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docs(zikãti): move file, update grammar and add some vocabulary
2023-05-27 19:41:37 +00:00
#+title: Zikãti
#+setupfile: headers
* Zikãti
Zikãti ({{{phon(d̻͡zikãti)}}}) is an agglutinative language I am currently
working on as an experiment. It doesn’t have any worldbuilding around
it yet and may never have. I’m mostly experimenting with vocabulary
generation with a language relying heavily on affixes modifying the
meaning of a root word.
** Phonology
*** Consonants
Zikãti has a moderately small consonant inventory with seventeen
phonemes. Three of these phonemes are prenasalized plosives, and its
alveolar consonants are laminal.
- b :: {{{phon(b)}}}
- d :: {{{phon(d̻)}}}
- g :: {{{phon(ŋ)}}}
- h :: {{{phon(h)}}}
- k :: {{{phon(k)}}}
- l :: {{{phon(ʟ)}}}
- m :: {{{phon(m)}}}
- mb :: {{{phon(ᵐb)}}}
- n :: {{{phon(n̻)}}}
- nd :: {{{phon(ⁿd̻)}}}
- nz :: {{{phon(ⁿd̻͡z)}}}
- p :: {{{phon(p)}}}
- q :: {{{phon(kʷ)}}}
- r :: {{{phon(r̻)}}}
- s :: {{{phon(s̻)}}}
- t :: {{{phon(t̻)}}}
- z :: {{{phon(d̻͡z)}}}
| | bilabial | lamino-alveolar | velar | labial-velar | glottal |
|------------------------------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+---------|
| nasal | m | n | g | | |
| nasalized plosive | mb | nd | | | |
| nasalized sibilant affricate | | nz | | | |
| plosive | p b | t d | k | q | |
| affricate | | z | | | |
| fricative | | s | | | h |
| trill | | r | | | |
| lateral approximant | | | l | | |
*** Vowels
Zikãti has a total of six vowels, which makes it relatively average in
terms of size. Three of these vowels are nazalised:
- a :: {{{phon(a)}}}
- ã :: {{{phon(ã)}}}
- ẽ :: {{{phon(ɛ̃)}}}
- i :: {{{phon(i)}}}
- õ :: {{{phon(ɔ̃)}}}
- u :: {{{phon(u)}}}
#+name: vow-dot-gen
#+header: :var vowels=vowels-featural-list
#+begin_src emacs-lisp :wrap "src dot :file ./zikati/vowel-feature-tree.png :eval no-export :mkdirp t :results none"
(conlanging-graphviz-feature-tree vowels :label "vowels")
#+end_src
#+RESULTS[186d29b605ead5cf2fc03c537509869aa1e7cfd3]: vow-dot-gen
#+begin_src dot :file ./zikati/vowel-feature-tree.png :eval no-export :mkdirp t :results none
graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0ju8102v5o9f"[label="vowels"];"+round-0ju8102v5o9y"[label="+round"];"vowels-0ju8102v5o9f"--"+round-0ju8102v5o9y";"+nasal-0ju8102v5ob0"[label="+nasal"];"+round-0ju8102v5o9y"--"+nasal-0ju8102v5ob0";"/ɔ̃/-0ju8102v5obs"[label="/ɔ̃/"];"+nasal-0ju8102v5ob0"--"/ɔ̃/-0ju8102v5obs";"-nasal-0ju8102v5oba"[label="-nasal"];"+round-0ju8102v5o9y"--"-nasal-0ju8102v5oba";"/u/-0ju8102v5ocj"[label="/u/"];"-nasal-0ju8102v5oba"--"/u/-0ju8102v5ocj";"-round-0ju8102v5oa7"[label="-round"];"vowels-0ju8102v5o9f"--"-round-0ju8102v5oa7";"+low-0ju8102v5odd"[label="+low"];"-round-0ju8102v5oa7"--"+low-0ju8102v5odd";"+nasal-0ju8102v5oe3"[label="+nasal"];"+low-0ju8102v5odd"--"+nasal-0ju8102v5oe3";"/ã/-0ju8102v5oet"[label="/ã/"];"+nasal-0ju8102v5oe3"--"/ã/-0ju8102v5oet";"-nasal-0ju8102v5oec"[label="-nasal"];"+low-0ju8102v5odd"--"-nasal-0ju8102v5oec";"/a/-0ju8102v5ofj"[label="/a/"];"-nasal-0ju8102v5oec"--"/a/-0ju8102v5ofj";"-low-0ju8102v5odm"[label="-low"];"-round-0ju8102v5oa7"--"-low-0ju8102v5odm";"+nasal-0ju8102v5oga"[label="+nasal"];"-low-0ju8102v5odm"--"+nasal-0ju8102v5oga";"/ɛ̃/-0ju8102v5ogz"[label="/ɛ̃/"];"+nasal-0ju8102v5oga"--"/ɛ̃/-0ju8102v5ogz";"-nasal-0ju8102v5ogi"[label="-nasal"];"-low-0ju8102v5odm"--"-nasal-0ju8102v5ogi";"/i/-0ju8102v5oho"[label="/i/"];"-nasal-0ju8102v5ogi"--"/i/-0ju8102v5oho";}
#+end_src
#+html: <ImgFigure src="/img/zikati/vowel-feature-tree.png" alt="Zikãti Vowel Featural Tree">Zikãti Vowels Featural Tree</ImgFigure>
**** Private Data :noexport:
#+name: vowels-featural-list
#+begin_src emacs-lisp
'("round"
("nasal" "/ɔ̃/" "/u/")
("low"
("nasal" "/ã/" "/a/")
("nasal" "/ɛ̃/" "/i/")))
#+end_src
*** Syllable and word structure
| Group | Consonants |
|-----------+--------------------------------------|
| C | m n g mb nd nz p b t d z k q s h r l |
| C_{2} | g p b t d z k q r h |
| V | i u ẽ õ a ã |
| V[-nasal] | i u a |
| V[+nasal] | ã ẽ õ |
Prefixes follow the (C_{2})V[-nasal] phonetic structure, with C_{2} being
optional. Suffixes follow the CV[+nasal](C_{2}) structure with C_{2} being
optional.
Roots are a bit more complex, with a C(V[+nasal](C_{2})C)V[-nasal](C_{2})
structure.
The only consonants that can follow the vowels /õ/ and /ẽ/ are non-nasal
plosive consonants. These two vowels cannot follow the consonants /m/,
/n/, or /g/. If such an occurence is created be it while constructing a
word or when they co-occur between words, a dummy {{{phon(u)}}} is added.
A word may contain one or more core roots which affixes cannot
separate but which can aggregate around this word core. A word can
consist of its bare core only, or the core surrounded by affixes. The
amount of prefixes and suffixes is independent from each other.
** Grammar
*** Word structure
**** Affixes
Most words in Zikãti is an agglutination of affixes around one or more
roots or words. Roots are relatively rare to find by themselves since
most of them are bound morphenes and not words by themselves, such as
/kãti/ which expresses the idea of a mountain but doesn’t really mean
anything on its own, speakers of Zikãti cannot use it by itself.
For the meaning of some abbreviations in the list of prefixes and
docs(zikãti): fix link
2023-05-27 19:44:10 +00:00
suffixes, see [[file:zikãti.md#abbreviations][Abbreviations]].
docs(zikãti): move file, update grammar and add some vocabulary
2023-05-27 19:41:37 +00:00
***** Prefixes
- hi- :: INSTV
- hu- :: TOOL
- i- :: COL
- ka- :: POSSIB
- pi- :: DIM
- qa- :: AUG
- qi- :: ADJ
- qu- :: PROG
- ra- :: LOC
- ru- :: NEG
- ti- :: CAUS
- zi- :: PERS
***** Suffixes
- -dãt :: PART
- -gãs :: AGAT
- -hãr :: NECESS
- -hẽ :: INTR
- -kõt :: PARTN
- -nzẽz :: AVER
- -rã :: TR
- -sõr :: NOMIN
- -zãr :: PASS
*** Word order
Zikãti is a postpositional language following the SOV word order in
main clauses, meaning the verb comes last whereas the subject comes
first and the object slots itself between the subject and the verb.
However, due to the language’s agglutinative nature, the speaker can
omit them in the sentence if the verb’s agreement is enough in context
to determine what is being talked about.
#+html: ::: tip Example
sahhẽqulur
- sah-hẽ-qu-lur
- spirit.mind-INTR-PROG-2sg.NOM.PST
You were thinking
#+html: :::
#+html: ::: tip Example
zimbi mbisõr mbirãilih
- zi-mbi mbi-sõr mbi-rã-i-lih
- PERS-meat.food meat.food-NOMIN meat.food-TR-3s.NOM.NPST-3s.ACC.NPST
The cook prepares a meal
#+html: :::
Other elements that are not the subject or the object, such as a
dative or an oblique element, get slotted between the subject and the
object.
#+html: ::: tip Example
zimbi pimbi ziirailik timbirãhilih
- zi-mbi pi-mbi zi-i-ra-i-lik ti-mbi-rã-hi-lih
- PERS-meat.food DIM-COL-LOC-COL-person.human
CAUS-meat.food-TR-3s.NOM.PST-3s.ACC.PST
A cook fed a villager a snack
#+html: :::
**** Noun phrase order
In noun phrases, adjectives, relatives clauses, numerals, possessives,
and genitives preceed the noun while determiners follow it. By order
of element closest to the noun, they rank as follows:
- determiner
- possessive
- adjective
- numeral
- genitive
- relative
*** Verbs
Verbs in Zikãti agree with their subject and object in person and
number, with anaphoric clitics, but these clitics also indicate the
tense of the verb. Zikãti has two tenses: past and non-past which
expresses present and future as well as near-past when its events
still carry over to the present.
Anaphoric clitics are suffixed to the verb with the subject first
followed by the object’s clitic.
| | non-past subject | non-past object | past subject | past object |
|-----+------------------+-----------------+--------------+-------------|
| 1s | qa | tut | raq | qut |
| 2s | lu | pia | lur | a |
| 3s | i | lih | hi | lih |
| 4s | bu | qur | bu | qur |
| 1px | gai | ar | gai | tar |
| 1pi | zu | iq | qir | zur |
| 2p | lai | iaz | uit | iaz |
| 3p | pi | up | au | up |
#+html: ::: tip Example
- kãtikõthẽqa :: I hike
- kãtikõthẽbu :: it hikes
- kãtikõthẽgai :: we (but not the interlocutor) hike
#+html: :::
** Abbreviations
- ACC :: accusative
- ADJ :: adjective
- adj. :: adjective
- adv. :: adverb
- AGAT :: agative (prone to smth, liking)
- AUG :: augmentative
- AVER :: avertive, badness
- CAUS :: causative
- COL :: collective, collection
- con. :: concept
- DIM :: diminutive
- INSTV :: instantiative
- INTR :: intransitive verb
- LOC :: locative
- n. :: noun
- NECESS :: necessitive
- NEG :: negative
- NOM :: nominative
- NOMIN :: nominalisation, nominalizer
- NPST :: non-past
- PART :: participle
- PARTN :: partisan
- PASS :: passive verb
- PERS :: person
- POSSIB :: possibility, capacity, ability
- PROG :: progressive, process
- PST :: past
- TOOL :: thing, tool
- TR :: transitive verb
- vi. :: intransitive verb
- vt. :: transitive verb
** Vocabulary
*** mbi - meat, food
- mbi (n.) :: meat, food
- mbisõr (n.) :: a meal
- mbihẽ (vi.) :: to cook, to prepare food
#+html: ::: tip Example
qumbihẽqa
- qu-mbi-hẽ-qa
- PROG-meat.food-INTR-1s
I’m preparing food / I’m cooking
#+html: :::
- mbirã (vt.) :: to cook (something)
#+html: ::: tip Example
zimbi mbisõr qumbirãiqur
- zi-mbi mbi-sõr qu-mbi-rã-i-qur
- PERS-meat.food meat.food-NOMIN PROG-meat.food-TR-3s.NOM-4s.ACC
The cook is cooking the meal
#+html: :::
- mbirãzãr (vt.) :: to be cooked by
#+html: ::: tip Example
mbisõr zimbi qumbirãzãrbulih
- mbi-sõr zi-mbi qu-mbi-rã-zãr-bu-lih
- meat.food-NOMIN PERS-meat.food PROG-meat.food-TR-PASS-4s.NOM-3s.ACC
The meal is being cooked by the cook
#+html: :::
- qimbi (adj.) :: edible
- mbidãt (adj.) :: cooked
- zimbi (n.) :: a cook, chef
- rambi (n.) :: a kitchen
- zirambi (n.) :: a chef
- humbi (n.) :: a knife
- humbihẽ (vi.) :: to stick a knife in something
- humbirã (vt.) :: to cut
docs(zikãti): some more words
2023-05-30 21:54:01 +00:00
- zihumbi (n.) :: a butcher
- zihumbihẽ (vi.) :: to prepare meat
- zihumbirã (vt.) :: to butcher
docs(zikãti): move file, update grammar and add some vocabulary
2023-05-27 19:41:37 +00:00
- humbirãsõr (n.) :: a cut
- timbirã (vt.) :: to feed someone
- timbihẽ (vi.) :: to feed oneself
- qambi (n.) :: a meal, feast
- pimbi (n.) :: a snack
docs(zikãti): some more words
2023-05-30 21:54:01 +00:00
docs(zikãti): move file, update grammar and add some vocabulary
2023-05-27 19:41:37 +00:00
*** keti - mountain
- kãti (n., concept) :: mountain
- kãtisõr :: a mountain
- pikãti (n.) :: a hill
- qakãti (n.) :: summit