1294 lines
45 KiB
Org Mode
1294 lines
45 KiB
Org Mode
# -*- mode: org; org-confirm-babel-evaluate: nil -*-
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#+TITLE: Une Grammaire du TEMPLATE
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#+HTML_HEAD: <meta name="description" content="Grammaire détaillée de la langue construite TEMPLATE" />
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#+HTML_HEAD: <meta property="og:title" content="Grammaire du TEMPLATE" />
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#+HTML_HEAD: <meta property="og:description" content="Grammaire détaillée de la langue construite TEMPLATE" />
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||
#+INCLUDE: headers
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||
#+OPTIONS: auto-id:t
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||
|
||
* Propos préliminaires
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-41a62215-44fc-490f-89f3-5b9cccf02550
|
||
:END:
|
||
** Avant-propos
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-89e5cd8b-42e4-41c2-aad7-6112dfa3ace1
|
||
:END:
|
||
La redistribution ou vente de ce document sont strictement interdits. Ce
|
||
document est protégé par la loi française sur le droit d’auteur et appartient
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entièrement et totalement à son auteur. Ce document est un document
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disponible gratuitement au format web et pdf sur mon site web[fn:1]. Si vous
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l’avez obtenu depuis une autre source, gratuitement ou non, merci de m’en
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faire part en me contactant via mes réseaux sociaux ou par mail que vous
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||
trouverez sur mon site principal[fn:2]. Aucune personne, morale ou physique,
|
||
n’est à l’heure actuelle autorisée à redistribuer ces documents. Si vous êtes
|
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intéressés par une redistribution de ce document, je vous invite à rentrer en
|
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contact avec moi afin que l’on en discute.
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Ce document traite d’une langue imaginaire que j’ai créé. Cependant, il sera
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rédigé comme s’il s’agissait de la première tentative de description de la
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langue par un linguiste la découvrant. Ainsi, si dans certains passages vous
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pouvez lire « mais plus d’études sur le sujet sont nécessaires » ou « cet
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||
aspect de la langue n’a pas encore été sujet à des analyses plus
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||
approfondies », comprenez par cela que je n’ai pas encore travaillé sur ou
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||
fini cette partie qui peut être sujet à des mises à jours dans le futur.
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||
|
||
** Remerciements
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-55c5bdb0-8ad9-4be0-8527-925b166474eb
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||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Introduction
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-0c5f0aa6-d69d-4fd5-8f61-df9a409af18f
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||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Liste des abbréviations
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-58d63d52-aebc-4b33-841e-b7a561d0f7c4
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
* Contexte culturel, écologique et sociolinguiste de la langue
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-a89fab50-74c0-4d03-9248-8cad4629d846
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||
:END:
|
||
** Le nom de la langue
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-2a5d6c2e-16e0-48c1-9cb5-d2ff98519b3f
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||
:END:
|
||
# - What is the language known as to outsiders?
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||
# - What term do the people use to distinguish themselves from other language
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||
# groups?
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||
# - What is the origin of these terms (if known)?
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||
|
||
** Éthnologie
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-c3298027-baf7-4f86-a5e9-136eb4c28a57
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - What is the dominant economic activity of the people?
|
||
# - Briefly describe the ecosystem, material culture, and cosmology (they will
|
||
# be intimately related)
|
||
|
||
** Démographie
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-4792d22e-b371-46f1-ab60-521d30a7a535
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Where is the language spoken, and how are the people distributed in this
|
||
# area?
|
||
# - Are there other language groups inhabiting the same area?
|
||
# - What is the nature of the interaction with these language groups? Economic?
|
||
# Social? Friendly? Belligerent?
|
||
# - In social/economic interactions with other groups, which groups are
|
||
# dominant and which are marginalized? How so?
|
||
|
||
*** Cartes
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-7914837c-3bf9-4edf-828e-6a36f38527e4
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
*** Histoire, migrations
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-f20f59bf-abf0-4732-acd3-4cb773e10b38
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Écologie
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-1cff65b5-a389-4f68-9feb-7aaf4d6c50ee
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Affiliations génétiques
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-ae7ce582-2f58-41e2-99b9-129cbd4eedd3
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - What language family does this language belong to?
|
||
# - What are its closest relatives?
|
||
|
||
** Situation sociolinguistique
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-bada4703-90a1-4dcd-ab29-203101ce00e4
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Multilinguisme et attitude envers les langues
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-621e6556-a3ca-4fb4-9c90-7d0cb372ffa2
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - What percentage of the people are monolingual? (Treat men and women
|
||
# separately.)
|
||
# - What language(s) are people multilingual in, and to what degree?
|
||
# - As far as you can tell, what is the attitude of the speakers of this
|
||
# language toward their language, as opposed to other languages they may
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||
# know? If possible, give evidence for your claims even though it may be
|
||
# anecdotal.
|
||
|
||
*** Contexte d’utilisation et choix de langues
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-9d8fead2-7af6-46c4-92f6-004d39534331
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||
:END:
|
||
# - In what contexts are multilingual individuals likely to use the language
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||
# described in this sketch? When do they use other languages?
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||
|
||
*** Viabilité
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||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-6c827715-39ca-497a-b7a1-c365df1b5585
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||
:END:
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||
# - Are children learning the language as their first language? If so, how
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||
# long do they remain monolingual?
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||
# - What pressures are there on young people to (a) learn another language,
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||
# and (b) reject their own language? How strong are these pressures?
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||
# - Are there partially competent speakers?
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||
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||
*** Mots d’emprun
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||
:PROPERTIES:
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||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-8b4127a5-6b06-48c7-82f5-b504b6731fb4
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||
:END:
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||
# - Does the lexicon of this language contain many words from other languages?
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||
# If so, in what semantic domains do these tend to occur? Give examples.
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||
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||
** Dialectes
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||
:PROPERTIES:
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||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-13fc6beb-4c24-4b82-b50f-a2f5da5247fb
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||
:END:
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||
# - Is there significant dialect variation? What kind of differences
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||
# distinguish the dialects? Give examples.
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||
# - What dialect is represented in the sketch?
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||
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||
** Tradition littéraire
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||
:PROPERTIES:
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||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-65a1be15-7777-451f-b876-b52f9a91cbd0
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||
:END:
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||
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||
* Aperçu structurel
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||
:PROPERTIES:
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||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-76fc0b91-e41c-42ad-8652-bba029632333
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||
:END:
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||
** Esquisse typologique
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||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-dcd950c6-3a8b-4a9b-abf5-11f607d37415
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Is the language dominantly isolating or polysynthetic?
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||
# - If the language is at all polysynthetic, is it dominantly agglutinative or
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||
# fusional? Give examples of its dominant pattern and any secondary patterns.
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||
# - If the language is at all agglutinative, is it dominantly prefixing,
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||
# suffixing or neither?
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||
# - Illustrate the major and secondary patterns (including infixation, stem
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||
# modification, reduplication, suprasegmental modification, and suppletion).
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||
# - If the language is at all polysynthetic, is it dominantly "head-marking",
|
||
# "dependent-marking", or mixed?
|
||
# - Give some examples of each type of marking the language exhibits.
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||
|
||
** Inventaire phonétique et orthographe
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-ed0cea88-9b4f-42e9-ac94-b40c8432e264
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Voyelles
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-8a426b75-a928-4eb6-94a4-6532dd9d91e5
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
*** Consonnes
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||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-aa2ea546-2078-4239-8b49-f8f28b886547
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
*** Ton et accentuation
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||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-c83deaf0-9767-4ac8-a109-7a677b5fba9d
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Phonotaxes
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-f0eaf02f-25f5-4b27-988a-ae7b3f99089c
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Structure syllabique
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-950b4805-8981-4f61-b1d8-4f0ce29ba57e
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
*** Allophonie
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-fe7264d9-845a-4f20-a6a3-f1863be8a4ff
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Structure d’un mot
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-6cef78f6-5870-4583-aaf4-4544ba91417e
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Processus phonologiques et morphophonémiques principaux
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-e70736d9-53cd-402d-a04e-81d5a3462215
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Prononciation de discours relaché et contractions
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-b35a0eb7-61b8-4fe7-a653-d9790452b15d
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Classes de mots
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-115008d7-60bd-43a9-af09-7e3fa69bbeac
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Noms
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-dcef02ce-f4dd-454d-be8e-e362c92cc147
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - What are the distributional properties of nouns?
|
||
# - What are the structural properties of nouns?
|
||
# - What are the major formally distinct subcategories of nouns?
|
||
# - What is the basic structure of the noun word (for polysynthetic languages)
|
||
# and/or noun phrases (for more isolating languages)?
|
||
|
||
**** Structure d’un nom
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-3f99ead1-df52-4b27-afce-9fe901a62c3a
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Processus dérivationels
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-def0ffb2-08fb-4221-ab8e-86d9f0f2ae2e
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Processus inflexionels
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-33255f99-6091-44ee-ac85-d93d6d1cc421
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Noms dénombrables et indénombrables
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-43bcf531-a72f-49e9-a0b4-2a0bea3c7dd9
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Noms propres
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-81ec1093-7601-4abf-bfe6-c13daee3bbf1
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
*** Pronoms et/ou clitiques anaphoriques
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-edf935a6-971a-4fc1-974a-611784acb77a
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Does the language have free pronouns and/or anaphoric clitics? (These are
|
||
# distinct from grammatical agreement.)
|
||
# - Give a chart of the free pronouns and/or anaphoric clitics.
|
||
|
||
**** Pronoms personnels
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-e9bbacb5-e3ef-4c66-a052-869ca7bcc0f3
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Pronoms démonstratifs
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-cb71bffc-c469-4b7b-aeb9-8a5d8d19ffe6
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Autres
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-d7a73687-d694-4174-8d4c-48d6851f0c61
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
*** Verbes
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-de4bb93d-bcd1-4edf-8314-497bf3c06ab8
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - What are the distributional properties of verbs?
|
||
# - What are the structural properties of verbs?
|
||
# - What are the major subclasses of verbs?
|
||
# - Describe the order of various verbal operators within the verbal word or
|
||
# verb phrase.
|
||
# - Give charts of the various paradigms, e.g. person marking,
|
||
# tense/aspect/mode, etc. Indicate major allomorphic variants.
|
||
# - Are directional and/or locational notions expressed in the verb or verb
|
||
# phrase at all?
|
||
# - Is this operation obligatory, i.e. does one member of the paradigm have
|
||
# to occur in every finite verb or verb phrase?
|
||
# - Is it productive, i.e. can the operation be specified for al verb stems,
|
||
# and does it have the same meaning with each one? (Nothing is fully
|
||
# productive, but some operations are more productive than others.)
|
||
# - Is this operation primarily coded morphologically, analytically, or
|
||
# lexically? Are there any exceptions to the general case?
|
||
# - Where in the verb phrase or verbal word is this operation likely to
|
||
# appear? Can it occur in more than one place?
|
||
|
||
**** Structure verbale
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-19b1c9d4-eb87-41db-bb3f-483be321af86
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Processus dérivationel
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-9ae57ccb-d971-4637-93cd-73e80f5e78f0
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Processus inflectionel
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-e6af0628-8232-4887-9b87-3e60fb6aeb55
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Classe de verbes distincte 1
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-d7d4df8b-f4c6-4578-8c19-e4778705b54f
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Classe de verbes distincte 2
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-c4199547-940d-4c69-868f-aa8cc38ed26c
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Classe de verbes distincte 3
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-95980b56-b9f0-40df-9a05-8af14629d425
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Classe de verbes distincte 4
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-53c983a5-445e-445c-81c3-56d6ab360de1
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
*** Modificateurs
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-fa582b13-c83c-4219-9274-fd6c81f83f5b
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - If you posit a morphosyntacticc category of adjectives, give evidence for
|
||
# not grouping theseforms with the verbs or nouns.
|
||
# What characterizes a form as being an adjective in this language?
|
||
# - How can you characterize semantically the class of concepts coded by this
|
||
# formal category?
|
||
# - Do adjectives agree with their heads (e.g. in number, case, and/or noun
|
||
# class)?
|
||
# - What kind of system does the language employ for counting?
|
||
# - How high can a fluent native speaker count without resorting either to
|
||
# words from another language or to a generic word like /many/? Exemplify
|
||
# the system up to this point.
|
||
# - Do numerals agree with their head nouns (number, case, noun class, ...)?
|
||
|
||
**** Adjectifs descriptifs
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-231cd0ef-17a7-4cc9-b97f-a198dd3c2779
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Quantifieurs non-numéraux
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-5c3776c1-36a9-4cd3-820b-6003181043bf
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Numéraux
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-264415c7-bef0-40c0-a6e0-939949bac6a6
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
*** Adverbes
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-ac1f5889-ab88-4b8c-903a-abc0dbc243c9
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - What characterikes a form as being an adverb in this language? If you
|
||
# posit a distinct class of adverbs, argue for why these forms should not be
|
||
# treated as nouns, verbs, or adjectives.
|
||
# - For each kind of adverb listed in this section, list a few members of the
|
||
# type, and specify whether there are any restrictions relavite to that
|
||
# type, e.g. where they can come in a clause, any morphemes common to the
|
||
# type, etc.
|
||
# - Are any of these classes of adverbs related to older complement-taking
|
||
# (matrix) verbs?
|
||
|
||
*** Auxilliaires
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-5be5e2a8-7d51-4875-ab30-8c44702f1566
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
*** Adpositions (prépositions ou postpositions)
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-df92af32-3852-4bf3-8d0d-83467c50f29c
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
*** Particules ou autres classes de mots mineures
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-f33bbce5-2fb6-47ae-9aff-03635d06cc2a
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Typologie de l’ordre des constituants
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-ee279d43-b0aa-488e-9467-2b1956468d48
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Ordre des constituants dans les clauses principales
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-7945a001-d98a-42fe-845f-7f37c2f14f1d
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - What is the neutral order of free elements in the unit?
|
||
# - Are there variations?
|
||
# - How do the variant orders function?
|
||
# - Specific to the main clause constituent order: What is the pragmatically
|
||
# neutral order of constituents (A/S, P, and V) in basic clauses of the
|
||
# language?
|
||
|
||
*** Ordre des constituants dans les clauses verbales
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-e68d1726-9baf-4963-b098-58c6aa340082
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Where do auxliaries occur in relation to the semantically “main” verb?
|
||
# - Where do verb-phrase adverbs occur with respect to the verb and
|
||
# auxiliaries?
|
||
|
||
*** Ordre des constituants dans les clauses nominales
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-130f774a-bc58-46ca-a172-c413c8236366
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Describe the order(s) of elements in the noun phrase.
|
||
|
||
*** Phrases adpositionelles
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-4890aba1-72e2-43e7-98a6-6185cbc6f246
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Is the language dominantly prepositional or post-positional? Give examples.
|
||
# - Do many adpositions come from nouns or verbs?
|
||
|
||
*** Comparatifs
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-987612fa-84ce-4d28-a8e2-363002edb722
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Does the language have one or more grammaticalized comparative
|
||
# constructions? If so, what is the order of the standard, the marker and
|
||
# the quality by which an item is compared to the standard?
|
||
|
||
*** Particules de questions et mots interrogatifs
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-66436f0c-f1b6-4c2b-8c35-6b9439d81e86
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - In yes/no questions, if there is a question particle, where does it occur?
|
||
# - In information questions, where does the question word occur?
|
||
|
||
*** Résumé
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-86a5e054-9618-485f-8cc8-93704a890a30
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - How does this language compare in its constituent orders to universal
|
||
# expectations, as represented by Greenberg (1963), Hawkins (1983), or some
|
||
# other well-known typology?
|
||
|
||
** Structure d’une phrase nominale
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-3f1cc9cc-1a9d-48e2-94ee-0e7c2aaebe13
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Mots composés
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-d697b050-c292-4852-932f-bcd74ba2061f
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Is there noun-noun compounding that results in a noun (e.g. /windshield/)?
|
||
# - How do you know it is compounding?
|
||
# - Is there noun-verb (or verb-noun) compounding that results in a noun (e.g.
|
||
# /pickpocket/, /scarecrow/)?
|
||
# - Are these processes productive (like noun-verb in English can-opener)? How
|
||
# common is compounding?
|
||
|
||
*** Dénominalisation
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-6abaae53-a2b8-4cc1-aa03-10c8b4a45b0a
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Are there any processes (productive or not) that form a verb from a noun?
|
||
# - An adjective from a noun?
|
||
# - An adverb from a noun?
|
||
|
||
*** Nombres
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-4a7398f7-c2a0-4969-a6a2-ca004b4cbddd
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Is number expressed in the noun phrase?
|
||
# - Is the distinction between singular and non-singular obligatory, optional,
|
||
# or completely absent in the noun phrase?
|
||
# - If number marking is “optional”, when does it tend to occur, and when does
|
||
# it tend not to occur?
|
||
# - If number marking is obligatory, is number overtly expressed for all noun
|
||
# phrases or only some subclasses of noun phrases, such as animate?
|
||
# - What non-singular distinctions are there?
|
||
|
||
*** Case
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-7cf3e6ae-6d62-4f39-a4e1-0c697b380675
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Do nouns exhibit morphological case?
|
||
# - If so, what are the cases? (The functions of the cases will be elaborated
|
||
# in later sections)
|
||
|
||
*** Articles, déterminants et démonstratifs
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-2c2cb606-7ad8-4d8d-a0aa-729b005a7132
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Do noun phrases have articles?
|
||
# - If so, are they obligatory or optional, and under what circumstances do
|
||
# they occur?
|
||
# - Are they separate words, or bound morphemes?
|
||
# - Is there a class of classes of demonstratives as distinct from articles?
|
||
# - How many degrees of distance are there in the system of demontsratives?
|
||
# - Are there other distinctions beside distances?
|
||
|
||
*** Possesseurs
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-fe62e78c-2b6a-47be-876d-0c188d0ee27d
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - How are possessors expressed in the noun phrase?
|
||
# - Do nouns agree with their possessors? Do possessors agree with possessed
|
||
# nouns? Neither, or both?
|
||
# - Is there a distinction between alienable and inalienable possesson?
|
||
# - Are there other types of possession?
|
||
# - When the possessor is a full noun, where does it usually come with respect
|
||
# to the possessed noun?
|
||
|
||
*** Classes (incluant le genre)
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-8f76c669-2e2c-45a0-aaf8-8b56ae6c771d
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Is there a noun class system?
|
||
# - What are the classes and how are they manifested in the noun phrase?
|
||
# - What dimension of reality is most central to the noun class system (e.g.
|
||
# animacy, shape, function, etc.)? What other dimensions are relevant?
|
||
# - Do the classifiers occur with numerals? Adjectives? Verbs?
|
||
# - What is their function in these contexts?
|
||
|
||
*** Diminution/Augmentation
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-8695b587-b33e-42b5-b374-16a068d335ef
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Does the language employ diminutive and/or augmentative operators in the
|
||
# noun or noun phrase?
|
||
# - Questions to answer for all nominal operations:
|
||
# - Is this operation obligatory, i.e. does one member of the paradigm have
|
||
# to occur in every full noun phrase?
|
||
# - Is it productive, i.e. can the operation be specified for all full noun
|
||
# phrases and does it have the same meaning with each one? (Nothing is
|
||
# fully productive, but some operations are more so than others.)
|
||
# - Is this operation primarily expressed lexically, morphologically, or
|
||
# analytically?
|
||
# - Where in the noun phrase is this operation likely to be located? Can it
|
||
# occur in more than one place?
|
||
|
||
** Prédicats nominaux et constructions liées
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-241f8093-3388-42fe-8060-af94a2ff03a4
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Prédicats nominaux
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-28fe553c-2fc1-4c1d-ad81-23680b62918a
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - How are proper inclusion and equative predicates formed?
|
||
# - What restrictions are there, if any, on the TAM marking of such clauses?
|
||
|
||
*** Prédicats adjectivaux
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:SUBTITLE: Clauses attributives
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-5a0c7fd1-9008-4915-88ef-6b2482795e44
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - How are predicate adjective formed? (Include a separate section on
|
||
# predicate adjectives only if they are structurally distinct from predicate
|
||
# nominals.)
|
||
|
||
*** Prédicats locatifs
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-ea755499-8c28-4ddb-a037-841658aeeb91
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - How are locational clauses (or predicate locatives) formed?
|
||
|
||
*** Prédicats existentiels
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-93c2c2bb-bb4d-46bd-9979-5a8392c2f144
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - How are existential clauses formed? (Give examples in different
|
||
# tense/aspects, especially if there is significant variation.)
|
||
# - How are negative existentials formed?
|
||
# - Are there extended uses of existential morphology? (Provide pointers to
|
||
# other relevant sections of the grammar.)
|
||
|
||
*** Clauses possessives
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-d68829a8-b329-46f7-88d8-ece6845e08e3
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - How are possessive clauses formed?
|
||
|
||
** Structure d’une phrase verbale
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-fbbefe2b-595f-405d-bc5e-b1fa0cd13749
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Clauses intransitives
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-ea08f661-5634-4b92-bb53-026171de4426
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Clauses transitives
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-1167b478-c009-4f35-a02f-3cfde57e72e9
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Clauses ditransitives
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-7a1c9080-3e3e-4b26-82c2-80f524380d67
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Types de clauses dépendantes
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-569b95dd-01df-4010-8fd1-51fc0499381c
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Non-finies
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-4a915574-e407-4182-b70c-8247c160d963
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
*** Semi-finies
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-377bfd10-ab3c-4fa1-9b7e-b3d5ec7491de
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
*** Finies
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-de685cbe-46a7-4ee9-a226-64767781fb37
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
* Système fonctionnel
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-b98946f1-8554-4243-ab3e-bf098b1b04ef
|
||
:END:
|
||
** Relations grammaticales
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-da598991-b75c-4031-a6af-0f06880eb971
|
||
:END:
|
||
# Examplify some simple intransitive, transitive, and ditransitive clauses.
|
||
# Three-argument clauses may not unequivocally exist.
|
||
# - What are the grammatical erlations of this language? Give morphosyntactic
|
||
# evidence for each one that you propose.
|
||
# - Subject?
|
||
# - Ergative?
|
||
# - Absolutive?
|
||
# - Direct object?
|
||
# - Indirect object?
|
||
# There are basically four possible sources of evidence for grammatical
|
||
# relations:
|
||
# - morphological case on NPs
|
||
# - person marking on verbs
|
||
# - constituent order
|
||
# - some pragmatic hierarchy
|
||
# - Is the system of grammatical relations in basic (affirmative, declarative)
|
||
# clauses organized according to a nominative/accusative,
|
||
# ergative/absolutive, tripartite, or some other system?
|
||
# - Is there a split system for organizing grammatical relations? If so, what
|
||
# determines the split?
|
||
# - Is there split instransitivity? If so, what semantic or
|
||
# discourse/pragmatic factor conditions the split?
|
||
# - DOes the system for pronouns and/or person marking on verbs operate on
|
||
# the same basis as that of full NPs?
|
||
# - Are there different grammatical-relation systems depending on the clause
|
||
# type (e.g. main vs. dependent clauses, affirmative vs. negative clauses)?
|
||
# - Are there different grammatical-relation assignment systems depending on
|
||
# the tense and/or aspect of the clause?
|
||
# - Are there any syntactic processes (e.g. conjunction reduction,
|
||
# relativization) that operate on an ergative/absolutive basis?
|
||
|
||
** Constructions liées à la voix et à la valence
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-f6447004-ff87-46d0-afc2-08e1cf1dfc64
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Augmentation de valence
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-abfdbac1-d00a-48e3-bf03-9e01330d6f5e
|
||
:END:
|
||
**** Causatif
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-b1dac30b-3ca7-4a71-a313-34cdab5e234e
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - How are causatives formed in this language? There are basically three
|
||
# possible answers to this question:
|
||
# - lexicall :: kill
|
||
# - morphological :: die + cause
|
||
# - analytic/periphrastic :: cause to die
|
||
# - Give examples of both causative of instransitive verbs (e.g. /He made Shin
|
||
# Jaa laugh/), and of transivite verbs (e.g. /He made Shin Jaa wash the
|
||
# dishes/).
|
||
# - What happens to the causee in each type of causative?
|
||
# - Does the causative morphosyntax also serve other functions (e.g.
|
||
# permissive, applicative, benefactive, instrumental, etc.)?
|
||
# - Are there any other interesting or unusual facts about causatives in the
|
||
# language?
|
||
|
||
**** Applicatif
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-578be841-9d4e-45bf-99a7-2969887e61d9
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Are there any operations by which a participant which has a semantic role
|
||
# normally expressed in an “oblique” phrase can “advance” to direct object
|
||
# status?
|
||
# - What semantic roles are subject to these operations and how common are
|
||
# these constructions?
|
||
|
||
**** Déplacement datif
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-114ace73-6554-41d6-b215-a4008d0cecc2
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Is there a dative-shift construction?
|
||
# - What semantic roles can be “dative-shifted”?
|
||
# - Is dative shift obligatory?
|
||
|
||
**** Datif d’intérêt
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-acb2ac0a-d3ee-4eab-a9ad-d2e56c7d9e7e
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Possession exterieure
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-ea45c49e-434b-4033-a204-f4f134bc9743
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
*** Diminution de valence
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-57ce8a8b-aa0e-4021-ad4b-768bb4d22d5e
|
||
:END:
|
||
**** Réflexifs et réciproques
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-e24ca699-b946-4a20-a89a-4e6fcdd04aaf
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - How are reflexives expressed?
|
||
# - Morphologically?
|
||
# - Analytically?
|
||
# - Are reflexives and reciprocals formally identical?
|
||
# - Are there any “unusual” uses of reflexive/reciprocal morphosyntax? For
|
||
# example, does a reflexive marker appear in a noun phrase to indicate that
|
||
# the possessor of the noun phrase is the same as the subject of the
|
||
# clause?
|
||
# - Does reflexive/reciprocal morphology ever indicate interclausal
|
||
# coreference?
|
||
# - Are there other “extended” uses of reflexive or reciprocal morphosyntax?
|
||
|
||
**** Passifs
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-32469595-6713-41f7-82e4-0842363ce78c
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Which type(s) of passive constructions does the language have? Exemplify
|
||
# each type, and describe its function or functions.
|
||
# - Lexical?
|
||
# - Morphological?
|
||
# - Analytic?
|
||
# - Are there “impersonal” passives, i.e. passives of intransitive verbs, or
|
||
# passives where there is not necessarily an *agent* implied?
|
||
# - Is a passive construction obligatory in any particular environment, e.g.
|
||
# when a *patient* outranks an *agent* on some pragmatically defined
|
||
# hierarchy?
|
||
# - Are there other types of passives?
|
||
|
||
**** Inverses
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-1b1a41fe-0567-4bd0-9980-70e75136f32d
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Does the language have a grammatically instantiated inverse construction?
|
||
# If so, what type is it?
|
||
|
||
**** Constructions moyennes
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-a6f23f5e-5e5c-4a0d-addf-9a2dc94798bd
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Are there grammatically instantiated middle constructions?
|
||
# - Additional reading: /Kemmer 1993/
|
||
|
||
**** Antipassifs
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-8ae349c3-c9e6-4c00-a8a3-1422bcb759c3
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Are there any grammatical structures that specifically function as
|
||
# antipassives?
|
||
# - Is some other structure used to express transitive concepts when the *P*
|
||
# is very low in topicality?
|
||
|
||
**** Démotion d’objet ou omission
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-e114b8d4-fd80-447b-9807-b740d94250ca
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Incorporation d’objet
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-0cbb7721-1e9e-4a4f-b16b-1abbbaf41515
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Does the language have object demotion or omission constructions (as
|
||
# distinct from antipassives)?
|
||
# References: Sapir (1911), Green (1981), Mithun (1984), Sadock (1986).
|
||
|
||
** Nominalisation
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-ba9b627c-d1c6-46d3-af2a-335e674ea09c
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Nominalisation d’action
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-0c34362c-290b-4c16-993d-1aede011f4aa
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
*** Nominalisation de participant
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-6283863d-8e9c-4fc8-bd77-b852fdd116c4
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Describe the processes (productive or not) that form a noun from a verb.
|
||
# Include at least:
|
||
# - action nominalization
|
||
# - agent nominalization
|
||
# - patient nominalization
|
||
# - Is there a distinction between agent nominalization that refer to
|
||
# characteristic activities (e.g. /teacher/) and those that refer to
|
||
# specific events (e.g. /the one who is teaching/)?
|
||
|
||
**** Nominalisation d’agent
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-a51e1cd9-55a2-440f-bf60-96361d13980d
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Nominalisation de patient
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-862598a2-5803-4785-b921-4ffe172d278a
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Nominalisation d’instrument
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-1907392e-aa37-49d6-b4a4-c44c16307586
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Nominalisation de lieu
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-d1a579d2-b9a5-44b3-8542-03055d1e973f
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Nominalisation de produit
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-5fa747d2-b8d2-4c70-a259-3b5389b51590
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Nominalisation de manière
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-149cf142-1783-4e08-b581-9c1fbf577987
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
*** Nominalisation causale
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-3172c987-3ab3-48de-9b2c-26420ce516ea
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Composition (y compris l’incorporation)
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-b87bf07b-897a-4ed3-9bb3-9c4f6063402b
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Can subject, object and/or nouns be incorporated into the verb?
|
||
# - Are there verb-verb compounding processes that result in a verb?
|
||
|
||
** Temps, aspect, mode
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-7817ca1d-e3ad-48ed-8f79-9039e5c651c7
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Temps
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-8f9ad932-6d85-4ea3-b4d5-aada0f48e488
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Is there a tense system? How does it operate? Future/non-future,
|
||
# past/non-past, past/present/future, or other? (You may want tot treat
|
||
# these separately or group them, depending on how the language works.)
|
||
|
||
*** Aspects
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-ec16ad8f-69c7-44bc-ad20-da6d9188b3d1
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - How is aspect expressed?
|
||
|
||
*** Modes
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-c7d2c230-6431-42f5-bf7a-dd70e61499f3
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Is there a clear dividing line between tense/aspect and mode (probably
|
||
# not)?
|
||
# - What are the modes?
|
||
# - Is the case-marking pattern influenced at all by TAM?
|
||
|
||
*** Lieux/direction
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-94eb465d-d084-4d4b-9390-618ed43a4606
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Does the language employ verbal affixes or verb-phrase grammatical
|
||
# functors that specify the spatial orientation or grounding of the
|
||
# situation?
|
||
|
||
*** Référence participante
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-1aa99e09-4706-4ede-8888-7aed826549dd
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Does the language mark the person and/or number of verbal agreements or
|
||
# speech act participants on the verb?
|
||
# - Provide charts of the various paradigms.
|
||
|
||
*** Évidentialité, validation et mirativité
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-52d58b47-a607-4f9b-9fa8-f960d3ab50cc
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Are there any grammaticalized indicators of evidentiality,
|
||
# validationality, or mirativity?
|
||
|
||
*** Divers
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-552d73fa-eee2-46d8-9225-42431b4d7820
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Does the language have any other “miscellaneous” verb or verb-phrase
|
||
# operations?
|
||
# - For any such miscellaneous operations, argue for why you have not treated
|
||
# them as TAM or location/direction marking.
|
||
|
||
** Structures marquées pragmatiquement
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-eaf98d70-ee47-43bc-92e3-425c940a4493
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** La morphosyntaxe de l’attention, du contraste et du sujet
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-81bddead-67b2-4183-94a8-d9608c14c5ff
|
||
:END:
|
||
**** Variation d’ordre des constituants
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-6d3d502c-89da-4c88-9bb0-0e08fa3cced8
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Are there special devices for indicating pragmatic statuses in basic
|
||
# clauses, e.g. special constituent orders, left- and right-dislocation,
|
||
# affixes, or particles indicating referentiality, specificity, topic,
|
||
# focus, contrast, etc.?
|
||
# - Describe cleft constructions. If possible, give a characterization of
|
||
# their discourse functions.
|
||
|
||
**** Négation
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-0b72b283-9ce9-4078-8d44-e8cc85c554e1
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - What is the standard means of forming a negative clause in this language?
|
||
# - What secondary strategies are there? When are they usedQ
|
||
# - Is there constituent negation? Derivational negation?
|
||
# - How is morphology normally associated with negation employed in creative
|
||
# ways in discourse?
|
||
|
||
**** Actes de parole non-déclaratifs
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-926244cf-335f-4eb1-842d-05f483e791e3
|
||
:END:
|
||
***** Impératifs
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-857e4f5d-623e-4ea6-8263-96cd90b724dc
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - How are imperatives formned?
|
||
# - Are there “polite” imperatives that contrast with more direct
|
||
# imperatives?
|
||
# - Are there “first person” imperatives (e.g. /Let’s eat/)? If so, how are
|
||
# they used?
|
||
|
||
***** Questions absolues
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-b273f0de-ba6d-49c7-9eba-c49dbb527d4b
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - How are yes/no questions formed?
|
||
|
||
***** Questions relatives
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-3732004d-f013-4d12-bae8-ba1ed7359ece
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - How are information questions formed?
|
||
|
||
*** Particules contrastives et emphatiques
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-772ee454-b2dc-4461-b619-e1c60a2e9fdf
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
*** Motifs d’intonation contrastifs et emphatiques
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-9c0eda5f-2dd9-4011-aed5-07214524ab8d
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Combinaison de clauses
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-60c13fa4-7a4a-44db-8ade-28e39243a390
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Verbes de série
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-42ff20dc-0552-463d-901c-997bb7f1b3f5
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Does the langugae have serial verbs (or “co-verbs” in the East Asian
|
||
# tradition)?
|
||
# - Which verbs are most likely to occur in serial constructions?
|
||
# - Are there any that are losing their semantic content and becoming more
|
||
# like auxiliaries, adpositions, or TAM markers when they occur in serial
|
||
# constructions?
|
||
|
||
*** Clauses complémentaires
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-56f6552e-6604-4dde-98cb-6286f3f6291e
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - What kinds of complement clause does the language have?
|
||
# - Are particular complement types common for particular classes of
|
||
# complement-taking verbs?
|
||
# - Does the language allow subject and object complements, or just object
|
||
# complements?
|
||
|
||
*** Clauses adverbiales
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-69e269b0-ded6-4188-8fb2-869921f27375
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - How are adverbial clauses formed?
|
||
# - What kinds of adverbial clauses are there, e.g. time, manner, purpose,
|
||
# reason, consequence, sequence, conditional?
|
||
# - Can adverbial clauses occur in more than one place in a clause?
|
||
# - If so, are there any differences in meaning associated with the various
|
||
# allowable positions for any given adverbial clause type?
|
||
# - Among the conditionals, are there any subdivisions, e.g. contrafactual
|
||
# (/*If I had done it differently*, that wouldn’t have happenned/),
|
||
# hypothetical (/*If I were you*, I’d do it differently/)?
|
||
# - What restrictions are there on the TAM marking of conditional clauses?
|
||
|
||
*** Enchaînement de clauses, clauses médianes et changement de référence
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-2fe752f2-8586-4fd2-85de-a0f94f04be07
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Does the language have any grammaticalized device that explicitly
|
||
# indicates whether a participant in one clause is the same as or different
|
||
# than some participant in another clause?
|
||
# If so, answer the following questions:
|
||
# - What direction does the dependency go? That is, does a marker signal
|
||
# coreferentiality with a yet to be mentioned participant, or an already
|
||
# mentioned participant? (Maybe both, depending on other factors.)
|
||
# - What can “antecede” one of these markers? That is, is coreferentiality
|
||
# always with respect to a “subject” participant, or can non-subject
|
||
# *agent*, or nominal of other grammatical relations also antecede a
|
||
# coreference form?
|
||
# - On What categories of elements can these markers go, e.g. verbs, nouns,
|
||
# conjunctions, etc.?
|
||
# - Can one clause be inflected for the person/number of the subject of some
|
||
# other clause?
|
||
# - Does the markers of interclausal coreference also carry other information,
|
||
# e.g. tense/aspect or semantic relations between clauses?
|
||
# - How extensive is this phenomenon?
|
||
|
||
*** Clauses relatives
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-a7892774-5608-47c3-a66a-fef0a11acea2
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - What kind of relative clauses does the language have?
|
||
# - Prenominal?
|
||
# - Postnominal?
|
||
# - Internally headed?
|
||
# - Headless?
|
||
# - Correlative?
|
||
# - What positions on the following relativizability hierarchy can be
|
||
# relativized?
|
||
# subject > direct object > indirect object > oblique > possessor
|
||
# - What RC type of “case recoverability strategy“ is used for each position?
|
||
|
||
*** Coordination
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-1e8799b0-9cce-4bff-a5b2-f237ed0715fb
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - How are the following kinds of logical relations between clauses typically
|
||
# expressed?
|
||
# - Conjunction (a and b)/(neither a nor b)?
|
||
# - Disjunction (a or b)?
|
||
# - Exclusion (a and not b)?
|
||
|
||
** Utilisation de la langue
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-410b5fac-bda1-4c79-9f74-9bd747666e2c
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Continuité (cohésion) et discontinuité
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-0a5942b9-40eb-4289-bc48-c8e261d396e1
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - What are the discourse functions of the various referential devices? That
|
||
# is, which code highly continuous referents, and which code highly
|
||
# discontinuous referents?
|
||
# - Related questions: how are referents introduced into narrative and/or
|
||
# conversational discourse?
|
||
# - Are referents introduced differently depending on whether or not they are
|
||
# “destined” to figure prominently in the following text? (That is, does the
|
||
# language clearly distinguish introductions of “discourse manipulable”
|
||
# referents?)
|
||
# - Are there different coding devices used to introduce referents that have
|
||
# some honorific status?
|
||
# - How is tense/aspect marking deployed in discourse? (Answer will probably
|
||
# vary according to genre)
|
||
# - What morphosyntactic device are used to signal the “events” in a narrative
|
||
# discourse? What about the “non-events”, i.e. collateral descriptive
|
||
# material?
|
||
# - What devices are used to ascribe special prominence to portions of text?
|
||
# - Can you isolated the /kinds/ of prominence that the language is sensitive
|
||
# to?
|
||
# - Are there special morphosyntactic devices characteristically used at the
|
||
# climax or peak of a narrative?
|
||
# - Is there a recognizable peak in other genres?
|
||
# - Are rhetorical questions and/or negations used as “highlighting” devices
|
||
# in discourse? Give examples.
|
||
|
||
**** Continuité de sujet (référenciel)
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-48bbdda1-6153-4bb2-9329-41acb5ed4e16
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Continuité de thème
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-c101a6e6-3235-497c-93b0-8d1a33d6014b
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Continuité d’action
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-98780284-20cb-4ddd-ac75-55454ac31dd1
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Prominence épisodique
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-d2e427d9-a12d-4930-ae84-b6f2e1db22e9
|
||
:END:
|
||
***** Apogée, point de culminance
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-0a5068b2-1d91-4fa1-b8c6-163ceef8ded9
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
***** Intensification
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-c4f61aa8-4b31-49e4-87d3-222105840b36
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
*** Genres
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-c001376f-4df2-4340-a181-62ab0e1eb645
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - What discourse genre are demonstrably distinct in this language? Exemplify
|
||
# and discuss the significant characteristics for each.
|
||
|
||
**** Conversation
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-93c266a5-2f68-4bce-9d28-4fd6ae52640d
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Narratif
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-0a1db1a3-6460-4f55-999b-28c0f4dad61b
|
||
:END:
|
||
***** Expériences personnelles
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-098a7c39-cf64-4312-9b76-c2869e2da5de
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
***** Historique
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-cc748a7e-07be-4a8e-b5fa-59273aeb307c
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
***** Histoires folkloriques
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-917be5b0-5b4e-4b21-a52e-e40131e09921
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
***** Mythologie
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-6c431938-12f9-4d8a-89e0-a61a8aaeba3b
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Pressant
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-068bfae1-e695-4d50-9ab4-dd7cb8bd07f3
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Procédurel
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-f1217ba9-c667-460e-98a9-c57b8e4bf26b
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Informatif
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-fceaaa34-b2ac-4296-a8d6-56d0cb5baa21
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Descriptif
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-62923698-ff3e-4d49-b0bc-7f51fc465733
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Élocution rituelle
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-b437a999-0294-43a6-8752-ba282078c026
|
||
:END:
|
||
*** Typologie lexicale
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-e6d10a54-078f-4cc0-8a07-28a6fed468ba
|
||
:END:
|
||
**** Espace, directions et déplacements
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-997b8c61-cb5d-40f9-92c1-6e17cfaddce3
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Causation
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-44afa9f9-5dc8-4883-90f5-a214b455eef9
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Valence
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-39f2e9c1-f91f-4e64-b667-c89a3c9edf77
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Prépondérance des caractéristiques sémantiques
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-5ab18e70-8101-417d-be7e-1d87cb85a6ed
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
*** Divers et conclusions
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-ee4f1d3a-b677-450c-ae7e-0058b3951ad0
|
||
:END:
|
||
**** Expressions idiomatiques et proverbes
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-f4be97ec-4df3-40e2-ae76-73ddf08134a1
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
**** Symbolisme sonore
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-5556ebe6-940e-40ee-8a97-c2bfd6c0e9e1
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - Does the language make extensive and productive use of sound symbolism?
|
||
# - What are some common ideophones?
|
||
# - How is the phonological system of ideophones and sound symbolism
|
||
# different than that of the rest of the language?
|
||
# - How is the morphology different? How is the syntax different?
|
||
|
||
**** Découvertes typologiques
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-e7e10073-62f0-443e-83d1-6db24687d7bb
|
||
:END:
|
||
# - What are the features of this language that are particularly interesting?
|
||
# - What typological surprises does it present?
|
||
# - How does this work contribute to our understanding of the notion
|
||
# “possible human language”? What directions for further research do you
|
||
# recommend and/or plan to undertake yourself?
|
||
# - Can you qualitatively describe the “character” of this language? What are
|
||
# its dominant features?
|
||
# - What are the characteristics of a skilled orator in this language?
|
||
# - Can you provide some explicit examples that will contribute to the
|
||
# reader’s sense of how this language is used? Some possibilities might be
|
||
# jokes, prayers, metaphorical expressions, or other culturally relevent
|
||
# discourse samples.
|
||
|
||
* Annexes
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-abba570c-9f4e-4b85-9fdf-2d17707a3c1a
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Textes avec traduction interlinéaire
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-23b6ac25-c290-4121-95ef-66897fd6a93d
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
** Dictionnaire
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-c8df23fa-b5d5-4c98-a4b3-df515d59a00d
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
* Data not to be exported :noexport:
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-045a2761-1193-4ca7-ad37-c9d200313dd5
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
* Footnotes
|
||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||
:CUSTOM_ID: h-defe47b2-686b-4d1c-ba9b-c84e6c482478
|
||
:END:
|
||
|
||
[fn:2] [[https://phundrak.fr]]
|
||
|
||
[fn:1] [[https://langue.phundrak.fr]]
|