[Eittlandic] Better grammatical cases and articles
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@ -1037,7 +1037,7 @@ table [[tab:vow:dipththongs]] lists the Eittlandic diphthongs.
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|-----------+-----------|
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| ei | {{{phon(ɑɪ)}}} |
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| au | {{{phon(ɔʊ)}}} |
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| ey | {{{phon(œʏ)}}} |
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| ey | {{{phon(œʏ)}}} |
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#+name: vow-dot-gen
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#+header: :var vowels=vowels-featural-list
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@ -1148,7 +1148,7 @@ equivalent in Standard Eittlandic, as shown in table [[vow:accent:east]]
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| Rural Eastern Eittlandic | Standard Eittlandic |
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|--------------------------+---------------------|
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| {{{phon(i)}}} | {{{phon(ɪ)}}} |
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| {{{phon(y)}}} | {{{phon(ʏ)}}} |
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| {{{phon(y)}}} | {{{phon(ʏ)}}} |
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| {{{phon(u)}}} | {{{phon(ʊ)}}} |
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On the other hand, Southern Eittlandic tends to front its {{{phon(ɑ)}}} into
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@ -1450,45 +1450,81 @@ table [[tbl:eittlandic-example-noun-inflexions]].
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|---+------------+------------------+-----------------+---------------+------------|
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| | Sing. Nom. | heim-r | tíð | skip | tím |
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| | Acc. | heim | tíð | skip | tím |
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| | Gen. | heim-s | tíð-s | skip-s | tím-s |
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| | Gen. | heim-ar | tíð-ar | skip-s | tím |
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| | Dat. | heim | tíð | skip | tím |
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| | Plur. Nom. | heim-r | tíð-r | skip | tím-r |
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| | Acc. | heim | tíð-r | skip | tím |
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| | Gen. | heim | tíð | skip | tím |
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| | Dat. | heim-um | tíð-um | skip-um | tím-um |
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As you can see, grammatica cases disappeared in singular nominative
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(except for strong mascuine nouns), accusative, and dative as well as
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in plural accusative and genitive. The only markers remaining are for
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singular genitive, plural nominative and dative as well as singular
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nominative for strong masculine words. Note however that strong nouns
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are no longer productive and get slowly replaced with weak nouns.
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As you can see, a good amount of declensions disappeared from nouns,
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with only four marked cases for strong masculine and feminine nouns
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and two for strong neuter and weak nouns. The declension system
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completely merged for weak nouns which are no longer distinguished by
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gender, as did the different declensions among the other categories
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--- e.g. there is only one declension remaining for strong masculine
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nouns as opposed to Old Norse’s three different possible declensions
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for the nouns.
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Note also how the last column in table
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[[tbl:eittlandic-example-noun-inflexions]] is not /Weak masculine/ as in
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table [[tbl:old-norse-noun-inflexions]] but /Weak Nouns/. This is due to
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weak nouns’ inflexions merging together, yet again due to the final
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vowel loss and regularization of these inflexions. Only strong nouns
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remain separated, although by minor differences. All nouns get a case
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marker /-s/ for singular genitive, /-r/ for plural nominative, and /-um/ for
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plural dative. However, strong masculine nouns also get an /-r/ on
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singular nominative nouns, strong feminine nouns get an /-r/ on plural
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accusative nouns, and strong neuter nouns lose their /-r/ on plural
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nominative nouns.
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Declensions are no longer productive in almost all Modern Eittlandic
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dialects. They are still mostly used in formal and written speech, but
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they are less and less used in less formal circumstances and in oral
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speech. The Royal Academy for Literature, which authored Standard
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Eittlandic, even recommends not using grammatical cases when using
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this dialect as they are reduntand with other syntactic strategies.
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While the recommendation is mostly followed, speakers still tend to
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use the singular genetive declension oraly. Younger folks at the time
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of writing even tend to regularize it as /-ar/ for strong neuter and
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weak nouns.
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Note also the /-r/ suffix becomes an /-n/ when added to a word ending with
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an <n>. For instance, the word /brún/ (/eyebrow/) becomes /brúnn/ in its
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plural nominative form instead of /brúnr/.
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The only exception to declensions no longer being productive is in the
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Hylfjaltr Kingdom’s exclave in southern Eittland where speakers of its
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local dialect tend to instead favor strong nouns for newer terms.
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Hence, while most dialects agree on “internet” (pl.nom /internetr/,
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pl.dat /internetum/) being a weak noun, this dialect treats it as either
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a strong feminine (sg.gen /internetar/, pl.nom&acc /internetr/, pl.dat
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/internetum/) or a strong neuter (sg.gen /internets/, pl.dat /internetum/)
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--- the difference is due to subdivisions in said dialect between
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rural and urban areas favoring the former and the latter respectively.
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Case markers are no longer productive and only server for redundancy
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with Modern Eittlandic’s syntax. The Royal Academy for Literature,
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which authored Standard Eittlandic, even recommends not using them to
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simplify the language, as they deemed them no longer necessary for
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understanding Eittlandic. While this recommendation is widely adopted
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by Standard Eittlandic speakers, singular genitive /-s/ still remains
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used even in this dialect.
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There are some regular exceptions to the declension system. The first
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one, inherited from Old Norse, is the /-r/ suffix becoming /-n/ or /-l/ when
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a noun ends with an <n> or an <l> respectively, hence
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[[tbl:irregular-noun-declensions]] showing the declensions of strong
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masculine /himn/ (/heaven/) and strong feminine /hafn/ (/harbour/, /haven/).
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#+name: tbl:irregular-noun-declensions
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| / | <r> | | |
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| | Sing. Nom. | himnn | hafn |
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| | Acc. | himn | hafn |
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| | Gen. | himnar | hafnar |
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| | Dat. | himn | hafn |
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| | Plur. Nom. | himnn | hafnn |
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| | Acc. | himn | hafnn |
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| | Gen. | himn | hafn |
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| | Dat. | himnum | hafnum |
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*** Articles and Demonstratives :noexport:
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During the last five centuries, the root of the word got regularized
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so that only one or two forms are allowed. Due to umlaut or ablaut, it
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is possible the main vowel of a word changes between its singular and
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plural form, even sometimes affecting its dative form. These changes
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are due to old vowels long gone since --- with most even gone by the
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time of Old Norse. These changes mainly remains in a few common words.
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[[tbl:irregularities-root-nouns]] gives some examples of such
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irregularities. These words are marked as irregular in the dictionary.
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#+name: tbl:irregularities-root-nouns
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| / | <r> | | | | |
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| | | kettle (m.) | foot (m.) | book (f.) | water (n.) |
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|---+------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+------------|
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| | Sing. Nom. | ketll | fótr | bók | vatn |
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| | Acc. | ketl | fót | bók | vatn |
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| | Gen. | ketlar | fótar | bókar | vatn |
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| | Dat. | ketl | fót | bók | vatn |
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| | Plur. Nom. | katll | fœtr | bœkr | vótnn |
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| | Acc. | katl | fœt | bœkr | vótn |
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| | Gen. | katl | fœt | bœk | vótn |
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| | Dat. | katlum | fótum | bókum | vótnum |
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*** Articles and Demonstratives
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Articles-and-Demonstratives-owb6umu058j0
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:END:
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@ -1501,6 +1537,21 @@ used even in this dialect.
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# - How many degrees of distance are there in the system of
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# demontsratives?
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# - Are there other distinctions beside distances?
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When the noun of a nominal group is not a mass noun or a proper noun,
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an article must accompany it, except for indefinite plural nouns. The
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indefinite article is /einn/, the same term as /one/ in Eittlandic. It
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partially agrees in gender, being /einn/ for strong masculine and
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feminine nouns and /eitt/ for strong neutral and weak nouns.
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Definite articles are affixes to the noun and are inserted between the
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noun itself and its declension if it has one. For instance, the
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definite singular genitive of /vatn/ (/water/, strong neutral) is /vatnits/,
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using /-it/ as the definite marker. Like the indefinite article, the
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suffix agrees in gender with /-in/ as the suffix for strong masculine
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and feminine words while /-it/ prefixes strong neutral and weak nouns.
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Just like with noun endings, if the case marking is an /-r/ following an
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/-in/, the latter will become an /-n/ as in /hundinn/ (/the dog/, sg.nom.m).
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*** Possessives :noexport:
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:PROPERTIES:
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:CUSTOM_ID: Structural-Preview-Structure-of-a-Nominal-Group-Possessives-8xc6umu058j0
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