1707 lines
59 KiB
HTML
1707 lines
59 KiB
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<title>Une Grammaire du Ňyqy</title>
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<div id="content">
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<h1 class="title">Une Grammaire du Ňyqy</h1>
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<p>
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</p>
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<div id="table-of-contents">
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<h2>Table des matières</h2>
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<div id="text-table-of-contents">
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#h-45733210-18dc-486a-858a-0af1d438d285">1. Avant-propos</a></li>
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<li><a href="#h-2fbe549b-7190-4426-b35f-8c98682deb63">2. Introduction</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#h-4bb192b0-55d3-43f2-94c0-408cb5cc21d9">2.1. Le nom de la langue</a></li>
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<li><a href="#h-07afd07d-322c-40f3-996e-fdee03621138">2.2. Dialectes</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#h-256a0004-69b5-4610-9e74-e16468d25d57">3. Phonologie</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#h-143a697c-d3f1-41d2-abed-f57dc4d44f75">3.1. Notes sur la transcription du Ňyqy</a></li>
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<li><a href="#h-ec81157c-3665-4166-88a6-6c2851ca8d1c">3.2. Inventaire phonétique</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#h-5d0551dc-9e28-4f19-9df7-f0dc15022d13">3.2.1. Consonnes</a></li>
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<li><a href="#h-0965f65a-4124-414e-b542-b92468c484a1">3.2.2. Voyelles</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#h-19816428-bd33-40a2-a682-acc2d0afe668">3.3. Allophonie</a></li>
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<li><a href="#h-091330c2-3def-4188-a4e8-575489780095">3.4. Phonotaxes</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#h-7773e3ad-be7c-4f86-a799-17f515082504">3.4.1. Attaque</a></li>
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<li><a href="#h-78514e2b-d422-4253-bec1-48056aaac2aa">3.4.2. Coda</a></li>
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<li><a href="#h-27934bfb-0050-4c8e-b89d-e9977fe318cc">3.4.3. Inter-syllabe</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#h-3f8bdebe-b8ec-48c2-bbad-ed5fa28786bf">3.5. Accentuation</a></li>
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<li><a href="#h-46a4bc1b-156e-4c7b-ac36-6c2e13ccda21">3.6. Accents régionaux</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#h-fe5337ed-1549-42cb-a622-7cae04b17268">4. Topologie morphologique</a></li>
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<li><a href="#h-3538358d-9f9c-412f-9679-6ada0b463058">5. Classes de mots</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#h-36798ce1-3ac3-46e7-8cd5-d5145cad79a0">5.1. Noms</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#h-a67b4578-a95e-49c8-a6bf-2e145034bcfe">5.1.1. Nombre</a></li>
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<li><a href="#orgc50369e">5.1.2. Genre</a></li>
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<li><a href="#orgb92112d">5.1.3. Possession</a></li>
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<li><a href="#org6f5e441">5.1.4. Relations grammaticales</a></li>
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<li><a href="#orgba7e4d5">5.1.5. Articles</a></li>
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<li><a href="#org6066900">5.1.6. Types de noms</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#orgb16d267">5.1.6.1. Noms propres</a></li>
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<li><a href="#orge648b14">5.1.6.2. Noms de masse</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#org3acba69">5.1.7. Pronoms</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#orge3c8331">5.1.7.1. Personnels</a></li>
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<li><a href="#orgea14e42">5.1.7.2. Relatifs</a></li>
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</ul>
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||
</li>
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||
</ul>
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||
</li>
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<li><a href="#orged6639d">5.2. Verbes</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#org007f4e2">5.2.1. Infinitif</a></li>
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<li><a href="#org2df44a9">5.2.2. Nominalisation</a></li>
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||
</ul>
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||
</li>
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<li><a href="#org4ab3f5d">5.3. Adjectifs</a></li>
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<li><a href="#org8ba104b">5.4. Adverbes</a></li>
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</ul>
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||
</li>
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<li><a href="#org82f0f8c">6. Ordre des constituants basiques</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#orga4b71af">6.1. Clauses principales</a></li>
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<li><a href="#org549cbb6">6.2. Phrase prépositionnelles</a></li>
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<li><a href="#org421f968">6.3. Phrases nominales</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#org531fc0c">6.3.1. Modificateurs</a></li>
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<li><a href="#org44690ff">6.3.2. Constructions génitives</a></li>
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<li><a href="#org5b2058f">6.3.3. Clauses relatives</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#orgf7a98f2">6.4. Phrases verbales</a></li>
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<li><a href="#org9305002">6.5. Comparatifs</a></li>
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<li><a href="#org5f36dde">6.6. Résumé</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#org2ecd0dc">7. Prédicats nominaux</a></li>
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<li><a href="#org5445ab0">8. Phrases existentielles, locationnelles et possessives</a></li>
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<li><a href="#org5765aeb">9. Expression des relations grammaticales</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#orgfb8342c">9.1. Déclinaison – Noms</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#org0ac8674">9.1.1. Déclinaison</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#org0c2fdb5">9.1.1.1. Noms masculins forts</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#org0ec2219">9.1.2. Possession</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#orga396457">9.2. Déclinaison — Pronoms</a></li>
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<li><a href="#org04414a8">9.3. Accord des verbes</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#org1277cd9">9.3.1. Indicatif</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#orgca9c925">9.3.1.1. Perfectif</a></li>
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<li><a href="#orgf70f60c">9.3.1.2. Imperfectif</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#orge183ca5">9.3.2. Impératif</a></li>
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<li><a href="#orgee14ecc">9.3.3. Jussif</a></li>
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<li><a href="#org0c11f81">9.3.4. Participes</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#orgf588e7e">9.4. Déclinaison et accord des adjectifs</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#org53fa6ec">9.4.1. Nominalisation</a></li>
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</li>
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</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org49332c8">10. Temps, aspects et modes</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#org7ef7927">10.1. Temps</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org35f322b">10.2. Aspect</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orge88ca5e">10.3. Modaux auxiliaires</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgbd73d97">10.4. Causatif</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#org52eb4b7">10.4.1. Causatif lexical</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgb6bb1ae">10.4.2. Causatif analytique</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org8489559">10.5. Passif</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgf8b786c">10.6. Réflexif</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgb398a6b">10.7. Réciproque</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org408291e">10.8. Questions</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgc907416">10.8.1. Question absolue (oui/non)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org22892f2">10.8.2. Question relative</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgf28bf1f">10.9. Impératif</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgff67864">11. Négation</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org89f5719">12. Combination de clauses</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#org1cba9cc">12.1. Clauses relatives</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org168e80a">12.2. Verbes en série</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgcc881dd">12.3. Clauses de complément</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#org330d7fd">12.3.1. Compléments de stems basiques</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org6f3afd8">12.3.2. Compléments <tél> et <þiv></a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgfba1205">12.4. Clauses adverbiales</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org5e98231">12.5. Coordination</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org1038ba4">13. Structures marquées pragmatiquement</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgdd25ebb">14. Nombres</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org6c269bc">15. Glossaire</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgfdaf376">15.1. Actions physiques</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org52f4fe2">15.2. Amour</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org6609920">15.3. Animaux</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org1d0261d">15.4. Art</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#org020663e">15.4.1. Écriture</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orga787aa1">15.4.2. Visuel</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org6f5f15e">15.4.3. Audio</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org0820ab4">15.5. Astronomie</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgfd1df91">15.6. Bâtiments</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#org1973e4b">15.6.1. La ville</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org502ee70">15.6.2. Les types de bâtiments</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orga2ceda7">15.7. Commerce</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgb54cd9c">15.8. Conflits</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org7508e6e">15.9. Conteneurs</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgf78d090">15.10. Corps</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org8c91fb7">15.11. Couleurs</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orga2cd54b">15.12. Dimensions</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#org2cf24a5">15.12.1. Distance</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org77b7ecd">15.12.2. Taille</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org4910e61">15.12.3. Quantifieurs</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orga3a21d6">15.13. Direction</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgea2989f">15.14. Eau</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org80acde7">15.15. Effort</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org66c4703">15.16. Éléments</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org6525a0a">15.17. Émotions</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org15d5eb2">15.18. Évaluation</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org1787c92">15.19. Événements</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org38ce04b">15.20. Existence</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgbfe770a">15.21. Forme</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org8e47cf4">15.22. Gouvernement</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org5e957a8">15.23. Grammaire</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#org0c122f5">15.23.1. Articles définis</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org7d99075">15.23.2. Déterminants démonstratifs</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgcc3e3c2">15.23.3. Outils interrogatifs</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org4295358">15.23.4. Conjonctions</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org10a6a52">15.23.5. Prépositions</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgac761ee">15.23.6. Pronoms</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orga5ac106">15.24. Guerre</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orga5dac44">15.25. Légal</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org50325bc">15.26. Lieux</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgf16a8c4">15.26.1. Villes</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgea96e2e">15.27. Lumière</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org190c21b">15.28. Mental</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org43174b5">15.29. Mesures</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgc63e856">15.30. Métaux</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org19cfcf1">15.31. Mouvements</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org531ccd8">15.32. Nature</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org47f14c5">15.33. Nombres</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#org2f98a1c">15.33.1. Nombres cardinaux</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org1898d1e">15.34. Nourriture</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org8404ee8">15.35. Outils</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org41e02fe">15.36. Parenté</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgb25db27">15.36.1. Famille</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org3d34910">15.37. Parole</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orga3743e7">15.38. Péchés</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org683dabd">15.39. Peuples</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgf34db8d">15.40. Physique</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org5165b34">15.41. Possession</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org1ce3393">15.42. Religion</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgc7e6766">15.43. Savoir</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orge718a55">15.44. Sensations</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgae73641">15.45. Sexe</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgfac0abe">15.46. Société</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#org5186090">15.46.1. Relations sociales</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orge8025b8">15.47. Substances</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgd1660d9">15.48. Temps</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#org726b0e6">15.48.1. Jours de la semaine</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orga4a418b">15.48.2. Saisons</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org94063e9">15.49. Travail</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org318865c">15.50. Végétaux</a>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="#org62d150c">15.50.1. Fruits</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a href="#orgeb78cdf">15.51. Vêtements</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org3d64908">15.52. Vie et santé</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="#org35eca15">15.53. À trier</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>
|
||
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org4a05796" class="outline-2">
|
||
<h2 id="h-45733210-18dc-486a-858a-0af1d438d285"><a id="org4a05796"></a><span class="section-number-2">1</span> Avant-propos</h2>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-h-45733210-18dc-486a-858a-0af1d438d285">
|
||
<p>
|
||
La redistribution ou vente de ce document sont strictement interdits. Ce
|
||
document est protégé par la loi française sur le droit d’auteur et appartient
|
||
entièrement et totalement à son auteur. Ce document est un document disponible
|
||
gratuitement au format web et pdf sur mon site web<sup><a id="fnr.1" class="footref" href="#fn.1">1</a></sup>. Si vous l’avez
|
||
obtenu depuis une autre source, gratuitement ou non, merci de m’en faire part
|
||
en me contactant via mes réseaux sociaux ou par mail que vous trouverez sur
|
||
mon site principal<sup><a id="fnr.2" class="footref" href="#fn.2">2</a></sup>. Aucune personne, morale ou physique, n’est à l’heure
|
||
actuelle autorisée à redistribuer ces documents. Si vous êtes intéressés par
|
||
une redistribution de ce document, je vous invite à rentrer en contact avec
|
||
moi afin que l’on en discute.
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
Ce document traite d’une langue imaginaire que j’ai créé. Cependant, il sera
|
||
rédigé comme s’il s’agissait de la première tentative de description de la
|
||
langue par un linguiste la découvrant. Ainsi, si dans certains passages vous
|
||
pouvez lire « mais plus d’études sur le sujet sont nécessaires » ou « cet
|
||
aspect de la langue n’a pas encore été sujet à des analyses plus
|
||
approfondies », comprenez par cela que je n’ai pas encore travaillé sur ou
|
||
fini cette partie qui peut être sujet à des mises à jours dans le futur.
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
<code>Dernière mise à jour le 30/06/19 à 11:08</code>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org4110d51" class="outline-2">
|
||
<h2 id="h-2fbe549b-7190-4426-b35f-8c98682deb63"><a id="org4110d51"></a><span class="section-number-2">2</span> Introduction</h2>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-h-2fbe549b-7190-4426-b35f-8c98682deb63">
|
||
<p>
|
||
Le Ňyqy ( ⁄ɴyqy⁄ ou ⁄ɴyʁy⁄) est une langue prototype
|
||
développée a priori. Sa grammaire est analytique, mettant un clair accent sur
|
||
la syntaxe plutôt que la morphologie quasiment absente. La langue restera
|
||
plutôt simple, et servira à développer suivant des processus naturels d’autres
|
||
langues descendant du Ňyqy. J’ai tout de même essayé de développer cette
|
||
langue de façon à autoriser des aspects naturels dans le Ňyqy, comme par
|
||
exemple son inventaire phonétique ou sa différentiation des temps, aspects et
|
||
modes, inspiré par la présentation de <a href="https://sites.google.com/view/joseph-windsor">Joseph Windsor</a> lors de la Language
|
||
Creation Conference 8.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgc3f9a30" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="h-4bb192b0-55d3-43f2-94c0-408cb5cc21d9"><a id="orgc3f9a30"></a><span class="section-number-3">2.1</span> Le nom de la langue</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-h-4bb192b0-55d3-43f2-94c0-408cb5cc21d9">
|
||
<p>
|
||
Le nom de la langue est le pronom personel de la première personne du pluriel
|
||
en Ňyqy, qui s’analyse par « ňy » signifiant <i>6</i> (le Ňyqy comptant en base
|
||
cinq, il s’agit d’un moyen de signifier la pluralité), ou <i>plusieurs</i>, ou
|
||
<i>beaucoup</i>, et « qy », signifiant <i>soi</i>, <i>moi</i>.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org97ebc52" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="h-07afd07d-322c-40f3-996e-fdee03621138"><a id="org97ebc52"></a><span class="section-number-3">2.2</span> Dialectes</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-h-07afd07d-322c-40f3-996e-fdee03621138">
|
||
<p>
|
||
Plusieurs dialectes ou prononciations du Ňyqy sont possibles et sont
|
||
présentés dans le chapitre sur la phonologie
|
||
§<a href="#h-256a0004-69b5-4610-9e74-e16468d25d57">3</a>.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgecaf591" class="outline-2">
|
||
<h2 id="h-256a0004-69b5-4610-9e74-e16468d25d57"><a id="orgecaf591"></a><span class="section-number-2">3</span> Phonologie</h2>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-h-256a0004-69b5-4610-9e74-e16468d25d57">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgcef82d4" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="h-143a697c-d3f1-41d2-abed-f57dc4d44f75"><a id="orgcef82d4"></a><span class="section-number-3">3.1</span> Notes sur la transcription du Ňyqy</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-h-143a697c-d3f1-41d2-abed-f57dc4d44f75">
|
||
<p>
|
||
Le Ňyqy étant une langue orale, aucune transcription historique n’en existe.
|
||
Ainsi, seule la translittération présentée ici fait office d’orthographe,
|
||
suivant de près la prononciation. La transcription phonétique de la langue
|
||
utilisant l’IPA<sup><a id="fnr.3" class="footref" href="#fn.3">3</a></sup> est également possible, mais moins lisible je pense
|
||
pour le lecteur, alors que la translittération lui laissera le choix de
|
||
l’accent avec lequel il souhaite lire le Ňyqy.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org665059c" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="h-ec81157c-3665-4166-88a6-6c2851ca8d1c"><a id="org665059c"></a><span class="section-number-3">3.2</span> Inventaire phonétique</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-h-ec81157c-3665-4166-88a6-6c2851ca8d1c">
|
||
<p>
|
||
L’inventaire phonétique du Ňyqy a été choisi suivant la méthode présentée par
|
||
Joseph Windsor lors le la LCC8, suivant un arbre de caractéristiques des
|
||
phonèmes présnets dans la langue.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org29b37ad" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="h-5d0551dc-9e28-4f19-9df7-f0dc15022d13"><a id="org29b37ad"></a><span class="section-number-4">3.2.1</span> Consonnes</h4>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-h-5d0551dc-9e28-4f19-9df7-f0dc15022d13">
|
||
<p>
|
||
Les consonnes standard du Ňyqy furent choisies suivant l’arbre des
|
||
caractéristiques suivant :
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure">
|
||
<p><img src="./img/nyqy_consonant_feature_tree.png" alt="Arbre des consonnes du Ňyqy" align="center">
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p><span class="figure-number">Figure 1 : </span>Arbre des caractéristiques des consonnes du Ňyqy</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
Ainsi furent choisies ces consonnes :
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<table>
|
||
<caption class="t-above"><span class="table-number">Tableau 1 :</span> Consonnes du Ňyqy (IPA)</caption>
|
||
|
||
<colgroup>
|
||
<col class="org-left">
|
||
</colgroup>
|
||
|
||
<colgroup>
|
||
<col class="org-left">
|
||
</colgroup>
|
||
|
||
<colgroup>
|
||
<col class="org-left">
|
||
</colgroup>
|
||
|
||
<colgroup>
|
||
<col class="org-left">
|
||
</colgroup>
|
||
|
||
<colgroup>
|
||
<col class="org-left">
|
||
</colgroup>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="col" class="org-left"> </th>
|
||
<th scope="col" class="org-left">bilablial</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" class="org-left">alvéolaire</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" class="org-left">labial-velaire</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" class="org-left">uvulaire</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">plosif</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">p b</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">q ɢ</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">nasal</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">m</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">n</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">ɴ</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">fricatif</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">s z</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">affriqué</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">t͡ʃ d͡ʒ</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">spirant</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">w</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<table>
|
||
<caption class="t-above"><span class="table-number">Tableau 2 :</span> Consonnes du Ňyqy (translittération)</caption>
|
||
|
||
<colgroup>
|
||
<col class="org-left">
|
||
</colgroup>
|
||
|
||
<colgroup>
|
||
<col class="org-left">
|
||
</colgroup>
|
||
|
||
<colgroup>
|
||
<col class="org-left">
|
||
</colgroup>
|
||
|
||
<colgroup>
|
||
<col class="org-left">
|
||
</colgroup>
|
||
|
||
<colgroup>
|
||
<col class="org-left">
|
||
</colgroup>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="col" class="org-left"> </th>
|
||
<th scope="col" class="org-left">bilablial</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" class="org-left">alvéolaire</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" class="org-left">labial-velaire</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" class="org-left">uvulaire</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">plosif</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">p b</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">q g</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">nasal</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">m</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">n</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">ň</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">fricatif</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">s z</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">affriqué</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">c j</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">spirant</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">w</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left"> </td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org3c9f747" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="h-0965f65a-4124-414e-b542-b92468c484a1"><a id="org3c9f747"></a><span class="section-number-4">3.2.2</span> Voyelles</h4>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-h-0965f65a-4124-414e-b542-b92468c484a1">
|
||
<p>
|
||
De même que pour les consonnes, les voyelles furent également choisies
|
||
suivant un arbre de caractéristique des voyelles. Voici l’arbre choisi :
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure">
|
||
<p><img src="./img/nyqy_vowel_feature_tree.png" alt="Arbre des voyelles du Ňyqy" align="center">
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p><span class="figure-number">Figure 2 : </span>Arbre des caractéristiques des voyelles du Ňyqy</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
Et voici les voyelles choisies à partir de cet arbre :
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<table>
|
||
<caption class="t-above"><span class="table-number">Tableau 3 :</span> Voyelles du Ňyqy (IPA)</caption>
|
||
|
||
<colgroup>
|
||
<col class="org-left">
|
||
</colgroup>
|
||
|
||
<colgroup>
|
||
<col class="org-left">
|
||
</colgroup>
|
||
|
||
<colgroup>
|
||
<col class="org-left">
|
||
</colgroup>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="col" class="org-left"> </th>
|
||
<th scope="col" class="org-left">antérieures</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" class="org-left">postérieures</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">fermées</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">y</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">u</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">pré-fermées</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">ɪ</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">ʊ</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">mi-fermées</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">ø</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">ʌ</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">mi-ouvertes</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">ɛ</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">ɔ</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<table>
|
||
<caption class="t-above"><span class="table-number">Tableau 4 :</span> Voyelles du Ňyqy (translittération)</caption>
|
||
|
||
<colgroup>
|
||
<col class="org-left">
|
||
</colgroup>
|
||
|
||
<colgroup>
|
||
<col class="org-left">
|
||
</colgroup>
|
||
|
||
<colgroup>
|
||
<col class="org-left">
|
||
</colgroup>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="col" class="org-left"> </th>
|
||
<th scope="col" class="org-left">antérieures</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" class="org-left">postérieures</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">fermées</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">y</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">ü</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">pré-fermées</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">i</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">u</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">mi-fermées</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">ë</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">ö</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">mi-ouvertes</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">e</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">o</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgc82d0f4" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="h-19816428-bd33-40a2-a682-acc2d0afe668"><a id="orgc82d0f4"></a><span class="section-number-3">3.3</span> Allophonie</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-h-19816428-bd33-40a2-a682-acc2d0afe668">
|
||
<p>
|
||
Il existe relativement peu de règles allophoniques connues en Ňyqy, cependant
|
||
quelques unes sont à peu près certaines :
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||
<li>V → [-tense] / {q,ɢ,ɴ}_</li>
|
||
<li>C<sub>1</sub> → [+geminated] / _C<sub>1</sub></li>
|
||
<li>C<sub>1</sub> → ∅ / C<sub>1</sub> _</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org6a8b65c" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="h-091330c2-3def-4188-a4e8-575489780095"><a id="org6a8b65c"></a><span class="section-number-3">3.4</span> Phonotaxes</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-h-091330c2-3def-4188-a4e8-575489780095">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org6294d61" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="h-7773e3ad-be7c-4f86-a799-17f515082504"><a id="org6294d61"></a><span class="section-number-4">3.4.1</span> Attaque</h4>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-h-7773e3ad-be7c-4f86-a799-17f515082504">
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgf0adb9e" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="h-78514e2b-d422-4253-bec1-48056aaac2aa"><a id="orgf0adb9e"></a><span class="section-number-4">3.4.2</span> Coda</h4>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-h-78514e2b-d422-4253-bec1-48056aaac2aa">
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgf1156e1" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="h-27934bfb-0050-4c8e-b89d-e9977fe318cc"><a id="orgf1156e1"></a><span class="section-number-4">3.4.3</span> Inter-syllabe</h4>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-h-27934bfb-0050-4c8e-b89d-e9977fe318cc">
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org2048956" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="h-3f8bdebe-b8ec-48c2-bbad-ed5fa28786bf"><a id="org2048956"></a><span class="section-number-3">3.5</span> Accentuation</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-h-3f8bdebe-b8ec-48c2-bbad-ed5fa28786bf">
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org15f9b6a" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="h-46a4bc1b-156e-4c7b-ac36-6c2e13ccda21"><a id="org15f9b6a"></a><span class="section-number-3">3.6</span> Accents régionaux</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-h-46a4bc1b-156e-4c7b-ac36-6c2e13ccda21">
|
||
<p>
|
||
Il est possible de rencontrer une variation de prononciation du Ňyqy suivant
|
||
ces modifications :
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<table>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<colgroup>
|
||
<col class="org-left">
|
||
</colgroup>
|
||
|
||
<colgroup>
|
||
<col class="org-left">
|
||
</colgroup>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th scope="col" class="org-left">standard</th>
|
||
<th scope="col" class="org-left">variante</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">q</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">χ</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">ɢ</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">ʁ</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">t͡ʃ</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">k</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">d͡ʒ</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">g</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">ɴ</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">ʀ</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">p</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">f</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">p</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">ɸ</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">b</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">v</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">b</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">β</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">y</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">i</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">ø</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">e</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">ʌ</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">o</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="org-left">ɛ</td>
|
||
<td class="org-left">a</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
Dû à l’ancienneté de cette langue, il n’existe pas réellement de certitudes
|
||
quant aux règles faisant qu’un phonème était adopté plutôt qu’un autre, mais
|
||
il est relativement certain que les quatre premières variations allaient de
|
||
paire. Il est à peu près certain que si le « p » était prononcé
|
||
⁄f⁄, alors le « b » serait prononcé ⁄v⁄, de même pour
|
||
⁄ɸ⁄ et ⁄β⁄. Il semblerait également que les deux
|
||
premières variations eut été très fréquentes, il est même possible que
|
||
⁄χ⁄ et ⁄ʁ⁄ eurent été allophones de ⁄q⁄ et
|
||
⁄ɢ⁄ respectivement.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgc897cdb" class="outline-2">
|
||
<h2 id="h-fe5337ed-1549-42cb-a622-7cae04b17268"><a id="orgc897cdb"></a><span class="section-number-2">4</span> Topologie morphologique</h2>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-h-fe5337ed-1549-42cb-a622-7cae04b17268">
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgfd83f7d" class="outline-2">
|
||
<h2 id="h-3538358d-9f9c-412f-9679-6ada0b463058"><a id="orgfd83f7d"></a><span class="section-number-2">5</span> Classes de mots</h2>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-h-3538358d-9f9c-412f-9679-6ada0b463058">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org8887513" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="h-36798ce1-3ac3-46e7-8cd5-d5145cad79a0"><a id="org8887513"></a><span class="section-number-3">5.1</span> Noms</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-h-36798ce1-3ac3-46e7-8cd5-d5145cad79a0">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgc58fec2" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="h-a67b4578-a95e-49c8-a6bf-2e145034bcfe"><a id="orgc58fec2"></a><span class="section-number-4">5.1.1</span> Nombre</h4>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-h-a67b4578-a95e-49c8-a6bf-2e145034bcfe">
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgc50369e" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="orgc50369e"><span class="section-number-4">5.1.2</span> Genre</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgb92112d" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="orgb92112d"><span class="section-number-4">5.1.3</span> Possession</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org6f5e441" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org6f5e441"><span class="section-number-4">5.1.4</span> Relations grammaticales</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgba7e4d5" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="orgba7e4d5"><span class="section-number-4">5.1.5</span> Articles</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org6066900" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org6066900"><span class="section-number-4">5.1.6</span> Types de noms</h4>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-5-1-6">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgb16d267" class="outline-5">
|
||
<h5 id="orgb16d267"><span class="section-number-5">5.1.6.1</span> Noms propres</h5>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orge648b14" class="outline-5">
|
||
<h5 id="orge648b14"><span class="section-number-5">5.1.6.2</span> Noms de masse</h5>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org3acba69" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org3acba69"><span class="section-number-4">5.1.7</span> Pronoms</h4>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-5-1-7">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orge3c8331" class="outline-5">
|
||
<h5 id="orge3c8331"><span class="section-number-5">5.1.7.1</span> Personnels</h5>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgea14e42" class="outline-5">
|
||
<h5 id="orgea14e42"><span class="section-number-5">5.1.7.2</span> Relatifs</h5>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orged6639d" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orged6639d"><span class="section-number-3">5.2</span> Verbes</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-5-2">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org007f4e2" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org007f4e2"><span class="section-number-4">5.2.1</span> Infinitif</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org2df44a9" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org2df44a9"><span class="section-number-4">5.2.2</span> Nominalisation</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org4ab3f5d" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org4ab3f5d"><span class="section-number-3">5.3</span> Adjectifs</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org8ba104b" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org8ba104b"><span class="section-number-3">5.4</span> Adverbes</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org82f0f8c" class="outline-2">
|
||
<h2 id="org82f0f8c"><span class="section-number-2">6</span> Ordre des constituants basiques</h2>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-6">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orga4b71af" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orga4b71af"><span class="section-number-3">6.1</span> Clauses principales</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org549cbb6" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org549cbb6"><span class="section-number-3">6.2</span> Phrase prépositionnelles</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org421f968" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org421f968"><span class="section-number-3">6.3</span> Phrases nominales</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-6-3">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org531fc0c" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org531fc0c"><span class="section-number-4">6.3.1</span> Modificateurs</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org44690ff" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org44690ff"><span class="section-number-4">6.3.2</span> Constructions génitives</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org5b2058f" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org5b2058f"><span class="section-number-4">6.3.3</span> Clauses relatives</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgf7a98f2" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orgf7a98f2"><span class="section-number-3">6.4</span> Phrases verbales</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org9305002" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org9305002"><span class="section-number-3">6.5</span> Comparatifs</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org5f36dde" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org5f36dde"><span class="section-number-3">6.6</span> Résumé</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org2ecd0dc" class="outline-2">
|
||
<h2 id="org2ecd0dc"><span class="section-number-2">7</span> Prédicats nominaux</h2>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org5445ab0" class="outline-2">
|
||
<h2 id="org5445ab0"><span class="section-number-2">8</span> Phrases existentielles, locationnelles et possessives</h2>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org5765aeb" class="outline-2">
|
||
<h2 id="org5765aeb"><span class="section-number-2">9</span> Expression des relations grammaticales</h2>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-9">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgfb8342c" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orgfb8342c"><span class="section-number-3">9.1</span> Déclinaison – Noms</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-9-1">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org0ac8674" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org0ac8674"><span class="section-number-4">9.1.1</span> Déclinaison</h4>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-9-1-1">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org0c2fdb5" class="outline-5">
|
||
<h5 id="org0c2fdb5"><span class="section-number-5">9.1.1.1</span> Noms masculins forts</h5>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org0ec2219" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org0ec2219"><span class="section-number-4">9.1.2</span> Possession</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orga396457" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orga396457"><span class="section-number-3">9.2</span> Déclinaison — Pronoms</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org04414a8" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org04414a8"><span class="section-number-3">9.3</span> Accord des verbes</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-9-3">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org1277cd9" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org1277cd9"><span class="section-number-4">9.3.1</span> Indicatif</h4>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-9-3-1">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgca9c925" class="outline-5">
|
||
<h5 id="orgca9c925"><span class="section-number-5">9.3.1.1</span> Perfectif</h5>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgf70f60c" class="outline-5">
|
||
<h5 id="orgf70f60c"><span class="section-number-5">9.3.1.2</span> Imperfectif</h5>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orge183ca5" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="orge183ca5"><span class="section-number-4">9.3.2</span> Impératif</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgee14ecc" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="orgee14ecc"><span class="section-number-4">9.3.3</span> Jussif</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org0c11f81" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org0c11f81"><span class="section-number-4">9.3.4</span> Participes</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgf588e7e" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orgf588e7e"><span class="section-number-3">9.4</span> Déclinaison et accord des adjectifs</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-9-4">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org53fa6ec" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org53fa6ec"><span class="section-number-4">9.4.1</span> Nominalisation</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org49332c8" class="outline-2">
|
||
<h2 id="org49332c8"><span class="section-number-2">10</span> Temps, aspects et modes</h2>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-10">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org7ef7927" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org7ef7927"><span class="section-number-3">10.1</span> Temps</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org35f322b" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org35f322b"><span class="section-number-3">10.2</span> Aspect</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orge88ca5e" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orge88ca5e"><span class="section-number-3">10.3</span> Modaux auxiliaires</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgbd73d97" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orgbd73d97"><span class="section-number-3">10.4</span> Causatif</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-10-4">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org52eb4b7" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org52eb4b7"><span class="section-number-4">10.4.1</span> Causatif lexical</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgb6bb1ae" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="orgb6bb1ae"><span class="section-number-4">10.4.2</span> Causatif analytique</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org8489559" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org8489559"><span class="section-number-3">10.5</span> Passif</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgf8b786c" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orgf8b786c"><span class="section-number-3">10.6</span> Réflexif</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgb398a6b" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orgb398a6b"><span class="section-number-3">10.7</span> Réciproque</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org408291e" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org408291e"><span class="section-number-3">10.8</span> Questions</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-10-8">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgc907416" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="orgc907416"><span class="section-number-4">10.8.1</span> Question absolue (oui/non)</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org22892f2" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org22892f2"><span class="section-number-4">10.8.2</span> Question relative</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgf28bf1f" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orgf28bf1f"><span class="section-number-3">10.9</span> Impératif</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgff67864" class="outline-2">
|
||
<h2 id="orgff67864"><span class="section-number-2">11</span> Négation</h2>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org89f5719" class="outline-2">
|
||
<h2 id="org89f5719"><span class="section-number-2">12</span> Combination de clauses</h2>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-12">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org1cba9cc" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org1cba9cc"><span class="section-number-3">12.1</span> Clauses relatives</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org168e80a" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org168e80a"><span class="section-number-3">12.2</span> Verbes en série</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgcc881dd" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orgcc881dd"><span class="section-number-3">12.3</span> Clauses de complément</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-12-3">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org330d7fd" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org330d7fd"><span class="section-number-4">12.3.1</span> Compléments de stems basiques</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org6f3afd8" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org6f3afd8"><span class="section-number-4">12.3.2</span> Compléments <tél> et <þiv></h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgfba1205" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orgfba1205"><span class="section-number-3">12.4</span> Clauses adverbiales</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org5e98231" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org5e98231"><span class="section-number-3">12.5</span> Coordination</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org1038ba4" class="outline-2">
|
||
<h2 id="org1038ba4"><span class="section-number-2">13</span> Structures marquées pragmatiquement</h2>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgdd25ebb" class="outline-2">
|
||
<h2 id="orgdd25ebb"><span class="section-number-2">14</span> Nombres</h2>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org6c269bc" class="outline-2">
|
||
<h2 id="org6c269bc"><span class="section-number-2">15</span> Glossaire</h2>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-15">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgfdaf376" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orgfdaf376"><span class="section-number-3">15.1</span> Actions physiques</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org52f4fe2" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org52f4fe2"><span class="section-number-3">15.2</span> Amour</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org6609920" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org6609920"><span class="section-number-3">15.3</span> Animaux</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org1d0261d" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org1d0261d"><span class="section-number-3">15.4</span> Art</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-15-4">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org020663e" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org020663e"><span class="section-number-4">15.4.1</span> Écriture</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orga787aa1" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="orga787aa1"><span class="section-number-4">15.4.2</span> Visuel</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org6f5f15e" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org6f5f15e"><span class="section-number-4">15.4.3</span> Audio</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org0820ab4" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org0820ab4"><span class="section-number-3">15.5</span> Astronomie</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgfd1df91" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orgfd1df91"><span class="section-number-3">15.6</span> Bâtiments</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-15-6">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org1973e4b" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org1973e4b"><span class="section-number-4">15.6.1</span> La ville</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org502ee70" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org502ee70"><span class="section-number-4">15.6.2</span> Les types de bâtiments</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orga2ceda7" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orga2ceda7"><span class="section-number-3">15.7</span> Commerce</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgb54cd9c" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orgb54cd9c"><span class="section-number-3">15.8</span> Conflits</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org7508e6e" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org7508e6e"><span class="section-number-3">15.9</span> Conteneurs</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgf78d090" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orgf78d090"><span class="section-number-3">15.10</span> Corps</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org8c91fb7" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org8c91fb7"><span class="section-number-3">15.11</span> Couleurs</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orga2cd54b" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orga2cd54b"><span class="section-number-3">15.12</span> Dimensions</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-15-12">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org2cf24a5" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org2cf24a5"><span class="section-number-4">15.12.1</span> Distance</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org77b7ecd" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org77b7ecd"><span class="section-number-4">15.12.2</span> Taille</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org4910e61" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org4910e61"><span class="section-number-4">15.12.3</span> Quantifieurs</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orga3a21d6" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orga3a21d6"><span class="section-number-3">15.13</span> Direction</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgea2989f" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orgea2989f"><span class="section-number-3">15.14</span> Eau</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org80acde7" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org80acde7"><span class="section-number-3">15.15</span> Effort</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org66c4703" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org66c4703"><span class="section-number-3">15.16</span> Éléments</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org6525a0a" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org6525a0a"><span class="section-number-3">15.17</span> Émotions</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org15d5eb2" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org15d5eb2"><span class="section-number-3">15.18</span> Évaluation</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org1787c92" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org1787c92"><span class="section-number-3">15.19</span> Événements</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org38ce04b" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org38ce04b"><span class="section-number-3">15.20</span> Existence</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgbfe770a" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orgbfe770a"><span class="section-number-3">15.21</span> Forme</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org8e47cf4" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org8e47cf4"><span class="section-number-3">15.22</span> Gouvernement</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org5e957a8" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org5e957a8"><span class="section-number-3">15.23</span> Grammaire</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-15-23">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org0c122f5" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org0c122f5"><span class="section-number-4">15.23.1</span> Articles définis</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org7d99075" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org7d99075"><span class="section-number-4">15.23.2</span> Déterminants démonstratifs</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgcc3e3c2" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="orgcc3e3c2"><span class="section-number-4">15.23.3</span> Outils interrogatifs</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org4295358" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org4295358"><span class="section-number-4">15.23.4</span> Conjonctions</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org10a6a52" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org10a6a52"><span class="section-number-4">15.23.5</span> Prépositions</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgac761ee" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="orgac761ee"><span class="section-number-4">15.23.6</span> Pronoms</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orga5ac106" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orga5ac106"><span class="section-number-3">15.24</span> Guerre</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orga5dac44" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orga5dac44"><span class="section-number-3">15.25</span> Légal</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org50325bc" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org50325bc"><span class="section-number-3">15.26</span> Lieux</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-15-26">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgf16a8c4" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="orgf16a8c4"><span class="section-number-4">15.26.1</span> Villes</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgea96e2e" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orgea96e2e"><span class="section-number-3">15.27</span> Lumière</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org190c21b" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org190c21b"><span class="section-number-3">15.28</span> Mental</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org43174b5" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org43174b5"><span class="section-number-3">15.29</span> Mesures</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgc63e856" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orgc63e856"><span class="section-number-3">15.30</span> Métaux</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org19cfcf1" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org19cfcf1"><span class="section-number-3">15.31</span> Mouvements</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org531ccd8" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org531ccd8"><span class="section-number-3">15.32</span> Nature</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org47f14c5" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org47f14c5"><span class="section-number-3">15.33</span> Nombres</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-15-33">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org2f98a1c" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org2f98a1c"><span class="section-number-4">15.33.1</span> Nombres cardinaux</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org1898d1e" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org1898d1e"><span class="section-number-3">15.34</span> Nourriture</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org8404ee8" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org8404ee8"><span class="section-number-3">15.35</span> Outils</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org41e02fe" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org41e02fe"><span class="section-number-3">15.36</span> Parenté</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-15-36">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgb25db27" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="orgb25db27"><span class="section-number-4">15.36.1</span> Famille</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org3d34910" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org3d34910"><span class="section-number-3">15.37</span> Parole</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orga3743e7" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orga3743e7"><span class="section-number-3">15.38</span> Péchés</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org683dabd" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org683dabd"><span class="section-number-3">15.39</span> Peuples</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgf34db8d" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orgf34db8d"><span class="section-number-3">15.40</span> Physique</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org5165b34" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org5165b34"><span class="section-number-3">15.41</span> Possession</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org1ce3393" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org1ce3393"><span class="section-number-3">15.42</span> Religion</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgc7e6766" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orgc7e6766"><span class="section-number-3">15.43</span> Savoir</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orge718a55" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orge718a55"><span class="section-number-3">15.44</span> Sensations</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgae73641" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orgae73641"><span class="section-number-3">15.45</span> Sexe</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgfac0abe" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orgfac0abe"><span class="section-number-3">15.46</span> Société</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-15-46">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org5186090" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org5186090"><span class="section-number-4">15.46.1</span> Relations sociales</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orge8025b8" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orge8025b8"><span class="section-number-3">15.47</span> Substances</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgd1660d9" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orgd1660d9"><span class="section-number-3">15.48</span> Temps</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-15-48">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org726b0e6" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org726b0e6"><span class="section-number-4">15.48.1</span> Jours de la semaine</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orga4a418b" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="orga4a418b"><span class="section-number-4">15.48.2</span> Saisons</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org94063e9" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org94063e9"><span class="section-number-3">15.49</span> Travail</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org318865c" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org318865c"><span class="section-number-3">15.50</span> Végétaux</h3>
|
||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-15-50">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org62d150c" class="outline-4">
|
||
<h4 id="org62d150c"><span class="section-number-4">15.50.1</span> Fruits</h4>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-orgeb78cdf" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="orgeb78cdf"><span class="section-number-3">15.51</span> Vêtements</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org3d64908" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org3d64908"><span class="section-number-3">15.52</span> Vie et santé</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="outline-container-org35eca15" class="outline-3">
|
||
<h3 id="org35eca15"><span class="section-number-3">15.53</span> À trier</h3>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="footnotes">
|
||
<h2 class="footnotes">Notes de bas de page: </h2>
|
||
<div id="text-footnotes">
|
||
|
||
<div class="footdef"><sup><a id="fn.1" class="footnum" href="#fnr.1">1</a></sup> <div class="footpara"><p class="footpara">
|
||
<a href="https://langue.phundrak.fr">https://langue.phundrak.fr</a>
|
||
</p></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="footdef"><sup><a id="fn.2" class="footnum" href="#fnr.2">2</a></sup> <div class="footpara"><p class="footpara">
|
||
<a href="https://phundrak.fr">https://phundrak.fr</a>
|
||
</p></div></div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="footdef"><sup><a id="fn.3" class="footnum" href="#fnr.3">3</a></sup> <div class="footpara"><p class="footpara">
|
||
<a href="https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart">https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart</a>
|
||
</p></div></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div></div>
|
||
<div id="postamble" class="status">
|
||
<p class="author">Auteur: Lucien Cartier-Tilet</p>
|
||
<p class="date">Created: 2019-06-30 dim. 11:08</p>
|
||
<p class="validation"></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|