#+include: ../headers/head-lvl1.org
#+TITLE: Cas grammaticaux du Hjalpi Vernaculaire

Grammatical states marques with a star ( * ) are grammatical states that do not exist *as declensions* in the Divine Language.

* Chart for review for the basic cases

  | /        | <         |             |           |             |
  |          | interior  | surface     | adjacency | state       |
  |----------+-----------+-------------+-----------+-------------|
  | /from/   | Elative   | Delative    | Ablative  | Excessive   |
  | /at/in/  | Inessive  | Superessive | Adessive  | Essive      |
  | /(in)to/ | Illative  | Sublative   | Allative  | Translative |
  | /via/    | Perlative | Prolative   |           |             |

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* Location

  - Adessive case ADE /iŗ-/ :: adjacent location

    Example: near/at/by the house, /íŗmén/
  - Antessive case ANTE /vwo-/ :: anterior location
    Example: before the house, /vwómén/
  - Apudessive case APUD /ne-/ :: location next to something

    Example: next to the house, /némén/
  - Inessive case /-ŕo-/ :: inside something

    Example: inside the house, /méŕón/
  - Intrative case ITRT /-fu-/ :: between something

    Example: between the houses, /méfún/
  - Locative case LOC /la-/ :: location (general case)

    Example: at/on/in the house, /lámén/
  - Pertingent case /ma-/ :: in contact with something

    Example: touching the house, /mámén/
  - Postessive case POSTE /-uß/ :: posterior location

    Example: behind the house, /ménúß/
  - Subessive case SUBE /nwo-/ :: under something

    Example: under/below the house, /nwómén/
  - Superessive case SUPE /ßta-/ :: on the surface

    Example: on (top of) the house, /ßtámén/

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* Motion from

  - Ablative case ABL /li-/ :: movement away from something

    Example: away from the house, /límén/
  - Delative case DEL /ßa-/ :: movement from the surface

    Example: from (the top of) the house, /ßámén/
  - *Egressive case EGRE :: marking the beginning of a movement or time

    Example: beginning from the house
  - Elative case ELA /-ykń/ :: out of something

    Example: out of the house, /ménýkń/
  - Initiative case INITI /-akļ/ :: starting point of an action

    Example: beginning from the house, /ménákļ/

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* Motion to

  - Allative case ALL /-li-/ ::
    - *in Hungarian and in Finnish: movement  to (the adjacency of). Example: to
      the house
    - in Estonian  and in  Finnish: movement onto  something. Example:  onto the
      house, /mélín/

  - Illative case ILL /-ën-/ :: movement into something

       Example: into the house, /mênén/
  - Lative case LAT /-la/ :: movement to something (general case)

       Example: to/into the house, /ménlá/
  - Sublative case SUBL /-iţ/ :: movement onto the surface or below something

       Example: on(to) the house / under the house, /méníţ/
  - Terminative case TERM /-aen/ :: marking the end of a movement or time

       Example: as far as the house, /ménáén/

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* Motion via

  - Perlative case PER /žu-/ :: movement through or along

       Example: through/along the house, /žúmén/
  - Prolative case PROL /še-/ :: movement  using a surface or way (= prosecutive
       case, vialis case)

       Example: by way of/through the house, /šémén/

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* Time

  - Accusative  case ACC  /-źu/  :: indicating  duration of  time  known as  the
       *accusative of duration of time*

       Example: for many years, /łaižegźu/
  - Essive  case ESS  /-oiþyd-/  ::  used for  specifying  days  and dates  when
       something happens

       Example: on the first day of the week, /žóíþýdójorém/
  - Limitative case LIMIT /-amp/ :: specifying a deadline

       Example: by the first day of the week, /žójorémámp/
  - Temporal case TEMP /-igni/ :: specifying a time

       Example:  at  seven  o’clock,  /ţuheol  ţupńtwan  ţéálnatigni/  (GEN-hour
       GEN-seven precise-TEMP, at the precise hour of seven)

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* Morphosyntactic alignment

  - Absolutive  case  (1)  ABS  /-a/  :: patient,  experiencer;  subject  of  an
       intransitive verb and direct object of  a transitive verb. *In the divine
       language,  the  absolutive case  is  only  used  for  the subject  of  an
       intransitive verb.*

       Example: he pushed the *door* and *it* opened, /kjaŗa/ (door)
  - *Absolutive case (2) ABS :: patient, involuntary experiencer

       Example: he pushed the *door* and *it* opened; *he* slipped
  - *Absolutive case (3) ABS :: patient, experiencer; instrument

       Example: he pushed the *door* with his *hand* and *it* opened
  - *Accusative case (1) :: patient

       Example: he pushed the *door* and it opened
  - Accusative case (2) ACC /-vo/ :: direct object of a transitive verb

       Example: I see *her*, /kjeŗvo/
  - Agentive case AGE  /te-/ :: agent,  specifies or asks about /who/ or /what/;
       specific agent that  is subset of a general topic  or subject. Equivalent
       to the -ga particle in Japanese

       Example: it  was *she* who  committed the crime;  as for him,  his *head*
       hurts, /tekjeŗ/, /tegar/
  - Ergative case ERG /-jo/ :: agent; subject of a transitive verb

       Example: *he* pushed the door and it opened
  - *Ergative-genitive case EGN :: agent, possession

       Example: *he* pushed the door and it opened; *her* dog
  - Instructive INSTRUCTIVE /-eň/ :: means, answers question /how?/

       Example: by the means of the houses, /ménéň/
  - Instrumental INS/INSTR  /-dļ/ ::  instrument, answers question  /using which
       thing?/

       Example: with the house, /méndļ/
  - *Instrumental-comitative case :: instrument, in company of something

       Example: with the house
  - *Nominative  case (1)  :: agent,  experiencer;  subject of  a transitive  or
       intransitive verb

       Example: *he* pushed the door and *it* opened
  - *Nominative case (2) :: agent; voluntary experiencer

       Example: *he* pushed the door and it opened; *she* paused
  - Nominative case NOM  (3) /pa-/ :: In the divine  language, the person linked
       to the word; transforms a verbal group into a nominal group

       Example: horseman,  /panael/ (the  man linked  to horses,  implied riding
       horses)
  - *Objective case (1) OBJ :: direct or indirect object of verb

       Example: I saw *her*; I gave *her* the book
  - *Objective/Oblique (2)  :: direct or  indirect object  of verb or  object of
       preposition;  a catch-all  case for  any situation  except nominative  or
       genitive

       Example: I saw *her*; I gave *her* the book; with *her*
  - Oblique case OBL  /-ŗeß/ :: all-round case; any  situation except nominative
       or vocative. In the divine language, is used to quote the element

       Example: concerning the house, /ménŗéß/
  - Intransitive case INTR  /-ai/ :: the subject of an  intransitive verb or the
       logical complement of a transitive verb (= passive or patient case)

       Example: the *door* opened, /mělai/
  - Pegative case PEG /ey-/ :: agent in a clause with a dative argument

       Example: *he* gave the book to him, /eykjaŗ/

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* Relation

  - Ablative case /łe-/ :: all-round indirect case

       Example: concerning the house, /łémén/
  - Aversive case EVIT /-ńþ-/ :: avoiding or fear

       Example: avoiding the house, /mńþén/
  - *Benefactive case BEN :: for, for the benefit of, intended for

       Example: for the house
  - Causal case CAUS /-oby/ :: because, because of

       Example: because of the house, /ménóbý/
  - *Causal-final case :: efficient or final cause

       Example: for a house
  - Comitative case COM /-ðei-/ :: in company of something

       Example: with the house, /méðéín/
  - Dative case DAT /-at-/ :: shows directon or recipient

       Example: for/to the house, /mátén/
  - Distributive case DISTR /xelje-/ :: distribution by piece

       Example: per house, /xéljémén/
  - Distributive-temporal case /-be/ :: how often something happens

       Example: on Sundays, /ðúbémbé/
  - Genitive case GEN /ţu-/ :: shows relationship, possesssion

       Example: of the house; the house’s, /ţúmén/
  - *Ornative case :: endowment with something

                      Example: equipped with a house
  - *Possessed case POSS :: possession by something

       Example: the house is owned by someone
  - Privative case /ei-/ :: lacking something (in general)

       Example: without a houses, /éímén/
  - Semplative case /-ŗwo/ :: similarity to something

       Example: that tree is *like a house*, /ménŗwó/
  - Sociative case /to-/ :: along with something, together with something

       Example: with the house, /tómén/

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* Semantics

   - Partitive case PTV/PART /-ili’-/ :: used for amounts

        Example: three (of the) houses, /mílí’én/
   - *Prepositional case PREP :: when certain prepositions precede the noun
   - *Postpositional case POST :: when certain preposition follows the noun

        Example: in/on/about the house
   - Vocative case VOC  /-wa/ :: used for addressing someone,  with or without a
        preposition

        Example: Hey, father! O father! Father!, /pánámwá/

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* State

  - Abessive case ABE/ABESS /e-/ :: the lack of something, a particular thing

       Example: without the house, /émén/
  - Adverbial case ADV /-ei/ :: being as something

       Example: as a house, /ménéí/
  - Comparative case COMP /-oit/ :: similarity with something

       Example: similar to the house, compared to the house, /ménóít/
  - Equative case /-ńt/ :: comparison with something

       Example: like the house, /ménńt/
  - Essive   case  /-oiþyd-/   ::  temporary   state  of   being,  general   use
       (essive-formal or essive-modal undefined, or both)

       Example: as the house, /móíþýdén/
  - Essive-formal case  /-ëd/ ::  marking a  condition as a  quality (a  kind of
       shape)

       Example: as a house, /ménêd/
  - Essive-modal case  /-u’ug/ ::  marking a  condition as a  quality (a  way of
       being)

       Example: as a house, /ménú’úg/
  - *Exessive case :: marking a transition from a condition

                      Example:  from being  a  house (i.e.,  “it  stops being  a
                      house”)
  - *Formal case :: marking a condition as a quality

                    Example: as a house
  - Identical case /-etur/ :: showing that something is identical

       Example: being identical to the house, /ménétúr/
  - Orientative case ORI /fo-/ :: oriented towards something

       Example: turned towards the house, /fómén/
  - Revertive case /-ňo-/ :: backwards to something

       Example: against the house, /méňón/
  - Translative case TRANSL /-in/ :: change of a condition into another

       Example: (turning) into a house, /ménín/

#  LocalWords: ménákļ mélín ménýkń ßámén límén ßtámén nwómén ménúß mámén lámén méfún méŕón némén vwómén íŗmén ménŗéß mělai eykjaŗ panael méndļ ménéň tegar tekjeŗ kjeŗvo kjaŗa experiencer mênén ménlá méníţ ménáén žúmén šémén łailźu žóíþýdójorém ţuheol ţupńtwan ga ţéálnatigni žójorémámp émén ménéí ménóít ménńt móíþýdén ménêd úg ménú ménétúr fómén méňón ménín pánámwá én mílí łaižegźu

#  LocalWords:  éímén ménŗwó tómén

#  LocalWords:  ðúbémbé

#  LocalWords:  xéljémén

#  LocalWords:  mátén

#  LocalWords:  méðéín

#  LocalWords:  mńþén