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Chart for review for the basic cases</a></li> <li><a href="#orgcba8038">2. Location</a></li> <li><a href="#orgd15b608">3. Motion from</a></li> <li><a href="#org4062556">4. Motion to</a></li> <li><a href="#orgb8ffd2d">5. Motion via</a></li> <li><a href="#org6f8234d">6. Time</a></li> <li><a href="#org6956993">7. Morphosyntactic alignment</a></li> <li><a href="#orgee274df">8. Relation</a></li> <li><a href="#orgcd69b92">9. Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="#org9383ebc">10. State</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <p> </p> <p> Grammatical states marques with a star ( * ) are grammatical states that do not exist <b>as declensions</b> in the Divine Language. </p> <div id="outline-container-orgc67442a" class="outline-2"> <h2 id="orgc67442a"><span class="section-number-2">1</span> Chart for review for the basic cases</h2> <div class="outline-text-2" id="text-1"> <table border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" rules="groups" frame="hsides"> <colgroup> <col class="org-left" /> </colgroup> <colgroup> <col class="org-left" /> <col class="org-left" /> <col class="org-left" /> <col class="org-left" /> </colgroup> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col" class="org-left"> </th> <th scope="col" class="org-left">interior</th> <th scope="col" class="org-left">surface</th> <th scope="col" class="org-left">adjacency</th> <th scope="col" class="org-left">state</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td class="org-left"><i>from</i></td> <td class="org-left">Elative</td> <td class="org-left">Delative</td> <td class="org-left">Ablative</td> <td class="org-left">Excessive</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="org-left"><i>at/in</i></td> <td class="org-left">Inessive</td> <td class="org-left">Superessive</td> <td class="org-left">Adessive</td> <td class="org-left">Essive</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="org-left"><i>(in)to</i></td> <td class="org-left">Illative</td> <td class="org-left">Sublative</td> <td class="org-left">Allative</td> <td class="org-left">Translative</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="org-left"><i>via</i></td> <td class="org-left">Perlative</td> <td class="org-left">Prolative</td> <td class="org-left"> </td> <td class="org-left"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> </div> </div> <div id="outline-container-orgcba8038" class="outline-2"> <h2 id="orgcba8038"><span class="section-number-2">2</span> Location</h2> <div class="outline-text-2" id="text-2"> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Adessive case ADE <i>iŗ-</i></dt><dd>adjacent location</dd> </dl> <p> Example: near/at/by the house, <i>íŗmén</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Antessive case ANTE <i>vwo-</i></dt><dd>anterior location</dd> </dl> <p> Example: before the house, <i>vwómén</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Apudessive case APUD <i>ne-</i></dt><dd>location next to something</dd> </dl> <p> Example: next to the house, <i>némén</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Inessive case <i>-ŕo-</i></dt><dd>inside something</dd> </dl> <p> Example: inside the house, <i>méŕón</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Intrative case ITRT <i>-fu-</i></dt><dd>between something</dd> </dl> <p> Example: between the houses, <i>méfún</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Locative case LOC <i>la-</i></dt><dd>location (general case)</dd> </dl> <p> Example: at/on/in the house, <i>lámén</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Pertingent case <i>ma-</i></dt><dd>in contact with something</dd> </dl> <p> Example: touching the house, <i>mámén</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Postessive case POSTE <i>-uß</i></dt><dd>posterior location</dd> </dl> <p> Example: behind the house, <i>ménúß</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Subessive case SUBE <i>nwo-</i></dt><dd>under something</dd> </dl> <p> Example: under/below the house, <i>nwómén</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Superessive case SUPE <i>ßta-</i></dt><dd>on the surface</dd> </dl> <p> Example: on (top of) the house, <i>ßtámén</i> </p> <p> </p> </div> </div> <div id="outline-container-orgd15b608" class="outline-2"> <h2 id="orgd15b608"><span class="section-number-2">3</span> Motion from</h2> <div class="outline-text-2" id="text-3"> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Ablative case ABL <i>li-</i></dt><dd>movement away from something</dd> </dl> <p> Example: away from the house, <i>límén</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Delative case DEL <i>ßa-</i></dt><dd>movement from the surface</dd> </dl> <p> Example: from (the top of) the house, <i>ßámén</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>*Egressive case EGRE</dt><dd>marking the beginning of a movement or time</dd> </dl> <p> Example: beginning from the house </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Elative case ELA <i>-ykń</i></dt><dd>out of something</dd> </dl> <p> Example: out of the house, <i>ménýkń</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Initiative case INITI <i>-akļ</i></dt><dd>starting point of an action</dd> </dl> <p> Example: beginning from the house, <i>ménákļ</i> </p> <p> </p> </div> </div> <div id="outline-container-org4062556" class="outline-2"> <h2 id="org4062556"><span class="section-number-2">4</span> Motion to</h2> <div class="outline-text-2" id="text-4"> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Allative case ALL <i>-li-</i></dt><dd><ul class="org-ul"> <li>*in Hungarian and in Finnish: movement to (the adjacency of). Example: to the house</li> <li>in Estonian and in Finnish: movement onto something. Example: onto the house, <i>mélín</i></li> </ul></dd> <dt>Illative case ILL <i>-ën-</i></dt><dd>movement into something</dd> </dl> <p> Example: into the house, <i>mênén</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Lative case LAT <i>-la</i></dt><dd>movement to something (general case)</dd> </dl> <p> Example: to/into the house, <i>ménlá</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Sublative case SUBL <i>-iţ</i></dt><dd>movement onto the surface or below something</dd> </dl> <p> Example: on(to) the house / under the house, <i>méníţ</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Terminative case TERM <i>-aen</i></dt><dd>marking the end of a movement or time</dd> </dl> <p> Example: as far as the house, <i>ménáén</i> </p> <p> </p> </div> </div> <div id="outline-container-orgb8ffd2d" class="outline-2"> <h2 id="orgb8ffd2d"><span class="section-number-2">5</span> Motion via</h2> <div class="outline-text-2" id="text-5"> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Perlative case PER <i>žu-</i></dt><dd>movement through or along</dd> </dl> <p> Example: through/along the house, <i>žúmén</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Prolative case PROL <i>še-</i></dt><dd>movement using a surface or way (= prosecutive case, vialis case)</dd> </dl> <p> Example: by way of/through the house, <i>šémén</i> </p> <p> </p> </div> </div> <div id="outline-container-org6f8234d" class="outline-2"> <h2 id="org6f8234d"><span class="section-number-2">6</span> Time</h2> <div class="outline-text-2" id="text-6"> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Accusative case ACC <i>-źu</i></dt><dd>indicating duration of time known as the <b>accusative of duration of time</b></dd> </dl> <p> Example: for many years, <i>łaižegźu</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Essive case ESS <i>-oiþyd-</i></dt><dd>used for specifying days and dates when something happens</dd> </dl> <p> Example: on the first day of the week, <i>žóíþýdójorém</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Limitative case LIMIT <i>-amp</i></dt><dd>specifying a deadline</dd> </dl> <p> Example: by the first day of the week, <i>žójorémámp</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Temporal case TEMP <i>-igni</i></dt><dd>specifying a time</dd> </dl> <p> Example: at seven o’clock, <i>ţuheol ţupńtwan ţéálnatigni</i> (GEN-hour GEN-seven precise-TEMP, at the precise hour of seven) </p> <p> </p> </div> </div> <div id="outline-container-org6956993" class="outline-2"> <h2 id="org6956993"><span class="section-number-2">7</span> Morphosyntactic alignment</h2> <div class="outline-text-2" id="text-7"> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Absolutive case (1) ABS <i>-a</i></dt><dd>patient, experiencer; subject of an intransitive verb and direct object of a transitive verb. <b>In the divine language, the absolutive case is only used for the subject of an intransitive verb.</b></dd> </dl> <p> Example: he pushed the <b>door</b> and <b>it</b> opened, <i>kjaŗa</i> (door) </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>*Absolutive case (2) ABS</dt><dd>patient, involuntary experiencer</dd> </dl> <p> Example: he pushed the <b>door</b> and <b>it</b> opened; <b>he</b> slipped </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>*Absolutive case (3) ABS</dt><dd>patient, experiencer; instrument</dd> </dl> <p> Example: he pushed the <b>door</b> with his <b>hand</b> and <b>it</b> opened </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>*Accusative case (1)</dt><dd>patient</dd> </dl> <p> Example: he pushed the <b>door</b> and it opened </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Accusative case (2) ACC <i>-vo</i></dt><dd>direct object of a transitive verb</dd> </dl> <p> Example: I see <b>her</b>, <i>kjeŗvo</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Agentive case AGE <i>te-</i></dt><dd>agent, specifies or asks about <i>who</i> or <i>what</i>; specific agent that is subset of a</dd> </dl> <p> general topic or subject. Equivalent to the -ga particle in Japanese Example: it was <b>she</b> who committed the crime; as for him, his <b>head</b> hurts, <i>tekjeŗ</i>, <i>tegar</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Ergative case ERG <i>-jo</i></dt><dd>agent; subject of a transitive verb</dd> </dl> <p> Example: <b>he</b> pushed the door and it opened </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>*Ergative-genitive case EGN</dt><dd>agent, possession</dd> </dl> <p> Example: <b>he</b> pushed the door and it opened; <b>her</b> dog </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Instructive INSTRUCTIVE <i>-eň</i></dt><dd>means, answers question <i>how?</i></dd> </dl> <p> Example: by the means of the houses, <i>ménéň</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Instrumental INS/INSTR <i>-dļ</i></dt><dd>instrument, answers question <i>using which thing?</i></dd> </dl> <p> Example: with the house, <i>méndļ</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>*Instrumental-comitative case</dt><dd>instrument, in company of something</dd> </dl> <p> Example: with the house </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>*Nominative case (1)</dt><dd>agent, experiencer; subject of a transitive or intransitive verb</dd> </dl> <p> Example: <b>he</b> pushed the door and <b>it</b> opened </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>*Nominative case (2)</dt><dd>agent; voluntary experiencer</dd> </dl> <p> Example: <b>he</b> pushed the door and it opened; <b>she</b> paused </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Nominative case NOM (3) <i>pa-</i></dt><dd>In the divine language, the person linked to the word; transforms a verbal group into a nominal group</dd> </dl> <p> Example: horseman, <i>panael</i> (the man linked to horses, implied riding horses) </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>*Objective case (1) OBJ</dt><dd>direct or indirect object of verb</dd> </dl> <p> Example: I saw <b>her</b>; I gave <b>her</b> the book </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>*Objective/Oblique (2)</dt><dd>direct or indirect object of verb or object of preposition; a catch-all case for any situation except nominative or genitive</dd> </dl> <p> Example: I saw <b>her</b>; I gave <b>her</b> the book; with <b>her</b> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Oblique case OBL <i>-ŗeß</i></dt><dd>all-round case; any situation except nominative or vocative. In the divine language, is used to quote the element</dd> </dl> <p> Example: concerning the house, <i>ménŗéß</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Intransitive case INTR <i>-ai</i></dt><dd>the subject of an intransitive verb or the logical complement of a transitive verb (= passive or patient case)</dd> </dl> <p> Example: the <b>door</b> opened, <i>mělai</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Pegative case PEG <i>ey-</i></dt><dd>agent in a clause with a dative argument</dd> </dl> <p> Example: <b>he</b> gave the book to him, <i>eykjaŗ</i> </p> <p> </p> </div> </div> <div id="outline-container-orgee274df" class="outline-2"> <h2 id="orgee274df"><span class="section-number-2">8</span> Relation</h2> <div class="outline-text-2" id="text-8"> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Ablative case <i>łe-</i></dt><dd>all-round indirect case</dd> </dl> <p> Example: concerning the house, <i>łémén</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Aversive case EVIT <i>-ńþ-</i></dt><dd>avoiding or fear</dd> </dl> <p> Example: avoiding the house, <i>mńþén</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>*Benefactive case BEN</dt><dd>for, for the benefit of, intended for</dd> </dl> <p> Example: for the house </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Causal case CAUS <i>-oby</i></dt><dd>because, because of</dd> </dl> <p> Example: because of the house, <i>ménóbý</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>*Causal-final case</dt><dd>efficient or final cause</dd> </dl> <p> Example: for a house </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Comitative case COM <i>-ðei-</i></dt><dd>in company of something</dd> </dl> <p> Example: with the house, <i>méðéín</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Dative case DAT <i>-at-</i></dt><dd>shows directon or recipient</dd> </dl> <p> Example: for/to the house, <i>mátén</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Distributive case DISTR <i>xelje-</i></dt><dd>distribution by piece</dd> </dl> <p> Example: per house, <i>xéljémén</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Distributive-temporal case <i>-be</i></dt><dd>how often something happens</dd> </dl> <p> Example: on Sundays, <i>ðúbémbé</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Genitive case GEN <i>ţu-</i></dt><dd>shows relationship, possesssion</dd> </dl> <p> Example: of the house; the house’s, <i>ţúmén</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>*Ornative case</dt><dd>endowment with something</dd> </dl> <p> Example: equipped with a house </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>*Possessed case POSS</dt><dd>possession by something</dd> </dl> <p> Example: the house is owned by someone </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Privative case <i>ei-</i></dt><dd>lacking something (in general)</dd> </dl> <p> Example: without a houses, <i>éímén</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Semplative case <i>-ŗwo</i></dt><dd>similarity to something</dd> </dl> <p> Example: that tree is <b>like a house</b>, <i>ménŗwó</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Sociative case <i>to-</i></dt><dd>along with something, together with something</dd> </dl> <p> Example: with the house, <i>tómén</i> </p> <p> </p> </div> </div> <div id="outline-container-orgcd69b92" class="outline-2"> <h2 id="orgcd69b92"><span class="section-number-2">9</span> Semantics</h2> <div class="outline-text-2" id="text-9"> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Partitive case PTV/PART <i>-ili’-</i></dt><dd>used for amounts</dd> </dl> <p> Example: three (of the) houses, <i>mílí’én</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>*Prepositional case PREP</dt><dd>when certain prepositions precede the noun</dd> </dl> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>*Postpositional case POST</dt><dd>when certain preposition follows the noun</dd> </dl> <p> Example: in/on/about the house </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Vocative case VOC <i>-wa</i></dt><dd>used for addressing someone, with or without a preposition</dd> </dl> <p> Example: Hey, father! O father! Father!, <i>pánámwá</i> </p> <p> </p> </div> </div> <div id="outline-container-org9383ebc" class="outline-2"> <h2 id="org9383ebc"><span class="section-number-2">10</span> State</h2> <div class="outline-text-2" id="text-10"> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Abessive case ABE/ABESS <i>e-</i></dt><dd>the lack of something, a particular thing</dd> </dl> <p> Example: without the house, <i>émén</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Adverbial case ADV <i>-ei</i></dt><dd>being as something</dd> </dl> <p> Example: as a house, <i>ménéí</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Comparative case COMP <i>-oit</i></dt><dd>similarity with something</dd> </dl> <p> Example: similar to the house, compared to the house, <i>ménóít</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Equative case <i>-ńt</i></dt><dd>comparison with something</dd> </dl> <p> Example: like the house, <i>ménńt</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Essive case <i>-oiþyd-</i></dt><dd>temporary state of being, general use (essive-formal or essive-modal undefined, or both)</dd> </dl> <p> Example: as the house, <i>móíþýdén</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Essive-formal case <i>-ëd</i></dt><dd>marking a condition as a quality (a kind of shape)</dd> </dl> <p> Example: as a house, <i>ménêd</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Essive-modal case <i>-u’ug</i></dt><dd>marking a condition as a quality (a way of being)</dd> </dl> <p> Example: as a house, <i>ménú’úg</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>*Exessive case</dt><dd>marking a transition from a condition</dd> </dl> <p> Example: from being a house (i.e., “it stops being a house”) </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>*Formal case</dt><dd>marking a condition as a quality</dd> </dl> <p> Example: as a house </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Identical case <i>-etur</i></dt><dd>showing that something is identical</dd> </dl> <p> Example: being identical to the house, <i>ménétúr</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Orientative case ORI <i>fo-</i></dt><dd>oriented towards something</dd> </dl> <p> Example: turned towards the house, <i>fómén</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Revertive case <i>-ňo-</i></dt><dd>backwards to something</dd> </dl> <p> Example: against the house, <i>méňón</i> </p> <dl class="org-dl"> <dt>Translative case TRANSL <i>-in</i></dt><dd>change of a condition into another</dd> </dl> <p> Example: (turning) into a house, <i>ménín</i> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div id="postamble" class="status"> <p class="author">Auteur: Lucien Cartier-Tilet</p> <p class="date">Created: 2018-06-06 mer. 17:20</p> <p class="validation"></p> </div> </body> </html>