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Author SHA1 Message Date
Lucien Cartier-Tilet 36c7d021c2
[Mattér] Update macro call 2021-12-01 16:36:29 +01:00
Lucien Cartier-Tilet 957255ebbb
[Proto-Ñyqy, En] Add language family tree, some beliefs 2021-12-01 16:36:05 +01:00
Lucien Cartier-Tilet e1415ded1b
[Proto-Ñyqy, En] Update creating trees, works on phonetics
New function `conlanging-list-to-graphviz' better suited for easy
graphviz tree creation with org-mode.

Make some chapters noexport to only export interesting content.

Work on phonotactics and on allophones in Proto-Ñyqy.

Add some words to the dictionary.
2021-11-30 19:55:33 +01:00
6 changed files with 301 additions and 110 deletions

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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
#+LATEX_HEADER: \usepackage{allrunes}
#+setupfile: ../headers
#+MACRO: rune-manual @@latex:\textara{$1}@@ @@html:$2@@
#+MACRO: rune (eval (conlanging/matter-org-export-runes $1))
#+MACRO: rune (eval (conlanging-to-org-runes $1 'matter))
#+OPTIONS: auto-id:t
#+UID: https://langue.phundrak.com/archived/matter

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@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
#+title: The Proto-Ñyqy People
#+subtitle: Their Culture, their Language
#+setupfile: ../headers
#+language: en
#+html_head: <meta name="description" content="The Culture and the Language of the Proto-Ñyqy people" />
#+html_head: <meta property="og:title" content="The Proto-Ñyqy people" />
#+html_head: <meta property="og:description" content="The Culture and the Language of the Proto-Ñyqy People" />
#+options: auto-id:t
#+subject: Proto-Ñyqy Culture and Language
#+uid: https://langue.phundrak.com/en/proto-nyqy
#+setupfile: ../headers
#+language: en
#+html_head: <meta name="description" content="The Culture and the Language of the Proto-Ñyqy people" />
#+html_head: <meta property="og:title" content="The Proto-Ñyqy people" />
#+html_head: <meta property="og:description" content="The Culture and the Language of the Proto-Ñyqy People" />
#+options: auto-id:t
#+subject: Proto-Ñyqy Culture and Language
#+uid: https://langue.phundrak.com/en/proto-nyqy
#+latex_header: \linespread{1.15}
#+latex_header: \makeglossaries
#+latex: \printglossaries
#+latex: \printglossaries
* Foreword
:PROPERTIES:
@ -121,6 +121,105 @@ Loho language, the oldest member of the Mojhal language tree attested;
the Mojhal tree has been itself linked to the Ñyqy tree some fifty
years ago by the Pr Khorlan (3598).
#+name: tree-language-family
#+begin_src dot :file proto-nyqy/nyqy-family-tree.png :exports results
digraph d {
graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];
node[shape=plaintext];
ranksep=.75; size="7.5,7.5";
{
"-10000" -> "-8000" -> "-6000" -> "-5000" -> "-4500" ->
"-4000" -> "-3500" -> "-2000" ->
"-1000" -> "-500" -> present;
}
{
rank=same;
"-8000";
protonyqy[label="Proto-Ñyqy\n6,000 to 10,000 years ago"];
}
{
rank=same;
"-5000";
protoma[label="Proto-Mojhal-Andelian\n4,000 to 6,000 years ago"];
}
{
rank=same;
"-4500";
prototiltinian[label="Proto-Tiltinian\nca. 4,500 years ago"];
protoandelian[label="Proto-Andelian\nca. 4,000 to 5,000 years ago"];
}
{
rank=same;
"-4000";
protomojhal[label="Proto-Mojhal\nca. 4,000 years ago"];
}
{
rank=same;
"-3500";
loho[label="Loho\nca. 3,500 years ago"];
}
{
rank=same;
"-2000";
protopritian[label="Proto-Pritian\nca. 2,000 years ago"];
"neic"[label="Ñeic\nca. 2,500 years ago"];
}
{
rank=same;
"-1000";
oryora[label="Old Ryora\nca. 1,300 years ago"];
oenanonn[label="Old Énanonn\nca. 900 years ago"];
omanniki[label="Old Manniki\nca. 1,200 years ago"];
}
{
rank=same;
"-500";
oauc[label="Old Auc\n600 years ago"];
mmanniki[label="Middle Manniki\nca. 400 years ago"];
}
{
rank=same;
present;
enanonn[label="Énanonn"];
ryora[label="Ryora"];
auc[label="Auc"];
manniki[label="Manniki"];
}
protonyqy -> protoma;
protonyqy -> protopritian;
protonyqy -> prototiltinian;
protoma -> protomojhal;
protoma -> protoandelian;
protomojhal -> loho;
protomojhal -> "neic";
"neic" -> oenanonn -> enanonn;
"neic" -> omanniki -> mmanniki -> manniki;
protoandelian -> oryora -> ryora;
protoandelian -> oauc -> auc;
}
#+end_src
#+NAME: tree:nyqy-languages
#+ATTR_HTML: :alt Ñyqy Family Tree :class gentree
#+CAPTION: Ñyqy Family Tree
#+RESULTS[e3e196a53a2ce9ec0249f3197ade50494485766a]: tree-language-family
[[file:img/proto-nyqy/nyqy-family-tree.png]]
** Principles of Historical Linguistics
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Introduction-Principles-of-historical-linguistics-woq10x50e5j0
@ -301,8 +400,19 @@ hands of men.
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Culture-of-the-Proto-Ñyqy-People-Religion-and-beliefs-31mj52n0h5j0
:END:
This question might be the hardest of all to answer, as we can only
speculate based on the religions the daughter cultures of the Ñyqy
family had, as well as the few hints we can get through the Proto-Ñyqy
vocabulary. Through this keyhole, dusted by millenia of cultural and
linguistic changes, we can offer an initial answer. It seems the
Proto-Ñyqy reveered several gods, with however one god or goddes above
them called {{{recon(Qiisci)}}}, that might have been to them some form of
queen or some sort of god for the gods themselves. We can find for
instance this figure in the Mojhal patheon under the name of Kísce.
Other than the parental figure of this divinity, their role is vastly
unknown.
** Personal Names
** Personal Names :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Culture-of-the-Proto-Ñyqy-People-Personal-names-8ymj52n0h5j0
:END:
@ -404,7 +514,9 @@ morphenes separated from each other instead.
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Vowels-vishtyt058j0
:END:
As we stand today, eight vowels were reconstructed for Proto-Ñyqy:
As we stand today, eight vowels were reconstructed for Proto-Ñyqy, as
presented in the table [[table:vowels:trans]]. Below is a short guide to
their pronunciation:
- e :: {{{phon(*ɛ)}}} as in General American English /“bed”/ [bɛd]
- i :: {{{phon(*ɪ)}}} as in General American English /“bit”/ [bɪt]
- o :: {{{phon(*ɔ)}}} as in General American English /“thought”/ [θɔːt]
@ -440,46 +552,60 @@ It is however possible to create a featural tree for the known vowels,
determining which would have been considered closer to others, as
seens with figure [[tree:vowels]].
#+NAME: vow-tree
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :wrap "src dot :file proto-nyqy/vowel-feature-tre.png"
(let ((nyqy-vowels
'("vowels"
("+back"
("+tense"
("+high" "/u/")
("-high" "/ɤ/"))
("-tense"
("+high" "/ʊ/")
("-high" "/ɔ/")))
("-back"
("+tense"
("+high" "/y/")
("-high" "/ø/"))
("-tense"
("+high" "/ɪ/")
("-high" "/ɛ/"))))))
(conlanging-tree-to-dot nyqy-vowels))
#+header: :var vowels=vowels-featural-list
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :wrap "src dot :file proto-nyqy/vowel-feature-tree.png"
(conlanging-list-to-graphviz vowels)
#+END_SRC
#+RESULTS[710ba5bdd3ed5f787748cbb05d0460b251e31a9e]: vow-tree
#+begin_src dot :file proto-nyqy/vowel-feature-tre.png
graph{graph[dpi=300];node[shape=plaintext];graph[bgcolor="transparent"];0[label="vowels"];1[label="+back"];0 -- 1;11[label="+tense"];1 -- 11;111[label="+high"];11 -- 111;1111[label="/u/"];111 -- 1111;112[label="-high"];11 -- 112;1121[label="/ɤ/"];112 -- 1121;12[label="-tense"];1 -- 12;121[label="+high"];12 -- 121;1211[label="/ʊ/"];121 -- 1211;122[label="-high"];12 -- 122;1221[label="/ɔ/"];122 -- 1221;2[label="-back"];0 -- 2;21[label="+tense"];2 -- 21;211[label="+high"];21 -- 211;2111[label="/y/"];211 -- 2111;212[label="-high"];21 -- 212;2121[label="/ø/"];212 -- 2121;22[label="-tense"];2 -- 22;221[label="+high"];22 -- 221;2211[label="/ɪ/"];221 -- 2211;222[label="-high"];22 -- 222;2221[label="/ɛ/"];222 -- 2221;}
#+RESULTS[b89b1c11e7fefc81753f805211bdef60f246d43f]: vow-tree
#+begin_src dot :file proto-nyqy/vowel-feature-tree.png
graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"vowels-0jae0mb5jxtn"[label="vowels"];"+back-0jae0mb5jxtx"[label="+back"];"vowels-0jae0mb5jxtn"--"+back-0jae0mb5jxtx";"+tense-0jae0mb5jxu1"[label="+tense"];"+back-0jae0mb5jxtx"--"+tense-0jae0mb5jxu1";"+high-0jae0mb5jxu4"[label="+high"];"+tense-0jae0mb5jxu1"--"+high-0jae0mb5jxu4";"/u/-0jae0mb5jxu6"[label="/u/"];"+high-0jae0mb5jxu4"--"/u/-0jae0mb5jxu6";"-high-0jae0mb5jxub"[label="-high"];"+tense-0jae0mb5jxu1"--"-high-0jae0mb5jxub";"/ɤ/-0jae0mb5jxue"[label="/ɤ/"];"-high-0jae0mb5jxub"--"/ɤ/-0jae0mb5jxue";"-tense-0jae0mb5jxuq"[label="-tense"];"+back-0jae0mb5jxtx"--"-tense-0jae0mb5jxuq";"+high-0jae0mb5jxus"[label="+high"];"-tense-0jae0mb5jxuq"--"+high-0jae0mb5jxus";"/ʊ/-0jae0mb5jxuv"[label="/ʊ/"];"+high-0jae0mb5jxus"--"/ʊ/-0jae0mb5jxuv";"-high-0jae0mb5jxv1"[label="-high"];"-tense-0jae0mb5jxuq"--"-high-0jae0mb5jxv1";"/ɔ/-0jae0mb5jxv3"[label="/ɔ/"];"-high-0jae0mb5jxv1"--"/ɔ/-0jae0mb5jxv3";"-back-0jae0mb5jxvp"[label="-back"];"vowels-0jae0mb5jxtn"--"-back-0jae0mb5jxvp";"+tense-0jae0mb5jxvs"[label="+tense"];"-back-0jae0mb5jxvp"--"+tense-0jae0mb5jxvs";"+high-0jae0mb5jxvv"[label="+high"];"+tense-0jae0mb5jxvs"--"+high-0jae0mb5jxvv";"/y/-0jae0mb5jxvy"[label="/y/"];"+high-0jae0mb5jxvv"--"/y/-0jae0mb5jxvy";"-high-0jae0mb5jxw4"[label="-high"];"+tense-0jae0mb5jxvs"--"-high-0jae0mb5jxw4";"/ø/-0jae0mb5jxw7"[label="/ø/"];"-high-0jae0mb5jxw4"--"/ø/-0jae0mb5jxw7";"-tense-0jae0mb5jxwi"[label="-tense"];"-back-0jae0mb5jxvp"--"-tense-0jae0mb5jxwi";"+high-0jae0mb5jxwl"[label="+high"];"-tense-0jae0mb5jxwi"--"+high-0jae0mb5jxwl";"/ɪ/-0jae0mb5jxwo"[label="/ɪ/"];"+high-0jae0mb5jxwl"--"/ɪ/-0jae0mb5jxwo";"-high-0jae0mb5jxwt"[label="-high"];"-tense-0jae0mb5jxwi"--"-high-0jae0mb5jxwt";"/ɛ/-0jae0mb5jxww"[label="/ɛ/"];"-high-0jae0mb5jxwt"--"/ɛ/-0jae0mb5jxww";}
#+end_src
#+NAME: tree:vowels
#+ATTR_HTML: :alt Proto-Ñyqy Vowel Featural Tree :class gentree
#+CAPTION: Proto-Ñyqy Vowels Featural Tree
#+RESULTS[93213f3a21282f76f00524121b4d3bd73339769e]:
[[file:img/proto-nyqy/vowel-feature-tre.png]]
#+RESULTS[dac9546e31b40b5e6a172a74914ac3fa60f3b1c4]:
[[file:img/proto-nyqy/vowel-feature-tree.png]]
**** Private Data :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Vowels-Private-Data-jt8bq9m0eaj0
:END:
#+name: vowels-featural-list
- vowels
- +back
- +tense
- +high
- /u/
- -high
- /ɤ/
- -tense
- +high
- /ʊ/
- -high
- /ɔ/
- -back
- +tense
- +high
- /y/
- -high
- /ø/
- -tense
- +high
- /ɪ/
- -high
- /ɛ/
*** Consonants
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Consonants-xethtyt058j0
:END:
the topic of consonants, unlike vowels, is a hot debate among
The topic of consonants, unlike vowels, is a hot debate among
linguists. while we are pretty sure proto-ñyqy has twelve consonants,
we are still unsure which consonants they are due to the extreme
unstability of the dorsal feature, and there is seemingly no
consistency as to how the consonants were stabilized in the different
consistency as to how the consonants stabilized in the different
languages that emerged from the proto-ñyqy breakup. it is only in the
recent years Ishy Maeln proposed a new theory that is gaining traction
among proto-ñyqy specialists: each consonant could be pronounced
@ -492,60 +618,27 @@ found in some early languages found after the breakup such as
proto-mojhal. this phenomenon is more thouroughly explained in
§[[#Structural-Preview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Consonants-xethtyt058j0]].
The featural tree of the Proto-Ñyqy language can be found in the figure
[[tree:cons]]. Each grapheme displays below its dorsal pronunciation on
the left and its non-dorsal pronunciation on the right.
You can find the featural tree of the Proto-Ñyqy consonants in the
figure [[tree:cons]]. Each grapheme displays below its dorsal
pronunciation on the left and its non-dorsal pronunciation on the
right.
#+name: cons-tree
#+header: :var consonants=consonants-featural-list
#+begin_src emacs-lisp :wrap "src dot :file proto-nyqy/consonant-feature-tree.png"
(let ((nyqy-consonants '("consonant"
("+cor"
("+ant"
("+voice"
("+nas" "n\nɳ / n")
("-nas" "z\nʝ / z"))
("-voice" "s\nç / s"))
("-ant"
("+voice" "j\nɟ / d͡ʒ")
("-voice" "c\nc / t͡ʃ")))
("-cor"
("+voice"
("+nas"
("+lab" "m\nŋ͡m / m")
("-lab" "ñ\nɴ / ɦ̃"))
("-nas"
("+lab"
("+cont" "w\nw / v")
("-cont" "b\ng͡b / b"))
("-lab" "g\nɡ / ʕ")))
("-voice"
("+lab" "p\nk͡p / p")
("-lab" "q\nq / ħ"))))))
(conlanging-tree-to-dot nyqy-consonants))
(conlanging-list-to-graphviz consonants)
#+end_src
#+RESULTS[e0875f85b0f48837f58e96ee5587b35ec0bccdeb]: cons-tree
#+RESULTS[4e9a50b96e705bd847ee3fab2534263dd96ca335]: cons-tree
#+begin_src dot :file proto-nyqy/consonant-feature-tree.png
graph{graph[dpi=300];node[shape=plaintext];graph[bgcolor="transparent"];0[label="consonant"];1[label="+cor"];0 -- 1;11[label="+ant"];1 -- 11;111[label="+voice"];11 -- 111;1111[label="+nas"];111 -- 1111;11111[label="n
ɳ / n"];1111 -- 11111;1112[label="-nas"];111 -- 1112;11121[label="z
ʝ / z"];1112 -- 11121;112[label="-voice"];11 -- 112;1121[label="s
ç / s"];112 -- 1121;12[label="-ant"];1 -- 12;121[label="+voice"];12 -- 121;1211[label="j
ɟ / d͡ʒ"];121 -- 1211;122[label="-voice"];12 -- 122;1221[label="c
c / t͡ʃ"];122 -- 1221;2[label="-cor"];0 -- 2;21[label="+voice"];2 -- 21;211[label="+nas"];21 -- 211;2111[label="+lab"];211 -- 2111;21111[label="m
ŋ͡m / m"];2111 -- 21111;2112[label="-lab"];211 -- 2112;21121[label=
ɴ / ɦ̃"];2112 -- 21121;212[label="-nas"];21 -- 212;2121[label="+lab"];212 -- 2121;21211[label="+cont"];2121 -- 21211;212111[label="w
w / v"];21211 -- 212111;21212[label="-cont"];2121 -- 21212;212121[label="b
g͡b / b"];21212 -- 212121;2122[label="-lab"];212 -- 2122;21221[label="g
ɡ / ʕ"];2122 -- 21221;22[label="-voice"];2 -- 22;221[label="+lab"];22 -- 221;2211[label="p
k͡p / p"];221 -- 2211;222[label="-lab"];22 -- 222;2221[label="q
q / ħ"];222 -- 2221;}
graph{graph[dpi=300,bgcolor="transparent"];node[shape=plaintext];"consonants-0jae0mrv0dgn"[label="consonants"];"+coronal-0jae0mrv0dgx"[label="+coronal"];"consonants-0jae0mrv0dgn"--"+coronal-0jae0mrv0dgx";"+anterior-0jae0mrv0dh1"[label="+anterior"];"+coronal-0jae0mrv0dgx"--"+anterior-0jae0mrv0dh1";"+voice-0jae0mrv0dh3"[label="+voice"];"+anterior-0jae0mrv0dh1"--"+voice-0jae0mrv0dh3";"+nasal-0jae0mrv0dh6"[label="+nasal"];"+voice-0jae0mrv0dh3"--"+nasal-0jae0mrv0dh6";"n\nɳ / n-0jae0mrv0dh9"[label="n\nɳ / n"];"+nasal-0jae0mrv0dh6"--"n\nɳ / n-0jae0mrv0dh9";"-nasal-0jae0mrv0dhf"[label="-nasal"];"+voice-0jae0mrv0dh3"--"-nasal-0jae0mrv0dhf";"z\nʝ / z-0jae0mrv0dhi"[label="z\nʝ / z"];"-nasal-0jae0mrv0dhf"--"z\nʝ / z-0jae0mrv0dhi";"-voice-0jae0mrv0dht"[label="-voice"];"+anterior-0jae0mrv0dh1"--"-voice-0jae0mrv0dht";"s\nç / s-0jae0mrv0dhw"[label="s\nç / s"];"-voice-0jae0mrv0dht"--"s\nç / s-0jae0mrv0dhw";"-anterior-0jae0mrv0did"[label="-anterior"];"+coronal-0jae0mrv0dgx"--"-anterior-0jae0mrv0did";"+voice-0jae0mrv0dif"[label="+voice"];"-anterior-0jae0mrv0did"--"+voice-0jae0mrv0dif";"j\nɟ / d͡ʒ-0jae0mrv0dii"[label="j\nɟ / d͡ʒ"];"+voice-0jae0mrv0dif"--"j\nɟ / d͡ʒ-0jae0mrv0dii";"- voice-0jae0mrv0dio"[label="- voice"];"-anterior-0jae0mrv0did"--"- voice-0jae0mrv0dio";"c\nc / t͡ʃ-0jae0mrv0dir"[label="c\nc / t͡ʃ"];"- voice-0jae0mrv0dio"--"c\nc / t͡ʃ-0jae0mrv0dir";"-coronal-0jae0mrv0djo"[label="-coronal"];"consonants-0jae0mrv0dgn"--"-coronal-0jae0mrv0djo";"+voice-0jae0mrv0djr"[label="+voice"];"-coronal-0jae0mrv0djo"--"+voice-0jae0mrv0djr";"+nasal-0jae0mrv0dju"[label="+nasal"];"+voice-0jae0mrv0djr"--"+nasal-0jae0mrv0dju";"+labial-0jae0mrv0djw"[label="+labial"];"+nasal-0jae0mrv0dju"--"+labial-0jae0mrv0djw";"m\nŋ͡m / m-0jae0mrv0djz"[label="m\nŋ͡m / m"];"+labial-0jae0mrv0djw"--"m\nŋ͡m / m-0jae0mrv0djz";"-labial-0jae0mrv0dk5"[label="-labial"];"+nasal-0jae0mrv0dju"--"-labial-0jae0mrv0dk5";"ñ\nɴ / ɦ̃-0jae0mrv0dk7"[label="ñ\nɴ / ɦ̃"];"-labial-0jae0mrv0dk5"--"ñ\nɴ / ɦ̃-0jae0mrv0dk7";"-nasal-0jae0mrv0dkk"[label="-nasal"];"+voice-0jae0mrv0djr"--"-nasal-0jae0mrv0dkk";"+labial-0jae0mrv0dkn"[label="+labial"];"-nasal-0jae0mrv0dkk"--"+labial-0jae0mrv0dkn";"+constricted-0jae0mrv0dkq"[label="+constricted"];"+labial-0jae0mrv0dkn"--"+constricted-0jae0mrv0dkq";"w\nw / v-0jae0mrv0dkt"[label="w\nw / v"];"+constricted-0jae0mrv0dkq"--"w\nw / v-0jae0mrv0dkt";"-constricted-0jae0mrv0dky"[label="-constricted"];"+labial-0jae0mrv0dkn"--"-constricted-0jae0mrv0dky";"b\ng͡b / b-0jae0mrv0dl1"[label="b\ng͡b / b"];"-constricted-0jae0mrv0dky"--"b\ng͡b / b-0jae0mrv0dl1";"-labial-0jae0mrv0dld"[label="-labial"];"-nasal-0jae0mrv0dkk"--"-labial-0jae0mrv0dld";"g\nɡ / ʕ-0jae0mrv0dlg"[label="g\nɡ / ʕ"];"-labial-0jae0mrv0dld"--"g\nɡ / ʕ-0jae0mrv0dlg";"-voice-0jae0mrv0dmf"[label="-voice"];"-coronal-0jae0mrv0djo"--"-voice-0jae0mrv0dmf";"+labial-0jae0mrv0dmi"[label="+labial"];"-voice-0jae0mrv0dmf"--"+labial-0jae0mrv0dmi";"p\nk͡p / p-0jae0mrv0dml"[label="p\nk͡p / p"];"+labial-0jae0mrv0dmi"--"p\nk͡p / p-0jae0mrv0dml";"-labial-0jae0mrv0dmr"[label="-labial"];"-voice-0jae0mrv0dmf"--"-labial-0jae0mrv0dmr";"q\nq / ħ-0jae0mrv0dmt"[label="q\nq / ħ"];"-labial-0jae0mrv0dmr"--"q\nq / ħ-0jae0mrv0dmt";}
#+end_src
#+NAME: tree:cons
#+ATTR_HTML: :alt Feature Tree of Proto-Ñyqy Consonants :class gentree
#+ATTR_LATEX: :float sideways
#+CAPTION:Feature Tree of Proto-Ñyqy Consonants
#+RESULTS[ffe72afe3ad98a580247d708ff0120e303ee1209]:
#+RESULTS[9684da582c5607871725d06858e1edc91b7ab4a2]:
[[file:img/proto-nyqy/consonant-feature-tree.png]]
As you can see, each one of the consonants have their two alternative
@ -553,22 +646,25 @@ indicated below their grapheme. In the case of the coronal consonants,
the alternative consonant is obtained by replacing the anterior
feature by the dorsal feature when it is present.
The way of writing consonants was therefore standardized as the
following:
The way of writing consonants was therefore standardized as presented
in the table [[table:consonants-pronunciation]].
#+name: table:consonants-pronunciation
#+caption: Possible Pronunciations of the Proto-Ñyqy Consonants
| <c> | <c> | <c> | <c> |
| Main Grapheme | Dorsal Phoneme | Non-Dorsal Phoneme | Alternate Grapheme |
|---------------+----------------+--------------------+--------------------|
| ñ | {{{phon(*ɴ)}}} | {{{phon(*ɦ̃)}}} | ḿ |
| q | {{{phon(*q)}}} | {{{phon(*ħ)}}} | ħ, h_{1} |
| g | {{{phon(*ɢ)}}} | {{{phon(*ʕ)}}} | ȟ, h_{2} |
| c | {{{phon(*c)}}} | {{{phon(*t͡ʃ)}}} | ł |
| j | {{{phon(*ɟ)}}} | {{{phon(*d͡ʒ)}}} | ʒ |
| w | {{{phon(*w)}}} | {{{phon(*v)}}} | l |
| m | {{{phon(*ŋ͡m)}}} | {{{phon(*m)}}} | r, r_{1} |
| p | {{{phon(*χ)}}} | {{{phon(*p)}}} | xh, r_{2} |
| b | {{{phon(*g͡b)}}} | {{{phon(*b)}}} | rh, r_{3} |
| n | {{{phon(*ɳ)}}} | {{{phon(*n)}}} | y |
| s | {{{phon(*ç)}}} | {{{phon(*s)}}} | x, r_{4} |
| z | {{{phon(*ʝ)}}} | {{{phon(*z)}}} | ɣ, r_{5} |
| ñ | {{{phon(*ɴ)}}} | {{{phon(*ɦ̃)}}} | ḿ |
| q | {{{phon(*q)}}} | {{{phon(*ħ)}}} | ħ, h_{1} |
| g | {{{phon(*ɢ)}}} | {{{phon(*ʕ)}}} | ȟ, h_{2} |
| c | {{{phon(*c)}}} | {{{phon(*t͡ʃ)}}} | ł |
| j | {{{phon(*ɟ)}}} | {{{phon(*d͡ʒ)}}} | ʒ |
| w | {{{phon(*w)}}} | {{{phon(*v)}}} | l |
| m | {{{phon(*ŋ͡m)}}} | {{{phon(*m)}}} | r, r_{1} |
| p | {{{phon(*χ)}}} | {{{phon(*p)}}} | xh, r_{2} |
| b | {{{phon(*g͡b)}}} | {{{phon(*b)}}} | rh, r_{3} |
| n | {{{phon(*ɳ)}}} | {{{phon(*n)}}} | y |
| s | {{{phon(*ç)}}} | {{{phon(*s)}}} | x, r_{4} |
| z | {{{phon(*ʝ)}}} | {{{phon(*z)}}} | ɣ, r_{5} |
For each of these consonants, the letter chosen represents what we
suppose was the most common or the default pronunciation of the
consonant represented. In the table are also included alternate
@ -589,6 +685,47 @@ grew during the past century. They are not used anymore, but any
student that wishes to read older documents on Proto-Ñyqy should be
aware of these.
**** Private Data :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Consonants-Private-Data-sfcbpfm0eaj0
:END:
#+name: consonants-featural-list
- consonants
- +coronal
- +anterior
- +voice
- +nasal
- n\nɳ / n
- -nasal
- z\nʝ / z
- -voice
- s\nç / s
- -anterior
- +voice
- j\nɟ / d͡ʒ
- - voice
- c\nc / t͡ʃ
- -coronal
- +voice
- +nasal
- +labial
- m\nŋ͡m / m
- -labial
- ñ\nɴ / ɦ̃
- -nasal
- +labial
- +constricted
- w\nw / v
- -constricted
- b\ng͡b / b
- -labial
- g\nɡ / ʕ
- -voice
- +labial
- p\nk͡p / p
- -labial
- q\nq / ħ
*** Pitch and Stress
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-Phonetic-Inventory-and-Translitteration-Pitch-and-Stress-br8ank61e8j0
@ -633,16 +770,49 @@ No special rule have been found to rule the onset, it can host any
consonant without any effect on the vowel.
However, it has been found the coda has some rules:
- two nasal consonants cannot follow each other
- two coronal consonants cannot follow each other
- two nasal consonants cannot follow each other --- no {{{recon(-ñm)}}}
- two coronal consonants cannot follow each other --- no {{{recon(-ns)}}}
- labial consonants are never found with another consonant in the coda
--- no {{{recon(-ps)}}}
For instance, {{{recon(noc zebec)}}} would be pronounced as {{{recon(noc
gebec)}}}. It is most likely the features to chose from when converting a
consonant from a coronal to a non-coronal were considered as absent by
default. This results in the table
[[table:coronal-to-non-coronal-consonants]] --- as you can see, the pair
<z> and <j> and the pair <s> and <c> convert to the same consonant
respectively.
#+name: table:coronal-to-non-coronal-consonants
#+caption: Conversion Table of Coronal to Non-Coronal Consonants
| <c> | <c> |
| Coronal Consonant | Non-Coronal Consonant |
|-------------------+-----------------------|
| n | ñ |
| z | g |
| s | q |
| j | g |
| c | q |
It has also been found that if two coronal consonants do follow each
other in cross-syllabic environments, with the first one in the coda
of a first syllable and the second one in the onset of a second
syllable, then the former will become voiced as the latter. It has
also been found a schwa tends to appear between syllables when the
first one ends with two consonants and the second one begins with one.
syllable, then the former will become voiced as the latter.
Similarly, if two nasal consonants are found near each other in a
cross-syllabic environment, the second nasal consonant will become
denasalized. Thus, we get the conversion table
[[table:consonants-denasalization]].
#+name: table:consonants-denasalization
#+caption: Denasalization Table for Proto-Ñyqy Consonants
| <c> | <c> |
| Nasal Consonant | Non-Nasal Consonant |
|-----------------+---------------------|
| n | z |
| m | w |
| ñ | b |
It has also been found a schwa tends to appear between syllables when
the first one ends with two consonants and the second one begins with
one.
*** Consonantal Dorsal Alternation
:PROPERTIES:
@ -654,17 +824,22 @@ it seems probable according to Maelns theory consonants were
alternating between dorsals and non-dorsals. We do not know if it only
happened between words, within words, or along whole clauses, but this
would explain much of the different languages that evolved from
Proto-Ñyqy. Table [[word-consonantal-dorsal-alternation]] shows different
possible pronunciation of Proto-Ñyqy words with word-wise consonantal
dorsal alternation whether the first consonant is to be considered a
dorsal consonant or not.
Proto-Ñyqy. Table [[table:word-consonantal-dorsal-alternation]] shows
different possible pronunciation of Proto-Ñyqy words with word-wise
consonantal dorsal alternation whether the first consonant is to be
considered a dorsal consonant or not. Note the nasal switch as well as
the extra schwa insertion in the third example as described above in
chapter
§[[#Structural-Overview-Phonotactics-Syllable-Structure-hhx3zk40f8j0]].
#+name: word-consonantal-dorsal-alternation
#+name: table:word-consonantal-dorsal-alternation
#+caption: Different Possible Pronunciation of Proto-Ñyqy Words
| Word | Dorsal-Initial | Dorsal-Final |
|--------------+----------------+--------------|
| {{{recon(pœwec)}}} | {{{phon(*pɤwɛt͡ʃ)}}} | {{{phon(*pɤvɛc)}}} |
| {{{recon(zebec)}}} | {{{phon(*zɛg͡bɛt͡ʃ)}}} | {{{phon(*ʝɛbɛc)}}} |
| <c> | <c> | <c> |
| Word | Dorsal-Initial | Dorsal-Final |
|-----------------+---------------------+--------------------|
| {{{recon(pœwec)}}} | {{{phon(*pɤwɛt͡ʃ)}}} | {{{phon(*pɤvɛc)}}} |
| {{{recon(zebec)}}} | {{{phon(*zɛg͡bɛt͡ʃ)}}} | {{{phon(*ʝɛbɛc)}}} |
| {{{recon(ñocm noc)}}} | {{{phon(*ɴɔt͡ʃŋ͡m ə ɦɔc)}}} | {{{phon(*ɦɔcm ə ɴot͡ʃ)}}} |
** Word Structure :noexport:
:PROPERTIES:
@ -1082,6 +1257,12 @@ dorsal consonant or not.
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-B-ae79d268
:END:
- {{{recon(beñ)}}} :: {{{def}}}
1. (n) tooth/teeth
- {{{recon(bin)}}} :: {{{def}}}
1. (n) something bad, badness
2. (n) mischief, ill-will, maliciousness
3. (n) dirtiness
** C
:PROPERTIES:
@ -1119,11 +1300,20 @@ dorsal consonant or not.
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-N-0ef6f2af
:END:
- {{{recon(noc)}}} :: {{{def}}}
1. (n) old age
2. (n) elderly person
- {{{recon(núc)}}} :: {{{def}}}
1. (n) youth
2. (n) youngster, teenager
** Ñ
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-Ñ-ff7a574f
:END:
- {{{recon(ñocm)}}} :: {{{def}}}
1. (n) human being
2. (n) someone
- {{{recon(ñe)}}} :: {{{def}}}
1. (n) house
@ -1191,8 +1381,7 @@ dorsal consonant or not.
:CUSTOM_ID: Dictionnaire-Z-144a2853
:END:
- {{{recon(zebec)}}} :: {{{def}}}
1. (n) bongo
1. (n) bongo (antelope)
* Footnotes
:PROPERTIES:
:CUSTOM_ID: Footnotes-uybi3030e5j0

View File

@ -6,4 +6,6 @@
- [[file:proto-nyqy.org][Proto-Ñyqy]]
- archived
- [[file:archived/hjelp.org][Hjelp]]
- [[file:archived/matter.org][Mattér]]
- [[file:archived/matter.org][Mattér]]
- en
- [[file:en/proto-nyqy.org][The Proto-Ñyqy People]]