricted-0jqz10keat6h";"b\ng͡b / b-0jqz10keat6k"[label="b\ng͡b / b"];"-constricted-0jqz10keat6h"--"b\ng͡b / b-0jqz10keat6k";"-labial-0jqz10keat6u"[label="-labial"];"-nasal-0jqz10keat63"--"-labial-0jqz10keat6u";"g\nɡ / ʕ-0jqz10keat6w"[label="g\nɡ / ʕ"];"-labial-0jqz10keat6u"--"g\nɡ / ʕ-0jqz10keat6w";"-voice-0jqz10keat7t"[label="-voice"];"-coronal-0jqz10keat5e"--"-voice-0jqz10keat7t";"+labial-0jqz10keat7v"[label="+labial"];"-voice-0jqz10keat7t"--"+labial-0jqz10keat7v";"p\nk͡p / p-0jqz10keat7w"[label="p\nk͡p / p"];"+labial-0jqz10keat7v"--"p\nk͡p / p-0jqz10keat7w";"-labial-0jqz10keat81"[label="-labial"];"-voice-0jqz10keat7t"--"-labial-0jqz10keat81";"q\nq / ħ-0jqz10keat83"[label="q\nq / ħ"];"-labial-0jqz10keat81"--"q\nq / ħ-0jqz10keat83";}
+#+end_src
+
+#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/proto-nyqy/consonant-feature-tree.png" alt="Feature Tree of Proto-Ñyqy Consonants">Feature Tree of Proto-Ñyqy Consonants</ImgFigure>
+
+As you can see, each one of the consonants have their two alternative
+indicated below their grapheme. In the case of the coronal consonants,
+the alternative consonant is obtained by replacing the anterior
+feature by the dorsal feature when it is present.
+
+The way of writing consonants was therefore standardized as presented
+in the table below.
+#+name: table:consonants-pronunciation
+#+caption: Possible Pronunciations of the Proto-Ñyqy Consonants
+| Main Grapheme | Dorsal Phoneme | Non-Dorsal Phoneme | Alternate Grapheme |
+|---------------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------|
+| ñ             | {{{phon(*ɴ)}}}       | {{{phon(*ɦ̃)}}}            | ḿ                  |
+| q             | {{{phon(*q)}}}       | {{{phon(*ħ)}}}           | ħ, h_{1}              |
+| g             | {{{phon(*ɢ)}}}       | {{{phon(*ʕ)}}}           | ȟ, h_{2}              |
+| c             | {{{phon(*c)}}}       | {{{phon(*t͡ʃ)}}}         | ł                  |
+| j             | {{{phon(*ɟ)}}}        | {{{phon(*d͡ʒ)}}}         | ʒ                  |
+| w             | {{{phon(*w)}}}       | {{{phon(*v)}}}           | l                  |
+| m             | {{{phon(*ŋ͡m)}}}     | {{{phon(*m)}}}           | r, r_{1}              |
+| p             | {{{phon(*χ)}}}       | {{{phon(*p)}}}           | xh, r_{2}             |
+| b             | {{{phon(*g͡b)}}}     | {{{phon(*b)}}}           | rh, r_{3}             |
+| n             | {{{phon(*ɳ)}}}       | {{{phon(*n)}}}           | y                  |
+| s             | {{{phon(*ç)}}}       | {{{phon(*s)}}}           | x, r_{4}              |
+| z             | {{{phon(*ʝ)}}}        | {{{phon(*z)}}}           | ɣ, r_{5}              |
+For each of these consonants, the letter chosen represents what we
+suppose was the most common or the default pronunciation of the
+consonant represented. In the table are also included alternate
+graphemes you might find in other, mostly older works, though they are
+mostly deprecated now.
+
+As you can see, Proto-Ñyqy had potentially two different consonants
+that could be pronounced as {{{phon(*m)}}}. Although it did not influence
+Proto-Ñyqy as far as we know, it definitively influenced the Pritian
+branch of the family, with «ñ» and «m» influencing differently the
+vowel following it.
+
+Several consonants used to be unknown at the beginnings of the
+Proto-Ñyqy study, as can be seen with the old usage of «h_{1}, h_{2}, r_{1},
+r_{2}, r_{3}, r_{4}, and r_{5}». These are found mostly in the earlier documents
+but progressively dissapear as our understanding of the Proto-Ñyqy
+grew during the past century. They are not used anymore, but any
+student that wishes to read older documents on Proto-Ñyqy should be
+aware of these.
+
+**** Private Data                                               :noexport:
+#+name: consonants-featural-list
+- consonants
+  - +coronal
+    - +anterior
+      - +voice
+        - +nasal
+          - n\nɳ / n
+        - -nasal
+          - z\nʝ / z
+      - -voice
+        - s\nç / s
+    - -anterior
+      - +voice
+        - j\nɟ / d͡ʒ
+      - - voice
+        - c\nc / t͡ʃ
+  - -coronal
+    - +voice
+      - +nasal
+        - +labial
+          - m\nŋ͡m / m
+        - -labial
+          - ñ\nɴ / ɦ̃
+      - -nasal
+        - +labial
+          - +constricted
+            - w\nw / v
+          - -constricted
+            - b\ng͡b / b
+        - -labial
+          - g\nɡ / ʕ
+    - -voice
+      - +labial
+        - p\nk͡p / p
+      - -labial
+        - q\nq / ħ
+
+*** Pitch and Stress
+It is definitively known Proto-Ñyqy had a stress system that was used
+both on a clause and on a word level, as the languages that evolved
+from it inherited this characteristic. However, it is not possible to
+reconstruct it accurately, we only know the vowel «ə» was unstressed
+and only appeared in words with two syllables or more. However, we do
+not know if it had any morphological meaning or if it was productive.
+
+On the other hand, we are much less sure about whether it had a pitch
+system, and if it did whether it was productive or not. Most of the
+languages that evolved from Proto-Ñyqy had or have one such as the
+Mojhal-Andelian family, but some don’t such as the Pritian family. The
+most commonly accepted answer is a pitch system appeared after the
+breakup of the pitchless branches which happenned earlier than the
+other branches which do have a pitch system. In reconstructed
+Proto-Ñyqy however, if such a system was present, pitches were most
+likely non-phonemic and unproductive. It only gained productivity in
+later stages, after the first breakups we know, in a common unknown
+ancestor language of the branches which did or still do have either an
+accent or a pitch system, and even there the evolutions seem to have
+happened in different ways depending on the branches. It is therefore
+impossible to know what the pitch system of Proto-Ñyqy was if it had
+one.
+
+** Phonotactics
+*** Syllable Structure
+The prototypical syllable in Proto-Ñyqy appears as a (C)V(C)(C)
+syllable with at least one consonant around the vowel, either in the
+onset or in the coda. At most, it can have one consonant in the onset
+and two in the coda.
+
+No special rule have been found to rule the onset, it can host any
+consonant without any effect on the vowel.
+
+However, it has been found the coda has some rules:
+- two nasal consonants cannot follow each other --- no {{{recon(-ñm)}}}
+- two coronal consonants cannot follow each other --- no {{{recon(-ns)}}}
+- labial consonants are never found with another consonant in the coda
+  --- no {{{recon(-ps)}}}
+For instance, {{{recon(noc zebec)}}} would be pronounced as {{{recon(noc
+gebec)}}}. It is most likely the features to chose from when converting a
+consonant from a coronal to a non-coronal were considered as absent by
+default. This results in the table below --- as you can see, the pair
+«z» and «j» and the pair «s» and «c» convert to the same consonant
+respectively.
+#+name: table:coronal-to-non-coronal-consonants
+#+caption: Conversion Table of Coronal to Non-Coronal Consonants
+| Coronal Consonant | Non-Coronal Consonant |
+|-------------------+-----------------------|
+| n                 | ñ                     |
+| z                 | g                     |
+| s                 | q                     |
+| j                 | g                     |
+| c                 | q                     |
+
+It has also been found that if two coronal consonants do follow each
+other in cross-syllabic environments, with the first one in the coda
+of a first syllable and the second one in the onset of a second
+syllable, then the former will become voiced as the latter.
+
+Similarly, if two nasal consonants are found near each other in a
+cross-syllabic environment, the second nasal consonant will become
+denasalized. Thus, we get the conversion table below.
+#+name: table:consonants-denasalization
+#+caption: Denasalization Table for Proto-Ñyqy Consonants
+| Nasal Consonant | Non-Nasal Consonant |
+|-----------------+---------------------|
+| n               | z                   |
+| m               | w                   |
+| ñ               | b                   |
+
+It has also been found a schwa tends to appear between syllables when
+the first one ends with two consonants and the second one begins with
+one.
+
+*** Consonantal Dorsal Alternation
+As mentioned above in [[file:phonology.md#consonants][Consonants]], it seems probable according to
+Maeln’s theory consonants were alternating between dorsals and
+non-dorsals. We do not know if it only happened between words, within
+words, or along whole clauses, but this would explain much of the
+different languages that evolved from Proto-Ñyqy. The table below
+shows different possible pronunciation of Proto-Ñyqy words with
+word-wise consonantal dorsal alternation whether the first consonant
+is to be considered a dorsal consonant or not. Note the nasal switch
+as well as the extra schwa insertion in the third example as described
+above in [[file:phonology.md#syllable-structure][Syllable Structure]].
+
+#+name: table:word-consonantal-dorsal-alternation
+#+caption: Different Possible Pronunciation of Proto-Ñyqy Words
+| Word            | Dorsal-Initial        | Dorsal-Final        |
+|-----------------+-----------------------+---------------------|
+| {{{recon(pœwec)}}}    | {{{phon(*pɤwɛt͡ʃ)}}}        | {{{phon(*pɤvɛc)}}}        |
+| {{{recon(zebec)}}}    | {{{phon(*zɛg͡bɛt͡ʃ)}}}      | {{{phon(*ʝɛbɛc)}}}         |
+| {{{recon(ñocm noc)}}} | {{{phon(*ɴɔt͡ʃŋ͡m ə ɦɔc)}}} | {{{phon(*ɦɔcm ə ɴot͡ʃ)}}} |

docs/proto-nyqy/syntax.org

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+#+setupfile: ../headers
+* Syntax
+** World Classes
+*** Nouns
+# - What are the distributional properties of nouns?
+# - What are the structural properties of nouns?
+# - What are the major formally distinct subcategories of nouns?
+# - What is the basic structure of the noun word (for polysynthetic
+#   languages) and/or noun phrases (for more isolating languages)?
+Nouns in Proto-Ñyqy generally refer to defined entities, such as
+objects, people, concepts, or events. Regardless of their role during
+locution, a noun bears no morphological information such as its
+syntactic role or its number. However, nouns can associate with each
+other and act as adjectives.
+# More on that in
+# §[[#Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-Descriptive-Adjectives-pcpelau058j0]].
+Noun phrases in Proto-Ñyqy are head-first, meaning the noun in noun
+phrases come relatively early although the former is built around the
+former and not exclusively after it. Noun phrases are mainly found as
+agents or patients of a sentence, but they can also be found in
+genitive and dative constructions.
+
+The nouns could most likely take genitive pronouns, but how they
+interacted exactly is yet unsure. The
+
+**** Countables and Uncountables                                :noexport:
+
+**** Proper Nouns                                               :noexport:
+
+*** Pronouns and Anaphoric Clitics
+# - Does the language have free pronouns and/or anaphoric clitics?
+#   (These are distinct from grammatical agreement.)
+# - Give a chart of the free pronouns and/or anaphoric clitics.
+**** Personal Pronouns
+It seems only three pronouns existed in Proto-Ñyqy, one for each of
+the persons you would find in a typical language, as shown below.
+
+#+name: table:pronouns
+#+caption: Proto-Ñyqy pronouns
+| Person | Pronoun   |
+|--------+-----------|
+| 1      | {{{recon(qy)}}} |
+| 2      | {{{recon(bú)}}} |
+| 3      | {{{recon(zø)}}} |
+
+It appears Proto-Ñyqy pronouns did not have any morphological rule to
+make them agree in number and due to the apparent lack of gender
+neither did they agree with it. However, it is possible that at some
+stage of the development of the language, Proto-Ñyqy began affixing
+cardinal numbers in order to its pronouns up until the number “six”
+{{{recon(ñy)}}} which would have marked a general plural. It is very much
+possible all numbers up to {{{recon(ñy)}}} were used with pronouns, however
+only remains of it as well as {{{recon(qi)}}} (/two/) for some dual or paucal,
+and in the case of the Tiltinian family {{{recon(nø)}}} (/three/) was used for
+trial and later on for paucal. No remains of {{{recon(gø)}}}, {{{recon(co)}}} or
+any number higher than {{{recon(ñy)}}} is found in its daughter languages.
+It is also unlikely {{{recon(mi)}}} (/one/) was ever used to mark the
+singular, or at least its usage never persisted in its recorded
+daughter languages as it cannot be reconstructed with our current
+knowledge.
+# The order in which these cardinal numbers are affixed to
+# the pronoun depend on the numbers’ word order described in
+# [[#Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-Numerals-4gvelau058j0]].
+
+- {{{recon(møgusqim qy ij)}}}
+
+  village towards 1sg go
+
+  I’m going to the village
+- {{{recon(møgusqim qyqi ij)}}}
+
+  village towards 1 two/du go
+
+  We both are going to the village
+- {{{recon(møgusqim qynø ij)}}}
+
+  village towards 1 3/tri/pauc go
+
+  We three are going to the village
+- {{{recon(møgusqim ñyqy ij)}}}
+
+  village towards six/pl 1 go
+
+  We are going to the village
+
+It doesn’t appear either that there was any morphology associated to
+their grammatical case. All of its daughter languages have at least a
+distinction between nominative, accusative, and genitive pronouns, but
+it appears they all evolved after the Proto-Ñyqy breakup, with no
+relation between the main daughter language families. The best example
+is the striking difference between the Andelian and the Mojhal
+families despite the fact they both come from Proto-Mojhal-Andelian
+which is the earliest known language to split off from Proto-Ñyqy, as
+well as Proto-Tiltinian and Old Pritian which again have no
+similarities regarding their pronoun declensions. The only common
+roots found are these three pronouns described in [[./syntax.md#personal-pronouns][Personal Pronouns]].
+
+Personal pronouns are free pronouns which do not need to be bound to
+other elements in a sentence.
+1. {{{recon(qibú qy qe)}}}
+
+   du  2 1sg see
+
+   I see them both
+2. {{{recon(qyim ñocm qe)}}}
+
+   1sg DAT someone see
+
+   Does anyone see me?
+
+   {{{recon(ee qy)}}}
+
+   yes 1sg
+
+   Yes, me.
+
+**** Demonstrative Pronouns
+Four levels of demonstratives seems to have existed in Proto-Ñyqy:
+- {{{recon(bœce)}}} :: near the speaker
+- {{{recon(pue)}}} :: near the interlocutor
+- {{{recon(yqe)}}} and {{{recon(jœe)}}} :: distant from the speakers
+
+It is interesting to see here a common pattern among languages which
+is demonstratives pronouns coming from words meaning “here” or
+“there”. In that case, these pronouns are derived from {{{recon(bœc)}}},
+{{{recon(pu)}}}, {{{recon(yq)}}}, and {{{recon(jœ)}}}.
+
+We are not sure about the difference between {{{recon(yq)}}} and {{{recon(jœ)}}}.
+It is theorized they had differences in distance between the element
+described by the pronoun and the speakers, maybe one describing
+something that could be seen and the other not. In any case, only one
+of the two survived in each language family so we cannot compare their
+use in documented languages.
+
+**** Possessive Pronouns                                        :noexport:
+*** Verbs                                                        :noexport:
+# - What are the distributional properties of verbs?
+# - What are the structural properties of verbs?
+# - What are the major subclasses of verbs?
+# - Describe the order of various verbal operators within the verbal
+# - word or verb phrase.
+# - Give charts of the various paradigms, e.g. person marking,
+# - tense/aspect/mode, etc. Indicate major allomorphic variants.
+# - Are directional and/or locational notions expressed in the verb or
+# - verb phrase at all?
+#   - Is this operation obligatory, i.e. does one member of the
+#     paradigm have to occur in every finite verb or verb phrase?
+#   - Is it productive, i.e. can the operation be specified for al
+#     verb stems, and does it have the same meaning with each one?
+#     (Nothing is fully productive, but some operations are more
+#     productive than others.)
+#   - Is this operation primarily coded morphologically, analytically,
+#     or lexically? Are there any exceptions to the general case?
+#   - Where in the verb phrase or verbal word is this operation likely
+#     to appear? Can it occur in more than one place?
+**** Verbal Structure
+**** Verbal Derivations
+**** Verbal Inflexions
+*** Modifiers                                                    :noexport:
+# - If you posit a morphosyntactic category of adjectives, give
+#   evidence for not grouping theseforms with the verbs or nouns. What
+#   characterizes a form as being an adjective in this language?
+# - How can you characterize semantically the class of concepts coded
+#   by this formal category?
+# - Do adjectives agree with their heads (e.g. in number, case, and/or
+#   noun class)?
+# - What kind of system does the language employ for counting?
+# - How high can a fluent native speaker count without resorting
+#   either to words from another language or to a generic word like
+#   /many/? Exemplify the system up to this point.
+# - Do numerals agree with their head nouns (number, case, noun
+#   class, ...)?
+**** Descriptive Adjectives
+**** Non-Numeral Quantifiers
+**** Numerals
+*** Adverbs                                                      :noexport:
+# - What characterikes a form as being an adverb in this language? If
+#   you posit a distinct class of adverbs, argue for why these forms
+#   should not be treated as nouns, verbs, or adjectives.
+# - For each kind of adverb listed in this section, list a few members
+#   of the type, and specify whether there are any restrictions
+#   relavite to that type, e.g. where they can come in a clause, any
+#   morphemes common to the type, etc.
+# - Are any of these classes of adverbs related to older
+#   complement-taking (matrix) verbs?
+*** Adpositions                                                  :noexport:
+*** Grammatical Particules                                       :noexport:
+** Constituants Order Typology                                    :noexport:
+*** Constituants Order in Main Clauses
+# - What is the neutral order of free elements in the unit?
+# - Are there variations?
+# - How do the variant orders function?
+# - Specific to the main clause constituent order: What is the
+#   pragmatically neutral order of constituents (A/S, P, and V) in
+#   basic clauses of the language?
+*** Constituants Order in Nominal Clauses
+# - Describe the order(s) of elements in the noun phrase.
+*** Constituants Order in Verbal Clauses
+# - Where do auxliaries occur in relation to the semantically “main”
+#   verb?
+# - Where do verb-phrase adverbs occur with respect to the verb and
+#   auxiliaries?
+*** Adpositional Phrases
+# - Is the language dominantly prepositional or post-positional? Give
+#   examples.
+# - Do many adpositions come from nouns or verbs?
+*** Comparatives
+# - Does the language have one or more grammaticalized comparative
+#   constructions? If so, what is the order of the standard, the
+#   marker and the quality by which an item is compared to the
+#   standard?
+*** Questions
+# - In yes/no questions, if there is a question particle, where does
+#   it occur?
+# - In information questions, where does the question word occur?
+** Structure of a Nominal Group                                   :noexport:
+*** Composed Words
+# - Is there noun-noun compounding that results in a noun (e.g.
+#   /windshield/)?
+# - How do you know it is compounding?
+# - Is there noun-verb (or verb-noun) compounding that results in a
+#   noun (e.g. /pickpocket/, /scarecrow/)?
+# - Are these processes productive (like noun-verb in English
+#   can-opener)? How common is compounding?
+*** Denominalization
+# - Are there any processes (productive or not) that form a verb from
+#   a noun?
+# - An adjective from a noun?
+# - An adverb from a noun?
+*** Numbers
+# - Is number expressed in the noun phrase?
+# - Is the distinction between singular and non-singular obligatory,
+#   optional, or completely absent in the noun phrase?
+# - If number marking is “optional”, when does it tend to occur, and
+#   when does it tend not to occur?
+# - If number marking is obligatory, is number overtly expressed for
+#   all noun phrases or only some subclasses of noun phrases, such as
+#   animate?
+# - What non-singular distinctions are there?
+*** Grammatical Case
+# - Do nouns exhibit morphological case?
+# - If so, what are the cases? (The functions of the cases will be
+#   elaborated in later sections)
+*** Articles and Demonstratives
+# - Do noun phrases have articles?
+# - If so, are they obligatory or optional, and under what
+#   circumstances do they occur?
+# - Are they separate words, or bound morphemes?
+# - Is there a class of classes of demonstratives as distinct from
+#   articles?
+# - How many degrees of distance are there in the system of
+#   demontsratives?
+# - Are there other distinctions beside distances?
+*** Possessives
+# - How are possessors expressed in the noun phrase?
+# - Do nouns agree with their possessors? Do possessors agree with
+#   possessed nouns? Neither, or both?
+# - Is there a distinction between alienable and inalienable
+#   possesson?
+# - Are there other types of possession?
+# - When the possessor is a full noun, where does it usually come with
+#   respect to the possessed noun?
+*** Classes (including Gender)
+# - Is there a noun class system?
+# - What are the classes and how are they manifested in the noun
+#   phrase?
+# - What dimension of reality is most central to the noun class system
+#   (e.g. animacy, shape, function, etc.)? What other dimensions are
+#   relevant?
+# - Do the classifiers occur with numerals? Adjectives? Verbs?
+# - What is their function in these contexts?
+*** Diminution/Augmentation
+# - Does the language employ diminutive and/or augmentative operators
+#   in the noun or noun phrase?
+# - Questions to answer for all nominal operations:
+#   - Is this operation obligatory, i.e. does one member of the
+#     paradigm have to occur in every full noun phrase?
+#   - Is it productive, i.e. can the operation be specified for all
+#     full noun phrases and does it have the same meaning with each
+#     one? (Nothing is fully productive, but some operations are more
+#     so than others.)
+#   - Is this operation primarily expressed lexically,
+#     morphologically, or analytically?
+# - Where in the noun phrase is this operation likely to be located?
+# - Can it occur in more than one place?
+** Predicates and Linked Constructions                            :noexport:
+*** Nominal Predicates
+# - How are proper inclusion and equative predicates formed?
+# - What restrictions are there, if any, on the TAM marking of such
+#   clauses?
+*** Adjective Predicates
+# - How are predicate adjective formed? (Include a separate section on
+#   predicate adjectives only if they are structurally distinct from
+#   predicate nominals.)
+*** Locative Predicates
+# - How are locational clauses (or predicate locatives) formed?
+*** Existential Predicates
+# - How are existential clauses formed? (Give examples in different
+#   tense/aspects, especially if there is significant variation.)
+# - How are negative existentials formed?
+# - Are there extended uses of existential morphology? (Provide
+#   pointers to other relevant sections of the grammar.)
+*** Possessive Clauses
+# - How are possessive clauses formed?
+** Verbal Groups Structure                                        :noexport:
+** Intransitive Clauses                                           :noexport:
+** Ditransitive Clauses                                           :noexport:
+** Dependent Type Clauses                                         :noexport:
+*** Non-Finite
+*** Semi-Finite
+*** Finite

docs/proto-nyqy/typology.org

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+#+setupfile: ../headers
+* Typological Outline of Proto-Ñyqy
+# - Is the language dominantly isolating or polysynthetic?
+# - If the language is at all polysynthetic, is it dominantly
+#   agglutinative or fusional? Give examples of its dominant pattern
+#   and any secondary patterns.
+# - If the language is at all agglutinative, is it dominantly
+#   prefixing, suffixing or neither?
+# - Illustrate the major and secondary patterns (including infixation,
+#   stem modification, reduplication, suprasegmental modification, and
+#   suppletion).
+# - If the language is at all polysynthetic, is it dominantly
+#   "head-marking", "dependent-marking", or mixed?
+# - Give some examples of each type of marking the language exhibits.
+Proto-Ñyqy is a language that appears to be strongly analytical and
+isolating. It relies mainly on its syntax when it comes to its grammar
+and seldom on morphological rules if at all. It wouldn’t really make
+much sense to say whether the language is postpositional or
+prepositional since the only rule defined in Hawkin’s Universals
+Proto-Ñyqy respects is relative clauses and possessives before the
+noun, though it tends to make Proto-Ñyqy slightly more postpositional
+than neutral. Most of its words contain either one or two syllables
+and its sentenses often revolve around linked morphemes which could be
+interpreted as grammatical particules. You can find some examples of
+Proto-Ñyqy and its translation below as well as its glossing.
+1. {{{recon(yq ñe pom qy)}}}
+
+   dem.prox3 home gen 1sg.abs
+
+   This house is mine
+2. {{{recon(cø ne)}}}
+
+   1sg.poss.incl house.abs
+
+   This is my house
+3. {{{recon(pim bú qi coq op)}}}
+
+   mango 2sg.erg du eat pst
+
+   We (two) ate a mango
+4. {{{recon(cø pim i bœ mygú coq ug mún op zø qy zúmu op)}}}
+
+   POSS.1sg mango undef.art(ABS) def.art monkey(ERG) eat SUBJ PROG PST
+   3sg(ABS) 1sg(ERG) see PST
+
+   I saw the monkey that would have been eating a mango of mine
+
+In the first and second examples, we can notice the absence of a verb
+“to be” or any equivalent, this shows existential predicates did not
+need a verb in order to express the existance of something and its
+attributes. This also reveals the word order of the genitive form in
+Proto-Ñyqy, the genitive particle follows the element it propertizes
+and is followed by its property. For instance, in {{{recon(yq ñe pom qy)}}},
+{{{recon(yq ñe)}}} “this house” has the property of being mine {{{recon(qy)}}} is
+the first person singular). /I/ characterize /this house/, therefore /this
+house is of me/, /this is my house/. The main difference between the
+first and the second examples is the first example is the accent in
+the first example is on the fact that said house is /mine/, whereas in
+the second example “my house” is simply presented to the interlocutor.
+
+As you can see in the third example, Proto-Ñyqy used to have a dual
+number which has been lost in most of its decendent languages, and the
+remaining languages employ the former dual as their current plural
+dissmissing instead the old plural. Only does the Énanon keep it with
+its plural, using the former dual as a paucal. As indicated by its
+name, the dual was used when referencing to two elements when an
+otherwise greater amount of elements would have required the plural.
+Hence, in this example, you could consider {{{recon(bú qi)}}} to be kind of
+a 2DU pronoun.
+# --- it is actually a bit more complex than that, as we’ll see in
+# chapter
+# [[#Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Numbers-n0a6umu058j0]].
+
+Finally, the fourth example gives us an overview of Proto-Ñyqy syntax,
+such as a different position depending on whether we use an indefinite
+or definite article, as well as a subclause inserted in the main
+clause defining a noun phrase, here {{{recon(zø)}}} refering to {{{recon(mygú)}}}.
+We can also clearly see the word order of main clauses presented as
+Patient-Agent-Verb. Although most of its are nominative languages,
+Aarlerte (3652) postulates in her recent papers Proto-Ñyqy might have
+been primarily ergative. The loss of this trait in its closest
+descendent languages such as Proto-Mojhal-Andelian and Proto-Tiltinian
+might indicate this feature was already unstable in Proto-Ñyqy.
+Ergativity might have been in use only in main clauses, and Aarlerte
+argues this might have been the last trace of ergativity in an
+otherwise nominative language.
+
+Note that although linguists suppose Proto-Ñyqy was a mostly
+analytical language, some people like to write related morphemes
+together as one word, hyphenated or not. Thus, the third example could
+also be written as {{{recon(pim búqi coqop)}}} or {{{recon(pim bú-qi coq-op)}}} by
+some. It is due to the fact Proto-Ñyqy was for a long time thought to
+be an agglutinative language like Proto-Mojhal-Andelian and the habit
+of writing related morphemes as one word stuck around. However,
+nowadays we know an analytical Proto-Ñyqy is instead most likely and
+scolars began writing morphenes separated from each other instead.