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< title > Cas grammaticaux de la Langue Divine< / title >
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< meta name = "author" content = "Lucien Cartier-Tilet" / >
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< body >
< div id = "content" >
< h1 class = "title" > Cas grammaticaux de la Langue Divine< / h1 >
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< p >
< / p >
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< div id = "table-of-contents" >
< h2 > Table des matières< / h2 >
< div id = "text-table-of-contents" >
< ul >
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< li > < a href = "#orgaf2a9d7" > 1. Chart for review for the basic cases< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#org43f42cd" > 2. Location< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#orgf251379" > 3. Motion from< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#org4a3eb6e" > 4. Motion to< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#org861f8d4" > 5. Motion via< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#org744e6f8" > 6. Time< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#org8e4370b" > 7. Morphosyntactic alignment< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#orgedba3ea" > 8. Relation< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#org1209c3d" > 9. Semantics< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#org7bd4e21" > 10. State< / a > < / li >
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< / ul >
< / div >
< / div >
< p >
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< / p >
< p >
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Grammatical states marques with a star ( < b > as declensions< / b > in the Divine Language.
< / p >
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< div id = "outline-container-orgaf2a9d7" class = "outline-2" >
< h2 id = "orgaf2a9d7" > < span class = "section-number-2" > 1< / span > Chart for review for the basic cases< / h2 >
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< div class = "outline-text-2" id = "text-1" >
< table border = "2" cellspacing = "0" cellpadding = "6" rules = "groups" frame = "hsides" >
< colgroup >
< col class = "org-left" / >
< / colgroup >
< colgroup >
< col class = "org-left" / >
< col class = "org-left" / >
< col class = "org-left" / >
< col class = "org-left" / >
< / colgroup >
< thead >
< tr >
< th scope = "col" class = "org-left" >   < / th >
< th scope = "col" class = "org-left" > interior< / th >
< th scope = "col" class = "org-left" > surface< / th >
< th scope = "col" class = "org-left" > adjacency< / th >
< th scope = "col" class = "org-left" > state< / th >
< / tr >
< / thead >
< tbody >
< tr >
< td class = "org-left" > < i > from< / i > < / td >
< td class = "org-left" > Elative< / td >
< td class = "org-left" > Delative< / td >
< td class = "org-left" > Ablative< / td >
< td class = "org-left" > Excessive< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td class = "org-left" > < i > at/in< / i > < / td >
< td class = "org-left" > Inessive< / td >
< td class = "org-left" > Superessive< / td >
< td class = "org-left" > Adessive< / td >
< td class = "org-left" > Essive< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td class = "org-left" > < i > (in)to< / i > < / td >
< td class = "org-left" > Illative< / td >
< td class = "org-left" > Sublative< / td >
< td class = "org-left" > Allative< / td >
< td class = "org-left" > Translative< / td >
< / tr >
< tr >
< td class = "org-left" > < i > via< / i > < / td >
< td class = "org-left" > Perlative< / td >
< td class = "org-left" > Prolative< / td >
< td class = "org-left" >   < / td >
< td class = "org-left" >   < / td >
< / tr >
< / tbody >
< / table >
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< p >
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< / p >
< / div >
< / div >
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< div id = "outline-container-org43f42cd" class = "outline-2" >
< h2 id = "org43f42cd" > < span class = "section-number-2" > 2< / span > Location< / h2 >
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< div class = "outline-text-2" id = "text-2" >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Adessive case ADE < i > iŗ-< / i > < / dt > < dd > adjacent location< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: near/at/by the house, < i > íŗmén< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Antessive case ANTE < i > vwo-< / i > < / dt > < dd > anterior location< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: before the house, < i > vwómén< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Apudessive case APUD < i > ne-< / i > < / dt > < dd > location next to something< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: next to the house, < i > némén< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Inessive case < i > -ŕo-< / i > < / dt > < dd > inside something< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: inside the house, < i > méŕón< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Intrative case ITRT < i > -fu-< / i > < / dt > < dd > between something< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: between the houses, < i > méfún< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Locative case LOC < i > la-< / i > < / dt > < dd > location (general case)< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: at/on/in the house, < i > lámén< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Pertingent case < i > ma-< / i > < / dt > < dd > in contact with something< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: touching the house, < i > mámén< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Postessive case POSTE < i > -uß< / i > < / dt > < dd > posterior location< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: behind the house, < i > ménúß< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Subessive case SUBE < i > nwo-< / i > < / dt > < dd > under something< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: under/below the house, < i > nwómén< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Superessive case SUPE < i > ßta-< / i > < / dt > < dd > on the surface< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: on (top of) the house, < i > ßtámén< / i >
< / p >
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< p >
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< / p >
< / div >
< / div >
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< div id = "outline-container-orgf251379" class = "outline-2" >
< h2 id = "orgf251379" > < span class = "section-number-2" > 3< / span > Motion from< / h2 >
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< div class = "outline-text-2" id = "text-3" >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Ablative case ABL < i > li-< / i > < / dt > < dd > movement away from something< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: away from the house, < i > límén< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Delative case DEL < i > ßa-< / i > < / dt > < dd > movement from the surface< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: from (the top of) the house, < i > ßámén< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > *Egressive case EGRE< / dt > < dd > marking the beginning of a movement or time< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: beginning from the house
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Elative case ELA < i > -ykń< / i > < / dt > < dd > out of something< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: out of the house, < i > ménýkń< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Initiative case INITI < i > -akļ< / i > < / dt > < dd > starting point of an action< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: beginning from the house, < i > ménákļ< / i >
< / p >
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< p >
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< / p >
< / div >
< / div >
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< div id = "outline-container-org4a3eb6e" class = "outline-2" >
< h2 id = "org4a3eb6e" > < span class = "section-number-2" > 4< / span > Motion to< / h2 >
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< div class = "outline-text-2" id = "text-4" >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Allative case ALL < i > -li-< / i > < / dt > < dd > < ul class = "org-ul" >
< li > *in Hungarian and in Finnish: movement to (the adjacency of). Example: to the house< / li >
< li > in Estonian and in Finnish: movement onto something. Example: onto the house, < i > mélín< / i > < / li >
< / ul > < / dd >
< dt > Illative case ILL < i > -ën-< / i > < / dt > < dd > movement into something< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: into the house, < i > mênén< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Lative case LAT < i > -la< / i > < / dt > < dd > movement to something (general case)< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: to/into the house, < i > ménlá< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Sublative case SUBL < i > -iţ< / i > < / dt > < dd > movement onto the surface or below something< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: on(to) the house / under the house, < i > méníţ< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Terminative case TERM < i > -aen< / i > < / dt > < dd > marking the end of a movement or time< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: as far as the house, < i > ménáén< / i >
< / p >
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< p >
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< / p >
< / div >
< / div >
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< div id = "outline-container-org861f8d4" class = "outline-2" >
< h2 id = "org861f8d4" > < span class = "section-number-2" > 5< / span > Motion via< / h2 >
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< div class = "outline-text-2" id = "text-5" >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Perlative case PER < i > žu-< / i > < / dt > < dd > movement through or along< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: through/along the house, < i > žúmén< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Prolative case PROL < i > še-< / i > < / dt > < dd > movement using a surface or way (= prosecutive case, vialis case)< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: by way of/through the house, < i > šémén< / i >
< / p >
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< p >
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< / p >
< / div >
< / div >
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< div id = "outline-container-org744e6f8" class = "outline-2" >
< h2 id = "org744e6f8" > < span class = "section-number-2" > 6< / span > Time< / h2 >
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< div class = "outline-text-2" id = "text-6" >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Accusative case ACC < i > -źu< / i > < / dt > < dd > indicating duration of time known as the < b > accusative of duration of time< / b > < / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: for many years, < i > łaižegźu< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Essive case ESS < i > -oiþyd-< / i > < / dt > < dd > used for specifying days and dates when something happens< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: on the first day of the week, < i > žóíþýdójorém< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Limitative case LIMIT < i > -amp< / i > < / dt > < dd > specifying a deadline< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: by the first day of the week, < i > žójorémámp< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Temporal case TEMP < i > -igni< / i > < / dt > < dd > specifying a time< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: at seven o’ < i > ţuheol ţupńtwan ţéálnatigni< / i > (GEN-hour GEN-seven precise-TEMP, at the precise hour of seven)
< / p >
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< p >
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< / p >
< / div >
< / div >
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< div id = "outline-container-org8e4370b" class = "outline-2" >
< h2 id = "org8e4370b" > < span class = "section-number-2" > 7< / span > Morphosyntactic alignment< / h2 >
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< div class = "outline-text-2" id = "text-7" >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Absolutive case (1) ABS < i > -a< / i > < / dt > < dd > patient, experiencer; subject of an intransitive verb and direct object of a transitive verb. < b > In the divine language, the absolutive case is only used for the subject of an intransitive verb.< / b > < / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: he pushed the < b > door< / b > and < b > it< / b > opened, < i > kjaŗa< / i > (door)
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > *Absolutive case (2) ABS< / dt > < dd > patient, involuntary experiencer< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: he pushed the < b > door< / b > and < b > it< / b > opened; < b > he< / b > slipped
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > *Absolutive case (3) ABS< / dt > < dd > patient, experiencer; instrument< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: he pushed the < b > door< / b > with his < b > hand< / b > and < b > it< / b > opened
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > *Accusative case (1)< / dt > < dd > patient< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: he pushed the < b > door< / b > and it opened
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Accusative case (2) ACC < i > -vo< / i > < / dt > < dd > direct object of a transitive verb< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: I see < b > her< / b > , < i > kjeŗvo< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Agentive case AGE < i > te-< / i > < / dt > < dd > agent, specifies or asks about < i > who< / i > or < i > what< / i > ; specific agent that is subset of a< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
general topic or subject. Equivalent to the -ga particle in Japanese
Example: it was < b > she< / b > who committed the crime; as for him, his < b > head< / b > hurts, < i > tekjeŗ< / i > , < i > tegar< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Ergative case ERG < i > -jo< / i > < / dt > < dd > agent; subject of a transitive verb< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: < b > he< / b > pushed the door and it opened
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > *Ergative-genitive case EGN< / dt > < dd > agent, possession< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: < b > he< / b > pushed the door and it opened; < b > her< / b > dog
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Instructive INSTRUCTIVE < i > -eň< / i > < / dt > < dd > means, answers question < i > how?< / i > < / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: by the means of the houses, < i > ménéň< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Instrumental INS/INSTR < i > -dļ< / i > < / dt > < dd > instrument, answers question < i > using which thing?< / i > < / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: with the house, < i > méndļ< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > *Instrumental-comitative case< / dt > < dd > instrument, in company of something< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: with the house
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > *Nominative case (1)< / dt > < dd > agent, experiencer; subject of a transitive or intransitive verb< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: < b > he< / b > pushed the door and < b > it< / b > opened
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > *Nominative case (2)< / dt > < dd > agent; voluntary experiencer< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: < b > he< / b > pushed the door and it opened; < b > she< / b > paused
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Nominative case NOM (3) < i > pa-< / i > < / dt > < dd > In the divine language, the person linked to the word; transforms a verbal group into a nominal group< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: horseman, < i > panael< / i > (the man linked to horses, implied riding horses)
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > *Objective case (1) OBJ< / dt > < dd > direct or indirect object of verb< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: I saw < b > her< / b > ; I gave < b > her< / b > the book
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > *Objective/Oblique (2)< / dt > < dd > direct or indirect object of verb or object of preposition; a catch-all case for any situation except nominative or genitive< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: I saw < b > her< / b > ; I gave < b > her< / b > the book; with < b > her< / b >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Oblique case OBL < i > -ŗeß< / i > < / dt > < dd > all-round case; any situation except nominative or vocative. In the divine language, is used to quote the element< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: concerning the house, < i > ménŗéß< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Intransitive case INTR < i > -ai< / i > < / dt > < dd > the subject of an intransitive verb or the logical complement of a transitive verb (= passive or patient case)< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: the < b > door< / b > opened, < i > mělai< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Pegative case PEG < i > ey-< / i > < / dt > < dd > agent in a clause with a dative argument< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: < b > he< / b > gave the book to him, < i > eykjaŗ< / i >
< / p >
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< p >
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< / p >
< / div >
< / div >
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< div id = "outline-container-orgedba3ea" class = "outline-2" >
< h2 id = "orgedba3ea" > < span class = "section-number-2" > 8< / span > Relation< / h2 >
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< div class = "outline-text-2" id = "text-8" >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Ablative case < i > łe-< / i > < / dt > < dd > all-round indirect case< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: concerning the house, < i > łémén< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Aversive case EVIT < i > -ńþ-< / i > < / dt > < dd > avoiding or fear< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: avoiding the house, < i > mńþén< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > *Benefactive case BEN< / dt > < dd > for, for the benefit of, intended for< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: for the house
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Causal case CAUS < i > -oby< / i > < / dt > < dd > because, because of< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: because of the house, < i > ménóbý< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > *Causal-final case< / dt > < dd > efficient or final cause< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: for a house
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Comitative case COM < i > -ðei-< / i > < / dt > < dd > in company of something< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: with the house, < i > méðéín< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Dative case DAT < i > -at-< / i > < / dt > < dd > shows directon or recipient< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: for/to the house, < i > mátén< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Distributive case DISTR < i > xelje-< / i > < / dt > < dd > distribution by piece< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: per house, < i > xéljémén< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Distributive-temporal case < i > -be< / i > < / dt > < dd > how often something happens< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: on Sundays, < i > ðúbémbé< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Genitive case GEN < i > ţu-< / i > < / dt > < dd > shows relationship, possesssion< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: of the house; the house’ < i > ţúmén< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > *Ornative case< / dt > < dd > endowment with something< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: equipped with a house
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > *Possessed case POSS< / dt > < dd > possession by something< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: the house is owned by someone
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Privative case < i > ei-< / i > < / dt > < dd > lacking something (in general)< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: without a houses, < i > éímén< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Semplative case < i > -ŗwo< / i > < / dt > < dd > similarity to something< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: that tree is < b > like a house< / b > , < i > ménŗwó< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Sociative case < i > to-< / i > < / dt > < dd > along with something, together with something< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: with the house, < i > tómén< / i >
< / p >
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< p >
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< / p >
< / div >
< / div >
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< div id = "outline-container-org1209c3d" class = "outline-2" >
< h2 id = "org1209c3d" > < span class = "section-number-2" > 9< / span > Semantics< / h2 >
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< div class = "outline-text-2" id = "text-9" >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Partitive case PTV/PART < i > -ili’ < / i > < / dt > < dd > used for amounts< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: three (of the) houses, < i > mílí’ < / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > *Prepositional case PREP< / dt > < dd > when certain prepositions precede the noun< / dd >
< / dl >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > *Postpositional case POST< / dt > < dd > when certain preposition follows the noun< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: in/on/about the house
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Vocative case VOC < i > -wa< / i > < / dt > < dd > used for addressing someone, with or without a preposition< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: Hey, father! O father! Father!, < i > pánámwá< / i >
< / p >
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< p >
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< / p >
< / div >
< / div >
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< div id = "outline-container-org7bd4e21" class = "outline-2" >
< h2 id = "org7bd4e21" > < span class = "section-number-2" > 10< / span > State< / h2 >
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< div class = "outline-text-2" id = "text-10" >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Abessive case ABE/ABESS < i > e-< / i > < / dt > < dd > the lack of something, a particular thing< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: without the house, < i > émén< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Adverbial case ADV < i > -ei< / i > < / dt > < dd > being as something< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: as a house, < i > ménéí< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Comparative case COMP < i > -oit< / i > < / dt > < dd > similarity with something< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: similar to the house, compared to the house, < i > ménóít< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Equative case < i > -ńt< / i > < / dt > < dd > comparison with something< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: like the house, < i > ménńt< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Essive case < i > -oiþyd-< / i > < / dt > < dd > temporary state of being, general use (essive-formal or essive-modal undefined, or both)< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: as the house, < i > móíþýdén< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Essive-formal case < i > -ëd< / i > < / dt > < dd > marking a condition as a quality (a kind of shape)< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: as a house, < i > ménêd< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Essive-modal case < i > -u’ < / i > < / dt > < dd > marking a condition as a quality (a way of being)< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: as a house, < i > ménú’ < / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > *Exessive case< / dt > < dd > marking a transition from a condition< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: from being a house (i.e., “it stops being a house”)
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > *Formal case< / dt > < dd > marking a condition as a quality< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: as a house
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Identical case < i > -etur< / i > < / dt > < dd > showing that something is identical< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: being identical to the house, < i > ménétúr< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Orientative case ORI < i > fo-< / i > < / dt > < dd > oriented towards something< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: turned towards the house, < i > fómén< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Revertive case < i > -ňo-< / i > < / dt > < dd > backwards to something< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: against the house, < i > méňón< / i >
< / p >
< dl class = "org-dl" >
< dt > Translative case TRANSL < i > -in< / i > < / dt > < dd > change of a condition into another< / dd >
< / dl >
< p >
Example: (turning) into a house, < i > ménín< / i >
< / p >
< / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< div id = "postamble" class = "status" >
< p class = "author" > Auteur: Lucien Cartier-Tilet< / p >
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< p class = "date" > Created: 2018-06-06 mer. 13:12< / p >
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< p class = "validation" > < / p >
< / div >
< / body >
< / html >
