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Author | SHA1 | Date |
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Lucien Cartier-Tilet | ceeb8f6994 | |
Lucien Cartier-Tilet | 3a749e304f | |
Lucien Cartier-Tilet | 41d67edb5f | |
Lucien Cartier-Tilet | 23dba56dec | |
Lucien Cartier-Tilet | 118f38dcf3 |
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@ -1037,7 +1037,7 @@ table [[tab:vow:dipththongs]] lists the Eittlandic diphthongs.
|
|||
|-----------+-----------|
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| ei | {{{phon(ɑɪ)}}} |
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||||
| au | {{{phon(ɔʊ)}}} |
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| ey | {{{phon(œʏ)}}} |
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| ey | {{{phon(œʏ)}}} |
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#+name: vow-dot-gen
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#+header: :var vowels=vowels-featural-list
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|
@ -1148,7 +1148,7 @@ equivalent in Standard Eittlandic, as shown in table [[vow:accent:east]]
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| Rural Eastern Eittlandic | Standard Eittlandic |
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|--------------------------+---------------------|
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| {{{phon(i)}}} | {{{phon(ɪ)}}} |
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| {{{phon(y)}}} | {{{phon(ʏ)}}} |
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| {{{phon(y)}}} | {{{phon(ʏ)}}} |
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| {{{phon(u)}}} | {{{phon(ʊ)}}} |
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On the other hand, Southern Eittlandic tends to front its {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into
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|
@ -1450,45 +1450,81 @@ table [[tbl:eittlandic-example-noun-inflexions]].
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|---+------------+------------------+-----------------+---------------+------------|
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| | Sing. Nom. | heim-r | tíð | skip | tím |
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| | Acc. | heim | tíð | skip | tím |
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| | Gen. | heim-s | tíð-s | skip-s | tím-s |
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| | Gen. | heim-ar | tíð-ar | skip-s | tím |
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| | Dat. | heim | tíð | skip | tím |
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| | Plur. Nom. | heim-r | tíð-r | skip | tím-r |
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| | Acc. | heim | tíð-r | skip | tím |
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| | Gen. | heim | tíð | skip | tím |
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| | Dat. | heim-um | tíð-um | skip-um | tím-um |
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As you can see, grammatica cases disappeared in singular nominative
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(except for strong mascuine nouns), accusative, and dative as well as
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in plural accusative and genitive. The only markers remaining are for
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singular genitive, plural nominative and dative as well as singular
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nominative for strong masculine words. Note however that strong nouns
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are no longer productive and get slowly replaced with weak nouns.
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As you can see, a good amount of declensions disappeared from nouns,
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with only four marked cases for strong masculine and feminine nouns
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and two for strong neuter and weak nouns. The declension system
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completely merged for weak nouns which are no longer distinguished by
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gender, as did the different declensions among the other categories
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--- e.g. there is only one declension remaining for strong masculine
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nouns as opposed to Old Norse’s three different possible declensions
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for the nouns.
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Note also how the last column in table
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[[tbl:eittlandic-example-noun-inflexions]] is not /Weak masculine/ as in
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table [[tbl:old-norse-noun-inflexions]] but /Weak Nouns/. This is due to
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weak nouns’ inflexions merging together, yet again due to the final
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vowel loss and regularization of these inflexions. Only strong nouns
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remain separated, although by minor differences. All nouns get a case
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marker /-s/ for singular genitive, /-r/ for plural nominative, and /-um/ for
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plural dative. However, strong masculine nouns also get an /-r/ on
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singular nominative nouns, strong feminine nouns get an /-r/ on plural
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accusative nouns, and strong neuter nouns lose their /-r/ on plural
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nominative nouns.
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Declensions are no longer productive in almost all Modern Eittlandic
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dialects. They are still mostly used in formal and written speech, but
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they are less and less used in less formal circumstances and in oral
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speech. The Royal Academy for Literature, which authored Standard
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Eittlandic, even recommends not using grammatical cases when using
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this dialect as they are reduntand with other syntactic strategies.
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While the recommendation is mostly followed, speakers still tend to
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use the singular genetive declension oraly. Younger folks at the time
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of writing even tend to regularize it as /-ar/ for strong neuter and
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weak nouns.
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Note also the /-r/ suffix becomes an /-n/ when added to a word ending with
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an <n>. For instance, the word /brún/ (/eyebrow/) becomes /brúnn/ in its
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plural nominative form instead of /brúnr/.
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The only exception to declensions no longer being productive is in the
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Hylfjaltr Kingdom’s exclave in southern Eittland where speakers of its
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local dialect tend to instead favor strong nouns for newer terms.
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Hence, while most dialects agree on “internet” (pl.nom /internetr/,
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pl.dat /internetum/) being a weak noun, this dialect treats it as either
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a strong feminine (sg.gen /internetar/, pl.nom&acc /internetr/, pl.dat
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/internetum/) or a strong neuter (sg.gen /internets/, pl.dat /internetum/)
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--- the difference is due to subdivisions in said dialect between
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rural and urban areas favoring the former and the latter respectively.
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Case markers are no longer productive and only server for redundancy
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with Modern Eittlandic’s syntax. The Royal Academy for Literature,
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which authored Standard Eittlandic, even recommends not using them to
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simplify the language, as they deemed them no longer necessary for
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understanding Eittlandic. While this recommendation is widely adopted
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by Standard Eittlandic speakers, singular genitive /-s/ still remains
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used even in this dialect.
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There are some regular exceptions to the declension system. The first
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one, inherited from Old Norse, is the /-r/ suffix becoming /-n/ or /-l/ when
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a noun ends with an <n> or an <l> respectively, hence
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[[tbl:irregular-noun-declensions]] showing the declensions of strong
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masculine /himn/ (/heaven/) and strong feminine /hafn/ (/harbour/, /haven/).
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#+name: tbl:irregular-noun-declensions
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| / | <r> | | |
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| | Sing. Nom. | himnn | hafn |
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| | Acc. | himn | hafn |
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| | Gen. | himnar | hafnar |
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| | Dat. | himn | hafn |
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| | Plur. Nom. | himnn | hafnn |
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| | Acc. | himn | hafnn |
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| | Gen. | himn | hafn |
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| | Dat. | himnum | hafnum |
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*** Articles and Demonstratives :noexport:
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During the last five centuries, the root of the word got regularized
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so that only one or two forms are allowed. Due to umlaut or ablaut, it
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is possible the main vowel of a word changes between its singular and
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plural form, even sometimes affecting its dative form. These changes
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are due to old vowels long gone since --- with most even gone by the
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time of Old Norse. These changes mainly remains in a few common words.
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[[tbl:irregularities-root-nouns]] gives some examples of such
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irregularities. These words are marked as irregular in the dictionary.
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#+name: tbl:irregularities-root-nouns
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| / | <r> | | | | |
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| | | kettle (m.) | foot (m.) | book (f.) | water (n.) |
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|---+------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+------------|
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| | Sing. Nom. | ketll | fótr | bók | vatn |
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| | Acc. | ketl | fót | bók | vatn |
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| | Gen. | ketlar | fótar | bókar | vatn |
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| | Dat. | ketl | fót | bók | vatn |
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| | Plur. Nom. | katll | fœtr | bœkr | vótnn |
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| | Acc. | katl | fœt | bœkr | vótn |
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| | Gen. | katl | fœt | bœk | vótn |
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| | Dat. | katlum | fótum | bókum | vótnum |
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*** Articles and Demonstratives
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:PROPERTIES:
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||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Articles-and-Demonstratives-owb6umu058j0
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:END:
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@ -1501,6 +1537,21 @@ used even in this dialect.
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# - How many degrees of distance are there in the system of
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# demontsratives?
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# - Are there other distinctions beside distances?
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When the noun of a nominal group is not a mass noun or a proper noun,
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an article must accompany it, except for indefinite plural nouns. The
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indefinite article is /einn/, the same term as /one/ in Eittlandic. It
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partially agrees in gender, being /einn/ for strong masculine and
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feminine nouns and /eitt/ for strong neutral and weak nouns.
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Definite articles are affixes to the noun and are inserted between the
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noun itself and its declension if it has one. For instance, the
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definite singular genitive of /vatn/ (/water/, strong neutral) is /vatnits/,
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using /-it/ as the definite marker. Like the indefinite article, the
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suffix agrees in gender with /-in/ as the suffix for strong masculine
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and feminine words while /-it/ prefixes strong neutral and weak nouns.
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Just like with noun endings, if the case marking is an /-r/ following an
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/-in/, the latter will become an /-n/ as in /hundinn/ (/the dog/, sg.nom.m).
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*** Possessives :noexport:
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:PROPERTIES:
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||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Possessives-8xc6umu058j0
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|
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@ -930,8 +930,6 @@ d’une phrase nominale sans être son élément principal.
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Quelqu’un m’a vu ? Oui, moi
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Dans le premier exemple ci-dessus,
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**** Pronoms démonstratifs
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Pronoms_et_clitiques-Pronoms_démonstratifs-84b54047
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|
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@ -25,12 +25,12 @@
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#+html_head: <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" />
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||||
#+html_head: <meta name="twitter:site" content="@phundrak" />
|
||||
#+html_head: <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@phundrak" />
|
||||
#+html_head: <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://langue.phundrak.com/style/main.css"/>
|
||||
#+html_head: <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://langue.phundrak.com/img/icon.png" type="img/png" media="screen" />
|
||||
#+html_head: <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://conlang.phundrak.com/style/main.css"/>
|
||||
#+html_head: <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://conlang.phundrak.com/img/icon.png" type="img/png" media="screen" />
|
||||
#+html_head: <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://cdn.phundrak.com/img/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" media="screen" />
|
||||
#+html_head: <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://langue.phundrak.com/img/icon.png" type="img/png" media="screen" />
|
||||
#+html_head: <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://langue.phundrak.com/img/icon.png" />
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||||
#+html_head: <script defer src="https://langue.phundrak.com/dart/main.dart.js"></script>
|
||||
#+html_head: <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://conlang.phundrak.com/img/icon.png" type="img/png" media="screen" />
|
||||
#+html_head: <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://conlang.phundrak.com/img/icon.png" />
|
||||
#+html_head: <script defer src="https://conlang.phundrak.com/dart/main.dart.js"></script>
|
||||
|
||||
#+html_head: <!-- Matomo -->
|
||||
#+html_head: <script>
|
||||
|
|
Binary file not shown.
After Width: | Height: | Size: 42 KiB |
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@ -884,21 +884,22 @@ reached on this point, most of them might be older innovations.
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:PROPERTIES:
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||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-aywhtyt058j0
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||||
:END:
|
||||
*** Names
|
||||
*** Nouns
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Names-ztxhtyt058j0
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-World-Classes-Nouns-hu0ktba1zfj0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
# - What are the distributional properties of nouns?
|
||||
# - What are the structural properties of nouns?
|
||||
# - What are the major formally distinct subcategories of nouns?
|
||||
# - What is the basic structure of the noun word (for polysynthetic
|
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# languages) and/or noun phrases (for more isolating languages)?
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Names in Proto-Ñyqy generally refer to defined entities, such as
|
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Nouns in Proto-Ñyqy generally refer to defined entities, such as
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objects, people, concepts, or events. Regardless of their role during
|
||||
locution, a noun bears no morphological information such as its
|
||||
syntactic role or its number. However, nouns can associate with each
|
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other and act as adjectives. More on that in
|
||||
§[[#Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-Descriptive-Adjectives-pcpelau058j0]].
|
||||
other and act as adjectives.
|
||||
# More on that in
|
||||
# §[[#Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-Descriptive-Adjectives-pcpelau058j0]].
|
||||
Noun phrases in Proto-Ñyqy are head-first, meaning the noun in noun
|
||||
phrases come relatively early although the former is built around the
|
||||
former and not exclusively after it. Noun phrases are mainly found as
|
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|
@ -908,14 +909,16 @@ genitive and dative constructions.
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The nouns could most likely take genitive pronouns, but how they
|
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interacted exactly is yet unsure. The
|
||||
|
||||
**** Countables and Uncountables
|
||||
**** Countables and Uncountables :noexport:
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Names-Countables-and-Uncountables-sqyhtyt058j0
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-World-Classes-Nouns-Countables-and-Uncountables-t7dduha1zfj0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
**** Proper Nouns
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||||
|
||||
**** Proper Nouns :noexport:
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Names-Proper-Nouns-0ozhtyt058j0
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Overview-World-Classes-Nouns-Proper-Nouns-cczduha1zfj0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
|
||||
*** Pronouns and Anaphoric Clitics
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Pronouns-and-Anaphoric-Clitics-9k0ityt058j0
|
||||
|
@ -927,15 +930,111 @@ interacted exactly is yet unsure. The
|
|||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Pronouns-and-Anaphoric-Clitics-Personal-Pronouns-cps4r0u058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
It seems only three pronouns existed in Proto-Ñyqy, one for each of
|
||||
the persons you would find in a typical language, as shown in
|
||||
[[table:pronouns]].
|
||||
|
||||
#+name: table:pronouns
|
||||
#+caption: Proto-Ñyqy pronouns
|
||||
| <l> | |
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||||
| / | < |
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||||
| Person | Pronoun |
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||||
|--------+-----------|
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||||
| 1 | {{{recon(qy)}}} |
|
||||
| 2 | {{{recon(bú)}}} |
|
||||
| 3 | {{{recon(zø)}}} |
|
||||
|
||||
It appears Proto-Ñyqy pronouns did not have any morphological rule to
|
||||
make them agree in number and due to the apparent lack of gender
|
||||
neither did they agree with it. However, it is possible that at some
|
||||
stage of the development of the language, Proto-Ñyqy began affixing
|
||||
cardinal numbers in order to its pronouns up until the number “six”
|
||||
{{{recon(ñy)}}} which would have marked a general plural. It is very much
|
||||
possible all numbers up to {{{recon(ñy)}}} were used with pronouns, however
|
||||
only remains of it as well as {{{recon(qi)}}} (/two/) for some dual or paucal,
|
||||
and in the case of the Tiltinian family {{{recon(nø)}}} (/three/) was used for
|
||||
trial and later on for paucal. No remains of {{{recon(gø)}}}, {{{recon(co)}}} or
|
||||
any number higher than {{{recon(ñy)}}} is found in its daughter languages.
|
||||
It is also unlikely {{{recon(mi)}}} (/one/) was ever used to mark the
|
||||
singular, or at least its usage never persisted in its recorded
|
||||
daughter languages as it cannot be reconstructed with our current
|
||||
knowledge.
|
||||
# The order in which these cardinal numbers are affixed to
|
||||
# the pronoun depend on the numbers’ word order described in
|
||||
# [[#Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-Numerals-4gvelau058j0]].
|
||||
|
||||
- {{{recon(møgusqim qy ij)}}}
|
||||
| møgusq | im | qy | ij |
|
||||
| village | towards | 1sg | go |
|
||||
I’m going to the village
|
||||
- {{{recon(møgusqim qyqi ij)}}}
|
||||
| / | | <l> | | |
|
||||
| møgusq | im | qy | qi | ij |
|
||||
| village | towards | 1 | two/DU | go |
|
||||
We both are going to the village
|
||||
- {{{recon(møgusqim qynø ij)}}}
|
||||
| / | | <l> | | |
|
||||
| møgusq | im | qy | nø | ij |
|
||||
| village | towards | 1 | 3/TRI/PAUC | go |
|
||||
We three are going to the village
|
||||
- {{{recon(møgusqim ñyqy ij)}}}
|
||||
| / | | | <l> | |
|
||||
| møgusq | im | ñy | qy | ij |
|
||||
| village | towards | six/PL | 1 | go |
|
||||
We are going to the village
|
||||
|
||||
It doesn’t appear either that there was any morphology associated to
|
||||
their grammatical case. All of its daughter languages have at least a
|
||||
distinction between nominative, accusative, and genitive pronouns, but
|
||||
it appears they all evolved after the Proto-Ñyqy breakup, with no
|
||||
relation between the main daughter language families. The best example
|
||||
is the striking difference between the Andelian and the Mojhal
|
||||
families despite the fact they both come from Proto-Mojhal-Andelian
|
||||
which is the earliest known language to split off from Proto-Ñyqy, as
|
||||
well as Proto-Tiltinian and Old Pritian which again have no
|
||||
similarities regarding their pronoun declensions. The only common
|
||||
roots found are these three pronouns described in [[table:pronouns]].
|
||||
|
||||
Personal pronouns are free pronouns which do not need to be bound to
|
||||
other elements in a sentence.
|
||||
1. {{{recon(qibú qy qe)}}}
|
||||
| qi | bú | qy | qe |
|
||||
| DU | 2 | 1sg | see |
|
||||
I see them both
|
||||
2. {{{recon(qyim ñocm qe)}}}? {{{recon(ee qy)}}}
|
||||
| qy | im | ñocm | qe |
|
||||
| 1sg | DAT | someone | see |
|
||||
|
||||
| ee | qy |
|
||||
| yes | 1sg |
|
||||
Does anyone see me? Yes, me.
|
||||
|
||||
**** Demonstrative Pronouns
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Pronouns-and-Anaphoric-Clitics-Demonstrative-Pronouns-2qt4r0u058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
**** Possessive Pronouns
|
||||
Four levels of demonstratives seems to have existed in Proto-Ñyqy:
|
||||
- {{{recon(bœce)}}} :: near the speaker
|
||||
- {{{recon(pue)}}} :: near the interlocutor
|
||||
- {{{recon(yqe)}}} and {{{recon(jœe)}}} :: distant from the speakers
|
||||
|
||||
It is interesting to see here a common pattern among languages which
|
||||
is demonstratives pronouns coming from words meaning “here” or
|
||||
“there”. In that case, these pronouns are derived from {{{recon(bœc)}}},
|
||||
{{{recon(pu)}}}, {{{recon(yq)}}}, and {{{recon(jœ)}}}.
|
||||
|
||||
We are not sure about the difference between {{{recon(yq)}}} and {{{recon(jœ)}}}.
|
||||
It is theorized they had differences in distance between the element
|
||||
described by the pronoun and the speakers, maybe one describing
|
||||
something that could be seen and the other not. In any case, only one
|
||||
of the two survived in each language family so we cannot compare their
|
||||
use in documented languages.
|
||||
|
||||
**** Possessive Pronouns :noexport:
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Pronouns-and-Anaphoric-Clitics-Possessive-Pronouns-2pu4r0u058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
*** Verbs
|
||||
*** Verbs :noexport:
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-xg1ityt058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
|
@ -970,7 +1069,7 @@ interacted exactly is yet unsure. The
|
|||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Verbs-Verbal-Inflexions-443cf8u058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
*** Modifiers
|
||||
*** Modifiers :noexport:
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-yw5cf8u058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
|
@ -999,7 +1098,7 @@ interacted exactly is yet unsure. The
|
|||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Modifiers-Numerals-4gvelau058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
*** Adverbs
|
||||
*** Adverbs :noexport:
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Adverbs-6lxelau058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
|
@ -1012,11 +1111,11 @@ interacted exactly is yet unsure. The
|
|||
# morphemes common to the type, etc.
|
||||
# - Are any of these classes of adverbs related to older
|
||||
# complement-taking (matrix) verbs?
|
||||
*** Adpositions
|
||||
*** Adpositions :noexport:
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Adpositions-isib3bu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
*** Grammatical Particules
|
||||
*** Grammatical Particules :noexport:
|
||||
:PROPERTIES:
|
||||
:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-World-Classes-Grammatical-Particules-q0kb3bu058j0
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
|
|
Reference in New Issue