This repository has been archived on 2023-02-26. You can view files and clone it, but cannot push or open issues or pull requests.
langue-phundrak-com/old-hjalpi/old-hjalpi-cas-grammaticaux-2.html
2018-08-21 18:45:21 +02:00

890 lines
27 KiB
HTML
Raw Blame History

This file contains invisible Unicode characters

This file contains invisible Unicode characters that are indistinguishable to humans but may be processed differently by a computer. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">
<head>
<!-- 2018-06-06 mer. 17:20 -->
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<title>Cas grammaticaux du Hjalpi Vernaculaire</title>
<meta name="generator" content="Org mode" />
<meta name="author" content="Lucien Cartier-Tilet" />
<style type="text/css">
<!--/*--><![CDATA[/*><!--*/
.title { text-align: center;
margin-bottom: .2em; }
.subtitle { text-align: center;
font-size: medium;
font-weight: bold;
margin-top:0; }
.todo { font-family: monospace; color: red; }
.done { font-family: monospace; color: green; }
.priority { font-family: monospace; color: orange; }
.tag { background-color: #eee; font-family: monospace;
padding: 2px; font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal; }
.timestamp { color: #bebebe; }
.timestamp-kwd { color: #5f9ea0; }
.org-right { margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; text-align: right; }
.org-left { margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto; text-align: left; }
.org-center { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center; }
.underline { text-decoration: underline; }
#postamble p, #preamble p { font-size: 90%; margin: .2em; }
p.verse { margin-left: 3%; }
pre {
border: 1px solid #ccc;
box-shadow: 3px 3px 3px #eee;
padding: 8pt;
font-family: monospace;
overflow: auto;
margin: 1.2em;
}
pre.src {
position: relative;
overflow: visible;
padding-top: 1.2em;
}
pre.src:before {
display: none;
position: absolute;
background-color: white;
top: -10px;
right: 10px;
padding: 3px;
border: 1px solid black;
}
pre.src:hover:before { display: inline;}
/* Languages per Org manual */
pre.src-asymptote:before { content: 'Asymptote'; }
pre.src-awk:before { content: 'Awk'; }
pre.src-C:before { content: 'C'; }
/* pre.src-C++ doesn't work in CSS */
pre.src-clojure:before { content: 'Clojure'; }
pre.src-css:before { content: 'CSS'; }
pre.src-D:before { content: 'D'; }
pre.src-ditaa:before { content: 'ditaa'; }
pre.src-dot:before { content: 'Graphviz'; }
pre.src-calc:before { content: 'Emacs Calc'; }
pre.src-emacs-lisp:before { content: 'Emacs Lisp'; }
pre.src-fortran:before { content: 'Fortran'; }
pre.src-gnuplot:before { content: 'gnuplot'; }
pre.src-haskell:before { content: 'Haskell'; }
pre.src-hledger:before { content: 'hledger'; }
pre.src-java:before { content: 'Java'; }
pre.src-js:before { content: 'Javascript'; }
pre.src-latex:before { content: 'LaTeX'; }
pre.src-ledger:before { content: 'Ledger'; }
pre.src-lisp:before { content: 'Lisp'; }
pre.src-lilypond:before { content: 'Lilypond'; }
pre.src-lua:before { content: 'Lua'; }
pre.src-matlab:before { content: 'MATLAB'; }
pre.src-mscgen:before { content: 'Mscgen'; }
pre.src-ocaml:before { content: 'Objective Caml'; }
pre.src-octave:before { content: 'Octave'; }
pre.src-org:before { content: 'Org mode'; }
pre.src-oz:before { content: 'OZ'; }
pre.src-plantuml:before { content: 'Plantuml'; }
pre.src-processing:before { content: 'Processing.js'; }
pre.src-python:before { content: 'Python'; }
pre.src-R:before { content: 'R'; }
pre.src-ruby:before { content: 'Ruby'; }
pre.src-sass:before { content: 'Sass'; }
pre.src-scheme:before { content: 'Scheme'; }
pre.src-screen:before { content: 'Gnu Screen'; }
pre.src-sed:before { content: 'Sed'; }
pre.src-sh:before { content: 'shell'; }
pre.src-sql:before { content: 'SQL'; }
pre.src-sqlite:before { content: 'SQLite'; }
/* additional languages in org.el's org-babel-load-languages alist */
pre.src-forth:before { content: 'Forth'; }
pre.src-io:before { content: 'IO'; }
pre.src-J:before { content: 'J'; }
pre.src-makefile:before { content: 'Makefile'; }
pre.src-maxima:before { content: 'Maxima'; }
pre.src-perl:before { content: 'Perl'; }
pre.src-picolisp:before { content: 'Pico Lisp'; }
pre.src-scala:before { content: 'Scala'; }
pre.src-shell:before { content: 'Shell Script'; }
pre.src-ebnf2ps:before { content: 'ebfn2ps'; }
/* additional language identifiers per "defun org-babel-execute"
in ob-*.el */
pre.src-cpp:before { content: 'C++'; }
pre.src-abc:before { content: 'ABC'; }
pre.src-coq:before { content: 'Coq'; }
pre.src-groovy:before { content: 'Groovy'; }
/* additional language identifiers from org-babel-shell-names in
ob-shell.el: ob-shell is the only babel language using a lambda to put
the execution function name together. */
pre.src-bash:before { content: 'bash'; }
pre.src-csh:before { content: 'csh'; }
pre.src-ash:before { content: 'ash'; }
pre.src-dash:before { content: 'dash'; }
pre.src-ksh:before { content: 'ksh'; }
pre.src-mksh:before { content: 'mksh'; }
pre.src-posh:before { content: 'posh'; }
/* Additional Emacs modes also supported by the LaTeX listings package */
pre.src-ada:before { content: 'Ada'; }
pre.src-asm:before { content: 'Assembler'; }
pre.src-caml:before { content: 'Caml'; }
pre.src-delphi:before { content: 'Delphi'; }
pre.src-html:before { content: 'HTML'; }
pre.src-idl:before { content: 'IDL'; }
pre.src-mercury:before { content: 'Mercury'; }
pre.src-metapost:before { content: 'MetaPost'; }
pre.src-modula-2:before { content: 'Modula-2'; }
pre.src-pascal:before { content: 'Pascal'; }
pre.src-ps:before { content: 'PostScript'; }
pre.src-prolog:before { content: 'Prolog'; }
pre.src-simula:before { content: 'Simula'; }
pre.src-tcl:before { content: 'tcl'; }
pre.src-tex:before { content: 'TeX'; }
pre.src-plain-tex:before { content: 'Plain TeX'; }
pre.src-verilog:before { content: 'Verilog'; }
pre.src-vhdl:before { content: 'VHDL'; }
pre.src-xml:before { content: 'XML'; }
pre.src-nxml:before { content: 'XML'; }
/* add a generic configuration mode; LaTeX export needs an additional
(add-to-list 'org-latex-listings-langs '(conf " ")) in .emacs */
pre.src-conf:before { content: 'Configuration File'; }
table { border-collapse:collapse; }
caption.t-above { caption-side: top; }
caption.t-bottom { caption-side: bottom; }
td, th { vertical-align:top; }
th.org-right { text-align: center; }
th.org-left { text-align: center; }
th.org-center { text-align: center; }
td.org-right { text-align: right; }
td.org-left { text-align: left; }
td.org-center { text-align: center; }
dt { font-weight: bold; }
.footpara { display: inline; }
.footdef { margin-bottom: 1em; }
.figure { padding: 1em; }
.figure p { text-align: center; }
.inlinetask {
padding: 10px;
border: 2px solid gray;
margin: 10px;
background: #ffffcc;
}
#org-div-home-and-up
{ text-align: right; font-size: 70%; white-space: nowrap; }
textarea { overflow-x: auto; }
.linenr { font-size: smaller }
.code-highlighted { background-color: #ffff00; }
.org-info-js_info-navigation { border-style: none; }
#org-info-js_console-label
{ font-size: 10px; font-weight: bold; white-space: nowrap; }
.org-info-js_search-highlight
{ background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-weight: bold; }
.org-svg { width: 90%; }
/*]]>*/-->
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/htmlize.css"/>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/readtheorg.css"/>
<script src="js/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script src="js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery.stickytableheaders.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="js/readtheorg.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
/*
@licstart The following is the entire license notice for the
JavaScript code in this tag.
Copyright (C) 2012-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
The JavaScript code in this tag is free software: you can
redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU
General Public License (GNU GPL) as published by the Free Software
Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option)
any later version. The code is distributed WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;
without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU GPL for more details.
As additional permission under GNU GPL version 3 section 7, you
may distribute non-source (e.g., minimized or compacted) forms of
that code without the copy of the GNU GPL normally required by
section 4, provided you include this license notice and a URL
through which recipients can access the Corresponding Source.
@licend The above is the entire license notice
for the JavaScript code in this tag.
*/
<!--/*--><![CDATA[/*><!--*/
function CodeHighlightOn(elem, id)
{
var target = document.getElementById(id);
if(null != target) {
elem.cacheClassElem = elem.className;
elem.cacheClassTarget = target.className;
target.className = "code-highlighted";
elem.className = "code-highlighted";
}
}
function CodeHighlightOff(elem, id)
{
var target = document.getElementById(id);
if(elem.cacheClassElem)
elem.className = elem.cacheClassElem;
if(elem.cacheClassTarget)
target.className = elem.cacheClassTarget;
}
/*]]>*///-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="content">
<h1 class="title">Cas grammaticaux du Hjalpi Vernaculaire</h1>
<p>
</p>
<div id="table-of-contents">
<h2>Table des matières</h2>
<div id="text-table-of-contents">
<ul>
<li><a href="#orgc67442a">1. Chart for review for the basic cases</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgcba8038">2. Location</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgd15b608">3. Motion from</a></li>
<li><a href="#org4062556">4. Motion to</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgb8ffd2d">5. Motion via</a></li>
<li><a href="#org6f8234d">6. Time</a></li>
<li><a href="#org6956993">7. Morphosyntactic alignment</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgee274df">8. Relation</a></li>
<li><a href="#orgcd69b92">9. Semantics</a></li>
<li><a href="#org9383ebc">10. State</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<p>
</p>
<p>
Grammatical states marques with a star (*) are grammatical states that do not exist <b>as declensions</b> in the Divine Language.
</p>
<div id="outline-container-orgc67442a" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgc67442a"><span class="section-number-2">1</span> Chart for review for the basic cases</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-1">
<table border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" rules="groups" frame="hsides">
<colgroup>
<col class="org-left" />
</colgroup>
<colgroup>
<col class="org-left" />
<col class="org-left" />
<col class="org-left" />
<col class="org-left" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="org-left">&#xa0;</th>
<th scope="col" class="org-left">interior</th>
<th scope="col" class="org-left">surface</th>
<th scope="col" class="org-left">adjacency</th>
<th scope="col" class="org-left">state</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="org-left"><i>from</i></td>
<td class="org-left">Elative</td>
<td class="org-left">Delative</td>
<td class="org-left">Ablative</td>
<td class="org-left">Excessive</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="org-left"><i>at/in</i></td>
<td class="org-left">Inessive</td>
<td class="org-left">Superessive</td>
<td class="org-left">Adessive</td>
<td class="org-left">Essive</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="org-left"><i>(in)to</i></td>
<td class="org-left">Illative</td>
<td class="org-left">Sublative</td>
<td class="org-left">Allative</td>
<td class="org-left">Translative</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="org-left"><i>via</i></td>
<td class="org-left">Perlative</td>
<td class="org-left">Prolative</td>
<td class="org-left">&#xa0;</td>
<td class="org-left">&#xa0;</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgcba8038" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgcba8038"><span class="section-number-2">2</span> Location</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-2">
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Adessive case ADE <i>iŗ-</i></dt><dd>adjacent location</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: near/at/by the house, <i>íŗmén</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Antessive case ANTE <i>vwo-</i></dt><dd>anterior location</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: before the house, <i>vwómén</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Apudessive case APUD <i>ne-</i></dt><dd>location next to something</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: next to the house, <i>némén</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Inessive case <i>-ŕo-</i></dt><dd>inside something</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: inside the house, <i>méŕón</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Intrative case ITRT <i>-fu-</i></dt><dd>between something</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: between the houses, <i>méfún</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Locative case LOC <i>la-</i></dt><dd>location (general case)</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: at/on/in the house, <i>lámén</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Pertingent case <i>ma-</i></dt><dd>in contact with something</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: touching the house, <i>mámén</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Postessive case POSTE <i>-uß</i></dt><dd>posterior location</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: behind the house, <i>ménúß</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Subessive case SUBE <i>nwo-</i></dt><dd>under something</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: under/below the house, <i>nwómén</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Superessive case SUPE <i>ßta-</i></dt><dd>on the surface</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: on (top of) the house, <i>ßtámén</i>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgd15b608" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgd15b608"><span class="section-number-2">3</span> Motion from</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-3">
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Ablative case ABL <i>li-</i></dt><dd>movement away from something</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: away from the house, <i>límén</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Delative case DEL <i>ßa-</i></dt><dd>movement from the surface</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: from (the top of) the house, <i>ßámén</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>*Egressive case EGRE</dt><dd>marking the beginning of a movement or time</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: beginning from the house
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Elative case ELA <i>-ykń</i></dt><dd>out of something</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: out of the house, <i>ménýkń</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Initiative case INITI <i>-akļ</i></dt><dd>starting point of an action</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: beginning from the house, <i>ménákļ</i>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org4062556" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="org4062556"><span class="section-number-2">4</span> Motion to</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-4">
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Allative case ALL <i>-li-</i></dt><dd><ul class="org-ul">
<li>*in Hungarian and in Finnish: movement to (the adjacency of). Example: to the house</li>
<li>in Estonian and in Finnish: movement onto something. Example: onto the house, <i>mélín</i></li>
</ul></dd>
<dt>Illative case ILL <i>-ën-</i></dt><dd>movement into something</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: into the house, <i>mênén</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Lative case LAT <i>-la</i></dt><dd>movement to something (general case)</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: to/into the house, <i>ménlá</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Sublative case SUBL <i>-iţ</i></dt><dd>movement onto the surface or below something</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: on(to) the house / under the house, <i>méníţ</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Terminative case TERM <i>-aen</i></dt><dd>marking the end of a movement or time</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: as far as the house, <i>ménáén</i>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgb8ffd2d" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgb8ffd2d"><span class="section-number-2">5</span> Motion via</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-5">
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Perlative case PER <i>žu-</i></dt><dd>movement through or along</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: through/along the house, <i>žúmén</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Prolative case PROL <i>še-</i></dt><dd>movement using a surface or way (= prosecutive case, vialis case)</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: by way of/through the house, <i>šémén</i>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org6f8234d" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="org6f8234d"><span class="section-number-2">6</span> Time</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-6">
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Accusative case ACC <i>-źu</i></dt><dd>indicating duration of time known as the <b>accusative of duration of time</b></dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: for many years, <i>łaižegźu</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Essive case ESS <i>-oiþyd-</i></dt><dd>used for specifying days and dates when something happens</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: on the first day of the week, <i>žóíþýdójorém</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Limitative case LIMIT <i>-amp</i></dt><dd>specifying a deadline</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: by the first day of the week, <i>žójorémámp</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Temporal case TEMP <i>-igni</i></dt><dd>specifying a time</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: at seven oclock, <i>ţuheol ţupńtwan ţéálnatigni</i> (GEN-hour GEN-seven precise-TEMP, at the precise hour of seven)
</p>
<p>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org6956993" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="org6956993"><span class="section-number-2">7</span> Morphosyntactic alignment</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-7">
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Absolutive case (1) ABS <i>-a</i></dt><dd>patient, experiencer; subject of an intransitive verb and direct object of a transitive verb. <b>In the divine language, the absolutive case is only used for the subject of an intransitive verb.</b></dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: he pushed the <b>door</b> and <b>it</b> opened, <i>kjaŗa</i> (door)
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>*Absolutive case (2) ABS</dt><dd>patient, involuntary experiencer</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: he pushed the <b>door</b> and <b>it</b> opened; <b>he</b> slipped
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>*Absolutive case (3) ABS</dt><dd>patient, experiencer; instrument</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: he pushed the <b>door</b> with his <b>hand</b> and <b>it</b> opened
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>*Accusative case (1)</dt><dd>patient</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: he pushed the <b>door</b> and it opened
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Accusative case (2) ACC <i>-vo</i></dt><dd>direct object of a transitive verb</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: I see <b>her</b>, <i>kjeŗvo</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Agentive case AGE <i>te-</i></dt><dd>agent, specifies or asks about <i>who</i> or <i>what</i>; specific agent that is subset of a</dd>
</dl>
<p>
general topic or subject. Equivalent to the -ga particle in Japanese
Example: it was <b>she</b> who committed the crime; as for him, his <b>head</b> hurts, <i>tekjeŗ</i>, <i>tegar</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Ergative case ERG <i>-jo</i></dt><dd>agent; subject of a transitive verb</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: <b>he</b> pushed the door and it opened
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>*Ergative-genitive case EGN</dt><dd>agent, possession</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: <b>he</b> pushed the door and it opened; <b>her</b> dog
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Instructive INSTRUCTIVE <i>-eň</i></dt><dd>means, answers question <i>how?</i></dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: by the means of the houses, <i>ménéň</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Instrumental INS/INSTR <i>-dļ</i></dt><dd>instrument, answers question <i>using which thing?</i></dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: with the house, <i>méndļ</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>*Instrumental-comitative case</dt><dd>instrument, in company of something</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: with the house
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>*Nominative case (1)</dt><dd>agent, experiencer; subject of a transitive or intransitive verb</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: <b>he</b> pushed the door and <b>it</b> opened
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>*Nominative case (2)</dt><dd>agent; voluntary experiencer</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: <b>he</b> pushed the door and it opened; <b>she</b> paused
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Nominative case NOM (3) <i>pa-</i></dt><dd>In the divine language, the person linked to the word; transforms a verbal group into a nominal group</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: horseman, <i>panael</i> (the man linked to horses, implied riding horses)
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>*Objective case (1) OBJ</dt><dd>direct or indirect object of verb</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: I saw <b>her</b>; I gave <b>her</b> the book
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>*Objective/Oblique (2)</dt><dd>direct or indirect object of verb or object of preposition; a catch-all case for any situation except nominative or genitive</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: I saw <b>her</b>; I gave <b>her</b> the book; with <b>her</b>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Oblique case OBL <i>-ŗeß</i></dt><dd>all-round case; any situation except nominative or vocative. In the divine language, is used to quote the element</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: concerning the house, <i>ménŗéß</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Intransitive case INTR <i>-ai</i></dt><dd>the subject of an intransitive verb or the logical complement of a transitive verb (= passive or patient case)</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: the <b>door</b> opened, <i>mělai</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Pegative case PEG <i>ey-</i></dt><dd>agent in a clause with a dative argument</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: <b>he</b> gave the book to him, <i>eykjaŗ</i>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgee274df" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgee274df"><span class="section-number-2">8</span> Relation</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-8">
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Ablative case <i>łe-</i></dt><dd>all-round indirect case</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: concerning the house, <i>łémén</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Aversive case EVIT <i>-ńþ-</i></dt><dd>avoiding or fear</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: avoiding the house, <i>mńþén</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>*Benefactive case BEN</dt><dd>for, for the benefit of, intended for</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: for the house
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Causal case CAUS <i>-oby</i></dt><dd>because, because of</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: because of the house, <i>ménóbý</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>*Causal-final case</dt><dd>efficient or final cause</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: for a house
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Comitative case COM <i>-ðei-</i></dt><dd>in company of something</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: with the house, <i>méðéín</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Dative case DAT <i>-at-</i></dt><dd>shows directon or recipient</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: for/to the house, <i>mátén</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Distributive case DISTR <i>xelje-</i></dt><dd>distribution by piece</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: per house, <i>xéljémén</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Distributive-temporal case <i>-be</i></dt><dd>how often something happens</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: on Sundays, <i>ðúbémbé</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Genitive case GEN <i>ţu-</i></dt><dd>shows relationship, possesssion</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: of the house; the houses, <i>ţúmén</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>*Ornative case</dt><dd>endowment with something</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: equipped with a house
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>*Possessed case POSS</dt><dd>possession by something</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: the house is owned by someone
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Privative case <i>ei-</i></dt><dd>lacking something (in general)</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: without a houses, <i>éímén</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Semplative case <i>-ŗwo</i></dt><dd>similarity to something</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: that tree is <b>like a house</b>, <i>ménŗwó</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Sociative case <i>to-</i></dt><dd>along with something, together with something</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: with the house, <i>tómén</i>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-orgcd69b92" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="orgcd69b92"><span class="section-number-2">9</span> Semantics</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-9">
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Partitive case PTV/PART <i>-ili-</i></dt><dd>used for amounts</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: three (of the) houses, <i>mílíén</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>*Prepositional case PREP</dt><dd>when certain prepositions precede the noun</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>*Postpositional case POST</dt><dd>when certain preposition follows the noun</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: in/on/about the house
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Vocative case VOC <i>-wa</i></dt><dd>used for addressing someone, with or without a preposition</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: Hey, father! O father! Father!, <i>pánámwá</i>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="outline-container-org9383ebc" class="outline-2">
<h2 id="org9383ebc"><span class="section-number-2">10</span> State</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-10">
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Abessive case ABE/ABESS <i>e-</i></dt><dd>the lack of something, a particular thing</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: without the house, <i>émén</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Adverbial case ADV <i>-ei</i></dt><dd>being as something</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: as a house, <i>ménéí</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Comparative case COMP <i>-oit</i></dt><dd>similarity with something</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: similar to the house, compared to the house, <i>ménóít</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Equative case <i>-ńt</i></dt><dd>comparison with something</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: like the house, <i>ménńt</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Essive case <i>-oiþyd-</i></dt><dd>temporary state of being, general use (essive-formal or essive-modal undefined, or both)</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: as the house, <i>móíþýdén</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Essive-formal case <i>-ëd</i></dt><dd>marking a condition as a quality (a kind of shape)</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: as a house, <i>ménêd</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Essive-modal case <i>-uug</i></dt><dd>marking a condition as a quality (a way of being)</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: as a house, <i>ménúúg</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>*Exessive case</dt><dd>marking a transition from a condition</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: from being a house (i.e., “it stops being a house”)
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>*Formal case</dt><dd>marking a condition as a quality</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: as a house
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Identical case <i>-etur</i></dt><dd>showing that something is identical</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: being identical to the house, <i>ménétúr</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Orientative case ORI <i>fo-</i></dt><dd>oriented towards something</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: turned towards the house, <i>fómén</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Revertive case <i>-ňo-</i></dt><dd>backwards to something</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: against the house, <i>méňón</i>
</p>
<dl class="org-dl">
<dt>Translative case TRANSL <i>-in</i></dt><dd>change of a condition into another</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Example: (turning) into a house, <i>ménín</i>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="postamble" class="status">
<p class="author">Auteur: Lucien Cartier-Tilet</p>
<p class="date">Created: 2018-06-06 mer. 17:20</p>
<p class="validation"></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>