#+setupfile: ../headers * Dictionary Below you will find a simple Eittlandic to English dictionary. It uses some abbreviations you should keep in mind: - acc :: accusative - adj :: adjective - adv :: adverb - art :: article - aux :: auxiliary - c :: common - comp :: comparative - conj :: conjunction - Dan :: Danish - dat :: dative - def :: definite - Eng :: English - f :: feminine - gen :: genitive - Ger :: German - imp :: imperative - ind :: indicative - interr :: interrogative - iv :: irregular verb - m :: masculine - mass :: mass noun - ME :: Middle Eittlandic - n :: neuter - neg :: negative - nom :: nominal - Nor :: Norwegian (Nynork if no dialect is specified) - num :: numeral - OE :: Old Eittlandic - OI :: Old Icelandic - ON :: Old Norse - pas :: passive - pl :: plural - prep :: preposition - pret :: preterite - pron :: pronoun - sc :: strong common - sg :: singular - sn :: strong neuter - stg :: strong - sv :: strong verb - Swe :: Swedish - wk :: weak - wn :: weak noun - wv :: weak verb Note that when a word is marked solely as /masculine/, /feminine/ or /neutral/, it is a noun. Otherwise, another marker such as /adj./ should be added, for instance /f.adj./ for a feminine adjective. All words are indexed by their spelling as determined by Standard Eittlandic, which roughly corresponds to the accusative of other dialects. Each noun has its declension presented to the reader as a guide to how it might generally look in dialects other than Standard Eittlandic, however variations may exist from one dialect to another. For instance, while most Eittlandic dialects lost the /ru/ part of the dat.pl. declention, going from /férum/ to /fém/, some dialects in East Northern Eittland still retain the former form. Letters in parenthesis are no longer used when writing Eittlandic but are still underlying vowels that can still affect the pronunciation of the word and its surroundings. For instance, /dag/ can represent two forms of the word /dag(r)/, /dag/ and /dag(a)/. The former is pronounced {{{phon(daɣ)}}} while the latter is pronounced {{{phon(daj)}}}. They can also represent grammatical cases which are no longer used in Standard Eittlandic, such as /dag(r)/ shown above which doesn’t exist as /dagr/ in Standard Eittlandic, only as /dag/. The underlying vowel also reappears when the word is used in its definite form. For instance, /dagr/ becomes /dagann/ due to the underlying «a» in its accusative form /dag(a)/ while /fiskr/ becomes /fiskinn/ (the «i» is added when no other vowel can replace it). To symbolize which definite article is used with nouns, it is indicated between parenthesis in the accusative case, preceeded by a dash, as in /dag(a-n)/. ** A *** aug(a) wn.n. {{{phon(ɔ̀j)}}} 1. eye | | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | |------+-------+---------+-------+---------| | Nom. | aug | augat | aug | augatr | | Acc. | aug | augat | aug | augat | | Dat. | aug | augat | augum | augatum | | Gen. | augas | augats | augas | augat | ** Á *** áng interj. {{{phon(ɛŋ)}}} 1. positive counter-factual, see the [[file:./grammar.md#questions][questions]] section of the grammar This word does not have a clear origin, however it is supposed it was borrowed early on from an Eskaleut language that may have been spoken by the island’s initial inhabitants. Compare modern-day Aleut /aang/ and Proto-Eskimoan /*aa/ or /*ii/. ** B *** borð sn.n. {{{phon(borð)}}} 1. table 2. large plank | | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | |------+-------+---------+--------+----------| | Nom. | borð | borðit | borðr | borðitr | | Acc. | borð | borðit | borð | borðit | | Dat. | borð | borðit | borðum | borðitum | | Gen. | borðs | borðits | borðs | borðit | *** bræð sm. {{{phon(brɛð)}}} See [[file:dictionary.md#broð][/bróð/]] *** bróð(i) sm. {{{phon(brɔ̀ð)}}} , from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/b.php#br%C3%B3%C3%B0ir][bróðir]] 1. brother, plural /bræð/ Re-analysis of ON /bródir/ decomposed into /bróð/ + /-ir/ by popular etymology. Same goes for its former plural /bræðir/ which got re-analyzed into /bræð/ + /-ir/. | | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | |------+--------+---------+--------+----------| | Nom. | bróðr | bróðinn | bræðr | bræðinn | | Acc. | bróð | bróðin | bræð | bræðin | | Dat. | bróðir | bróðin | bræðir | bræðinum | | Gen. | bróð | bróðins | bræðum | bræðin | *** bók(a) sf. {{{phon(bɔ̀k)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/b.php#b%C3%B3k2][bók]] 1. book, plural /bøk/ | | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | |------+-------+---------+-------+---------| | Nom. | bókr | bókann | bøkr | bøkann | | Acc. | bók | bókan | bøk | bøkan | | Dat. | bókar | bókan | bøkar | bøkanum | | Gen. | bók | bókans | bøkum | bøkan | *** bøk sf. {{{phon(bø̀k)}}} See [[file:dictionary.md#bok(r)][/bók/]] ** C ** D *** djúp adj. {{{phon(ʒːòp)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/d.php#dj%C3%BApr][djúpr]] 1. deep 2. profound (figuratively) *** djúplig adv. {{{phon(ʒːòpleɣ)}}}, from OE djúpr (see [[file:dictionary.md#djúp][djúp]]) with OE suffix /-ligr/ (see ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ligr#Old_Norse][-ligr]]) 1. deeply 2. inherently *** dótt(i) sn.f. {{{phon(dɔʃː)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/d.php#d%C3%B3ttir][dóttir]] 1. daughter | | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | |------+--------+---------+--------+----------| | Nom. | dóttr | dóttinn | dœttr | dœttinn | | Acc. | dótt | dóttin | dœtt | dœttin | | Dat. | dótt | dóttin | dœttum | dœttinum | | Gen. | dóttar | dóttins | dœttar | dœttin | ** E *** edd(a) wf. {{{phon(e:ðː)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/e.php#edda][edda]] 1. great grandmother 2. female ancestor, beyond the grandmother | | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | |------+-------+---------+-------+---------| | Nom. | edd | eddann | eddr | eddann | | Acc. | edd | eddan | edd | eddan | | Dat. | eddas | eddan | eddam | eddanum | | Gen. | eddas | eddans | eddas | eddan | *** Eittland wn. {{{phon(ɑɪʔlɑnd)}}}, from OE neutral /einn/ (/alone/, /lonely/), itself from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/e.php#einn][einn]], and ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/l.php#land][land]] 1. High Kingdom of Eittland 2. island of Eittland | | Sg. | |------+-----------| | Nom. | Eittland | | Acc. | Eittland | | Gen. | Eittlands | | Dat. | Eittland | *** ell(a) {{{phon(elː)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ella#Old_Norse][ella]] 1. (adv.) else, or, otherwise 2. (conj.) or ** É ** F *** fað(i) sn.m. {{{phon(fað)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#fa%C3%B0ir][faðir]] 1. father, plural /feð/ Re-analysis of sg. /fadir/ and pl. /feðir/ as /fað/ and /feð/ respectively, each appended with a grammatical /-r/ or /-ir/ (which later got reduced to /-r/). | | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | |------+-------+---------+-------+---------| | Nom. | faðr | faðinn | feðr | feðinn | | Acc. | fað | faðin | feð | feðin | | Dat. | fað | faðin | feðum | feðinum | | Gen. | faðar | faðins | feðar | feðin | *** feð sm. {{{phon(feð)}}} See [[file:dictionary.md#fað][/fað/]] *** fé sn.n.mass. {{{phon(fɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#f%C3%A9][fé]] (cattle) 1. wealth | | Singular | Plural | |------+----------+--------| | Nom. | fé | fé | | Acc. | fé | fé | | Dat. | fé | fém | | Gen. | fés | fés | *** fisk sn.m. {{{phon(fiʃk)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/f.php#fiskr][fiskr]] 1. fish | | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | |------+--------+---------+--------+----------| | Nom. | fiskr | fiskinn | fiskr | fiskinn | | Acc. | fisk | fiskin | fisk | fiskin | | Dat. | fisk | fiskin | fiskum | fiskinum | | Gen. | fiskar | fiskins | fiskar | fiskin | ** G *** gauð wn.f. {{{phon(jɔʊð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/g.php#gau%C3%B0][gauð]] (/a barking/) 1. a quarrel 2. a heated debate /(informal)/ | | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | |------+-------+---------+--------+----------| | Nom. | gauð | gauðit | gauðr | gauðitr | | Acc. | gauð | gauðit | gauð | gauðit | | Dat. | gauð | gauðit | gauðum | gauðitum | | Gen. | gauðs | gauðits | gauðs | gauðit | *** gef sn.f. {{{phon(jev)}}}, from Early Old Norse [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gj%C7%ABf#Old_Norse][gef]] 1. gift, present | | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | |------+-------+---------+-------+---------| | Nom. | gefr | gefinn | gefr | gefinn | | Acc. | gef | gefin | gef | gefin | | Dat. | gef | gefin | gefum | gefinum | | Gen. | gefar | gefins | gefar | gefin | *** gegn adv. {{{phon(jeɡn̩)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gegn#Old_Norse][gegn]] 1. against, opposing ** H *** hav(a) iv. {{{phon(haβ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hafa#Old_Norse][hafa]] 1. to have 2. stative auxilliary **** Inflexions - infinitive :: hav - imperative :: hav (except 2p /haft/) - imperative passive voice :: hafsk (except 1p /havumsk/) - present participle :: havand - past participle :: hafr | | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Indicative Past | Subjunctive Past | |----+--------------------+---------------------+-----------------+------------------| | 1s | hav | hav | haft | haft | | 2s | havir | havir | haftir | haftir | | 3s | havir | hav | haft | haft | | 1p | havum | havim | haft | haft | | 2p | haft | haft | haftuð | haftið | | 3p | hav | hav | haft | haft | Note that there is no difference between singular and plural when using hav(a) in the passive voice. | | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Indicative Past | Subjunctive Past | |---+---------------------+---------------------+-----------------+------------------| | 1 | havumk | havumk | havumk | heðumk | | 2 | hafsk | havisk | havisk | heðisk | | 3 | hafsk | havisk | havisk | heðisk | *** heils(a) wn.f. {{{phon(hɑ:ɪls)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heilsa#Old_Norse][heilsa]] 1. health | | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | |------+---------+----------+---------+-----------| | Nom. | heils | heilsat | heilsr | heilsatr | | Acc. | heils | heilsat | heils | heilsat | | Dat. | heils | heilsat | heilsum | heilsatum | | Gen. | heilsas | heilsats | heilsas | heilsat | *** hjól sn.n. {{{phon(çɔl)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hj%C3%B3l#Old_Norse][hjól]] 1. wheel | | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | |------+-------+---------+--------+----------| | Nom. | hjól | hjólit | hjól | hjólitr | | Acc. | hjól | hjólit | hjól | hjólit | | Dat. | hjól | hjólit | hjólum | hjólitum | | Gen. | hjóls | hjólits | hjóls | hjólit | *** hlóð wn.n. {{{phon(l̥ɔð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hl%C3%B3%C3%B0][hlóð]] 1. hearth 2. living room | | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | |------+-------+---------+--------+----------| | Nom. | hlóð | hlóðit | hlóðr | hlóðitr | | Acc. | hlóð | hlóðit | hlóð | hlóðit | | Dat. | hlóð | hlóðit | hlóðum | hlóðitum | | Gen. | hlóðs | hlóðits | hlóðs | hlóðits | *** hneis(a) wn.f. {{{phon(n̥ɑ:ɪs)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hneisa][hneisa]] 1. shame, disgrace, fear 2. reclusion (out of shame or out of fear) 3. social isolation | | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | |------+---------+----------+---------+-----------| | Nom. | hneis | hneisit | hneisr | hneisitr | | Acc. | hneis | hneisit | hneis | hneisit | | Dat. | hneis | hneisit | hneisum | hneisitum | | Gen. | hneisas | hneisits | hneisas | hneisits | *** hneising wn.n. {{{phon(n̥ɑɪsinɡ)}}} 1. hermit 2. (modern) shut-in, hikikomori | | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | |------+-----------+-------------+------------+--------------| | Nom. | hneising | hneisingit | hneisingr | hneisingitr | | Acc. | hneising | hneisingit | hneising | hneisingit | | Dat. | hneising | hneisingit | hneisingum | hneisingitum | | Gen. | hneisings | hneisingits | hneisings | hneisingit | *** hnjós(a) v. {{{phon(ɲ̥ɔ̀ːs)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hnj%C3%B3sa][hnjósa]] 1. to sneeze *** hrifs n. {{{phon(r̥ivs)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/h.php#hrifs][hrifs]] 1. assault, mugging *** hvar pron. {{{phon(ʍar)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hvar#Old_Norse][hvar]] 1. where *** hvat adv. {{{phon(ʍɑt)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hvat#Old_Norse][hvat]] 1. what *** hví adv. {{{phon(ʍè)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hv%C3%AD#Old_Norse][hví]] 1. why ** I *** ikkí interj. {{{phon(ixːə)}}} 1. How cold! Brr! From an unkwnown Greenlandic language, compare with modern Greenlandic /ikkii/. ** Í ** J *** já {{{phon(jɛ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/j%C3%A1#Old_Norse][já]] 1. (adv) yes 2. (interj) yes (as an exclamation of joy) ** K *** kaup(a) n. {{{phon(kɔp)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kaupa#Old_Norse][kaupa]] 1. commerce 2. bargain, barter *** kék adj. {{{phon(kɛk)}}} 1. gray (hair colour) Probably from a Greenlandic dialect, compare to West Greenlandic /qeeq/ *** kom(a) sv. {{{phon(kom)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/koma#Old_Norse][koma]] 1. to come *** konung sn.m. {{{phon(ˈkonoŋ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/konungr#Old_Norse][konungr]] 1. king *** konunɡliɡ {{{phon(konoŋleɣ)}}}, from [[file:./dictionary.md#konung][konung]] and suffix /-lig/. 1. adv. royaly 2. adj. royal ** L *** land sn.n. {{{phon(land)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/land#Old_Norse][land]] 1. land | | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | |------+-------+---------+--------+----------| | Nom. | land | landit | land | landitr | | Acc. | land | landit | land | landit | | Dat. | land | landit | landum | landitum | | Gen. | lands | landits | lands | landit | ** M *** myrɡunn m. {{{phon(ˈmyrɡunː)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myrginn#Old_Norse][myrgunn]] 1. morning, aurora *** metr(o) wn.n. {{{phon(metr)}}}, from French “métro” 1. subway, underground | | Sg. | Def.Sg. | Pl. | Def.Pl. | |------+--------+---------+--------+----------| | Nom. | metr | metrot | metror | metrotr | | Acc. | metr | metrot | metr | metrot | | Dat. | metr | metrot | metrum | metrotum | | Gen. | metros | metrots | metros | metrot | See also [[file:./dictionary.md#undirland][undirland]] ** N *** ná adv. {{{phon(nɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/n%C3%A1#Old_Norse][ná]] 1. now #+html: ::: tip Example Ná kom ek frá universitetit. I come from the university now. #+html: ::: 2. intensifier, used at the end of sentences #+html: ::: tip Example Ek kom frá universitetit ná! - I come from the university (you know) or - (I’ll have you know) I come from the university! #+html: ::: 3. progressive marker when placed right after the verb #+html: ::: tip Example Ek kom ná frá universitetit. I’m coming from the university. #+html: ::: *** náng interj. {{{phon(nɛŋ)}}} 1. negative counter-factual, see the [[file:./grammar.md#questions][questions]] section of the grammar This word does not have a clear origin, however it is supposed it was borrowed early on from an Eskaleut language that may have been spoken by the island’s initial inhabitants. Compare Aleut /nangaa/ and Proto-Eskimoan /*nanka/, and Western Greenlandic /naagga/. *** nei {{{phon(nɑɪ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nei#Old_Norse][nei]] 1. (adv.) no 2. (interj) no, as an exclamation of panic, regret *** norvegsúlf(r) m. {{{phon(ˈnorβejsˌòlv)}}}, from ON /Noregs/ (genitive of ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/n.php#noregr][Noregr]]) and ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ulfr#Old_Norse][úlfr]] 1. wolf, litt. Norway’s wolf. Wolves do not naturally live in Eittland. Their only relatives introduced to the island were dogs and wolf-dogs, and the latter inherited the simpler /úlfr/ term. Noun composed by Old Norse /noregs/ (genitive of /Noregr/, /Norway/) and /úlfr/. ** O ** Ó *** óglað adj. {{{phon(ˈɔ̀ɡʲœð)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/oo.php#%C3%B3gla%C3%B0r][óglaðr]] 1. very sad, depressed, miserable ** P *** pengvin n. {{{phon(ˈpeŋβen)}}}, from French [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pingouin#French][pingouin]] through Danish [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pingvin#Danish][pingvin]] 1. penguin ** R *** ráðuneyt(i) wn.m. {{{phon(ˈrɛ̀ðoˌnœʏt)}}}, from OI [[https://old-norse.net/html/r.php#r%C3%A1%C3%B0uneyti][ráðuneyti]] 1. Ministry 2. department ** S *** sitj(a) v. {{{phon(siːʃː)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sitja#Old_Norse][sitja]] 1. to sit 2. to represent (politics) *** sjá v. {{{phon(ʃɛ̀)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sj%C3%A1#Old_Norse][sjá]] 1. to see 2. to understand *** skilj(a) v. {{{phon(ʃkiːʎ)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skilja#Old_Norse][skilja]] 1. to differenciate 2. to segregate, to separate 3. to understand a difference *** snjór m. {{{phon(sɲɔ̀r)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/snj%C3%B3r#Old_Norse][snjór]] 1. snow *** styrsamhald(i) n. {{{phon(ˈʃtyrˌsamhald)}}}, from Old Norse [[https://old-norse.net/html/s.php#styrr][styrr]] (stir, battle) and [[https://old-norse.net/html/s.php#samheldi][samhaldi]] (a holding together, unity). 1. military batallion 2. mitilary unit, group ** T *** tal(a) wn.f. {{{phon(tal)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tala#Old_Norse][tala]] 1. numbers *** tren wn.n. {{{phon(tren)}}}, from English [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/train#English][train]] 1. train ** U *** undir adj. {{{phon(undir)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/undir#Old_Norse][undir]] 1. under, underneath, below Can only be used with accusative or dative. #+html: ::: tip Example Bókinn er undir borðitum. | bók-inn | er | undir | borð-itum | | book-DEF.NOM.SG.C | be.3sg.PRES.IND | under | table-DEF.DAT.SG.N | The book is under the table #+html: ::: *** undirland sn.n. {{{phon(ˈundirˌland)}}}, calque of English “underground” using [[file:./dictionary.md#undir][undir]] and [[file:./dictionary.md#land][land]] 1. underground, subway See also [[file:./dictionary.md#metr-o][metr(o)]] *** universitet wn.n. {{{phon(oneˈβersetet)}}}, from German [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t#German][Universität]] 1. university *** uppá prep. {{{phon(ˈuɸːə̀)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/u.php#upp%C3%A1][uppá]] 1. upon ** Ú *** úlf(r) m. {{{phon(òlv)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ulfr][úlfr]] 1. wolf-dog. See also /noregsúlfr/. ** V *** veisheit wn.f. {{{phon(ˈβɑɪshɑɪt)}}}, from German [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Weisheit#German][Weisheit]], see also [[file:./dictionary.md#visk-a][visk(a)]] 1. knowledge or wisdom 2. insight *** ver(a) iv. {{{phon(βer)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vera#Old_Norse][vera]] 1. to be 2. active auxilliary **** Inflexions - infinitive :: ver - imperative :: ver - present participle :: verand - past participle :: vert | | Indicative Present | Subjunctive Present | Indicative Past | Subjunctive Past | |----+--------------------+---------------------+-----------------+------------------| | 1s | em | sé | var | vár | | 2s | ert | sér | vart | vár | | 3s | er | sé | var | vár | | 1p | er | sé | var | vár | | 2p | eruð | séð | varð | várið | | 3p | er | sé | var | vár | *** vél sc.f. {{{phon(βɛl)}}}, from ON [[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/v%C3%A9l#Old_Norse][vél]] 1. machine, craft *** vétal(a) wn.f. {{{phon(ˈβɛ̀tal)}}}, portemanteau of [[file:./dictionary.md#vel][vél]] and [[file:./dictionary.md#tal-a][tal(a)]] 1. computer *** vit interj. {{{phon(βit)}}} 1. question marker, see [[file:./grammar.md#yes-no-questions][yes/no questions]], probably from a Greenlandic dialect, see [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlandic_language#Indicative_and_interrogative_moods][Greenlandic interrogative moods]]. *** visk(a) f. {{{phon(βiʃk)}}}, from ON [[https://old-norse.net/html/v.php#vizka][vizka]] 1. practical knowledge or wisdom, acquired from experience See [[file:./dictionary.md#veisheit][veisheit]] for a more general term for /wisdow/ ** Y ** Ý ** Z ** Ø ** Œ *** Œgir m. {{{phon(ˈœjer)}}} 1. A mythical beast residing in the forests of the western Eittlandic fjords. ** Đ ** Þ * Notes :noexport: ||Sg.|Def.Sg.|Pl.|Def.Pl.| |- |Nom. |Acc. |Dat. |Gen.