- Apudessive case APUD /ne-/ :: location next to something
Example: next to the house, /némén/
- Inessive case /-ŕo-/ :: inside something
Example: inside the house, /méŕón/
- Intrative case ITRT /-fu-/ :: between something
Example: between the houses, /méfún/
- Locative case LOC /la-/ :: location (general case)
Example: at/on/in the house, /lámén/
- Pertingent case /ma-/ :: in contact with something
Example: touching the house, /mámén/
- Postessive case POSTE /-uß/ :: posterior location
Example: behind the house, /ménúß/
- Subessive case SUBE /nwo-/ :: under something
Example: under/below the house, /nwómén/
- Superessive case SUPE /ßta-/ :: on the surface
Example: on (top of) the house, /ßtámén/
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* Motion from
- Ablative case ABL /li-/ :: movement away from something
Example: away from the house, /límén/
- Delative case DEL /ßa-/ :: movement from the surface
Example: from (the top of) the house, /ßámén/
- *Egressive case EGRE :: marking the beginning of a movement or time
Example: beginning from the house
- Elative case ELA /-ykń/ :: out of something
Example: out of the house, /ménýkń/
- Initiative case INITI /-akļ/ :: starting point of an action
Example: beginning from the house, /ménákļ/
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* Motion to
- Allative case ALL /-li-/ ::
- *in Hungarian and in Finnish: movement to (the adjacency of). Example: to the house
- in Estonian and in Finnish: movement onto something. Example: onto the house, /mélín/
- Illative case ILL /-ën-/ :: movement into something
Example: into the house, /mênén/
- Lative case LAT /-la/ :: movement to something (general case)
Example: to/into the house, /ménlá/
- Sublative case SUBL /-iţ/ :: movement onto the surface or below something
Example: on(to) the house / under the house, /méníţ/
- Terminative case TERM /-aen/ :: marking the end of a movement or time
Example: as far as the house, /ménáén/
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* Motion via
- Perlative case PER /žu-/ :: movement through or along
Example: through/along the house, /žúmén/
- Prolative case PROL /še-/ :: movement using a surface or way (= prosecutive case, vialis case)
Example: by way of/through the house, /šémén/
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* Time
- Accusative case ACC /-źu/ :: indicating duration of time known as the *accusative of duration of time*
Example: for many years, /łaižegźu/
- Essive case ESS /-oiþyd-/ :: used for specifying days and dates when something happens
Example: on the first day of the week, /žóíþýdójorém/
- Limitative case LIMIT /-amp/ :: specifying a deadline
Example: by the first day of the week, /žójorémámp/
- Temporal case TEMP /-igni/ :: specifying a time
Example: at seven o’clock, /ţuheol ţupńtwan ţéálnatigni/ (GEN-hour GEN-seven precise-TEMP, at the precise hour of seven)
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* Morphosyntactic alignment
- Absolutive case (1) ABS /-a/ :: patient, experiencer; subject of an intransitive verb and direct object of a transitive verb. *In the divine language, the absolutive case is only used for the subject of an intransitive verb.*
Example: he pushed the *door* and *it* opened, /kjaŗa/ (door)
- *Absolutive case (2) ABS :: patient, involuntary experiencer
Example: he pushed the *door* and *it* opened; *he* slipped
- *Absolutive case (3) ABS :: patient, experiencer; instrument
Example: he pushed the *door* with his *hand* and *it* opened
- *Accusative case (1) :: patient
Example: he pushed the *door* and it opened
- Accusative case (2) ACC /-vo/ :: direct object of a transitive verb
Example: I see *her*, /kjeŗvo/
- Agentive case AGE /te-/ :: agent, specifies or asks about /who/ or /what/; specific agent that is subset of a
general topic or subject. Equivalent to the -ga particle in Japanese
Example: it was *she* who committed the crime; as for him, his *head* hurts, /tekjeŗ/, /tegar/
- Ergative case ERG /-jo/ :: agent; subject of a transitive verb
Example: *he* pushed the door and it opened
- *Ergative-genitive case EGN :: agent, possession
Example: *he* pushed the door and it opened; *her* dog
- *Instrumental-comitative case :: instrument, in company of something
Example: with the house
- *Nominative case (1) :: agent, experiencer; subject of a transitive or intransitive verb
Example: *he* pushed the door and *it* opened
- *Nominative case (2) :: agent; voluntary experiencer
Example: *he* pushed the door and it opened; *she* paused
- Nominative case NOM (3) /pa-/ :: In the divine language, the person linked to the word; transforms a verbal group into a nominal group
Example: horseman, /panael/ (the man linked to horses, implied riding horses)
- *Objective case (1) OBJ :: direct or indirect object of verb
Example: I saw *her*; I gave *her* the book
- *Objective/Oblique (2) :: direct or indirect object of verb or object of preposition; a catch-all case for any situation except nominative or genitive
Example: I saw *her*; I gave *her* the book; with *her*
- Oblique case OBL /-ŗeß/ :: all-round case; any situation except nominative or vocative. In the divine language, is used to quote the element
Example: concerning the house, /ménŗéß/
- Intransitive case INTR /-ai/ :: the subject of an intransitive verb or the logical complement of a transitive verb (= passive or patient case)
Example: the *door* opened, /mělai/
- Pegative case PEG /ey-/ :: agent in a clause with a dative argument
Example: *he* gave the book to him, /eykjaŗ/
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* Relation
- Ablative case /łe-/ :: all-round indirect case
Example: concerning the house, /łémén/
- Aversive case EVIT /-ńþ-/ :: avoiding or fear
Example: avoiding the house, /mńþén/
- *Benefactive case BEN :: for, for the benefit of, intended for
Example: for the house
- Causal case CAUS /-oby/ :: because, because of
Example: because of the house, /ménóbý/
- *Causal-final case :: efficient or final cause
Example: for a house
- Comitative case COM /-ðei-/ :: in company of something
Example: with the house, /méðéín/
- Dative case DAT /-at-/ :: shows directon or recipient
Example: for/to the house, /mátén/
- Distributive case DISTR /xelje-/ :: distribution by piece
Example: per house, /xéljémén/
- Distributive-temporal case /-be/ :: how often something happens
Example: on Sundays, /ðúbémbé/
- Genitive case GEN /ţu-/ :: shows relationship, possesssion
Example: of the house; the house’s, /ţúmén/
- *Ornative case :: endowment with something
Example: equipped with a house
- *Possessed case POSS :: possession by something
Example: the house is owned by someone
- Privative case /ei-/ :: lacking something (in general)
Example: without a houses, /éímén/
- Semplative case /-ŗwo/ :: similarity to something
Example: that tree is *like a house*, /ménŗwó/
- Sociative case /to-/ :: along with something, together with something
Example: with the house, /tómén/
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* Semantics
- Partitive case PTV/PART /-ili’-/ :: used for amounts
Example: three (of the) houses, /mílí’én/
- *Prepositional case PREP :: when certain prepositions precede the noun
# LocalWords: éímén ménŗwó tómén
# LocalWords: ðúbémbé
# LocalWords: xéljémén
# LocalWords: mátén
# LocalWords: méðéín
# LocalWords: mńþén
- *Postpositional case POST :: when certain preposition follows the noun
Example: in/on/about the house
- Vocative case VOC /-wa/ :: used for addressing someone, with or without a preposition
Example: Hey, father! O father! Father!, /pánámwá/
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* State
- Abessive case ABE/ABESS /e-/ :: the lack of something, a particular thing
Example: without the house, /émén/
- Adverbial case ADV /-ei/ :: being as something
Example: as a house, /ménéí/
- Comparative case COMP /-oit/ :: similarity with something
Example: similar to the house, compared to the house, /ménóít/
- Equative case /-ńt/ :: comparison with something
Example: like the house, /ménńt/
- Essive case /-oiþyd-/ :: temporary state of being, general use (essive-formal or essive-modal undefined, or both)
Example: as the house, /móíþýdén/
- Essive-formal case /-ëd/ :: marking a condition as a quality (a kind of shape)
Example: as a house, /ménêd/
- Essive-modal case /-u’ug/ :: marking a condition as a quality (a way of being)
Example: as a house, /ménú’úg/
- *Exessive case :: marking a transition from a condition
Example: from being a house (i.e., “it stops being a house”)
- *Formal case :: marking a condition as a quality
Example: as a house
- Identical case /-etur/ :: showing that something is identical
Example: being identical to the house, /ménétúr/
- Orientative case ORI /fo-/ :: oriented towards something
Example: turned towards the house, /fómén/
- Revertive case /-ňo-/ :: backwards to something
Example: against the house, /méňón/
- Translative case TRANSL /-in/ :: change of a condition into another
